Aims: stating aims, the difference between aims and hypotheses.
Hypotheses: directional and non-directional.
Variables: manipulation and control of variables, including independent, dependent, extraneous, confounding; operationalisation of variables.
Demand characteristics and investigator effects.
Types of validity across all methods of investigation: face validity, concurrent validity, ecological validity and temporal validity. Assessment of validity. Improving validity.
Reliability across all methods of investigation. Ways of assessing reliability: test-retest and inter-observer; improving reliability.
Experimental method. Types of experiment, laboratory and field experiments; natural and quasi-experiments.
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