These revision notes follow the updated CAIE AS-level History 9489 syllabus and schemes of work for 2024-2025 for Papers 1 and 2: European option: Modern Europe, 1750–1921 • France, 1774–1814 • The Industrial Revolution in Britain, 1750–1850 • The Russian Revolution, 1894–1921 Easy-to-follow, clear, and very detailed notes that cover all the core content topics with useful study web links. Ideal for teachers and students! Sample essays with formative and summative assessment feedback/comments, a question bank of past exam papers and indicative content included.

These revision notes follow the updated CAIE A-level History 9489 syllabus and scheme of work for 2024-2025 for Paper 4: European option, Depth study 1: European history in the interwar years, 1919–41: – Theme 1: Mussolini’s Italy, 1919-41 – Theme 2: Stalin’s Russia, 1924-41 – Theme 3: Hitler’s Germany, 1929-41 Easy-to-follow, clear, and very detailed notes that cover all the core content topics with useful study web links. Ideal for teachers and students! Sample essays with feedback/comments included.