AQA Psychology A-level: Attachment
From specification 7181, 7182 - Introductory topics in Psychology (I achieved an A* in Psychology A-level in 2018, across all three papers. I prioritised revision on evaluation, necessary for accessing higher grade!)
NOTES:
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Caregiver-infant interaction
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Attachment vs bond, features of attachment and importance of attachment
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Studies of early interaction and findings
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Reciprocity, Tronick et al (1979), and interactional synchrony, Condon and Ogston (1971)
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Attachment development
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Schaffer and Emerson longitudinal study and evaluation
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Stages of attachment and evaluation
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Attachment figures - Grossman (2002) and fathers as primary caregivers, and evaluation
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Animal studies
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Lorenz’s geese studies and evaluation - imprinting for survival and critical period
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Harlow’s monkey study and evaluation, including experiment variations and findings
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Explanations for attachment
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Learning theory - classical conditioning and operant conditioning (Skinner) - and evaluation
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Bowlby’s monotropic theory and evaluation - instinctive attachment, monotropy, internal working model etc.
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Types of attachment
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Ainsworth’s Strange Situation (1970) and evaluation of attachment types
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Causes of individual differences in attachment
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Cultural variations in attachment - Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) and evaluation
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Deprivation
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Bowlby’s theory of Maternal Deprivation and 44 thieves study, and evaluation
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Romanian orphan study - Rutter et al and evaluation
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Effects of institutionalisation, disinhibited attachment and evaluation
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Influence of early attachment
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Hazen and Shaver (1987) - study for internal working model
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Evidence for behaviour influenced by internal working model and evaluation
ESSAY QUESTIONS
- Discuss research into early infant-caregiver interaction (16 marks)
- Outline and evaluate research by Schaffer and Emerson into attachment (16 marks)
- Outline and evaluate research into the stages of attachment (16 marks)
- Outline and evaluate research the role of the father (16 marks)
- Outline and evaluate animal studies into attachment (16 marks)
- Outline and evaluate learning theory as an explanation for attachment (16 marks)
- Outline and evaluate Bowlby’s monotropic theory as an explanation for attachment (16 marks)
- Outline and evaluate Ainsworth’s ‘Strange Situation’ research (16 marks)
- Outline and evaluate cultural variations of attachment (16 marks)
- Outline and evaluate Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation (16 marks)
- Discuss research into the effects of institutionalization (16 marks) / Outline and evaluate Rutter’s study of Romanian orphans (16 marks)
- Discuss research into the influence of early attachment (16 marks)
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