Entropy

Energy, Kinetics and Equilbria

These PowerPoints were planned as part of the IB schemes of work on Energy, Kinetics and Equilibria They cover the necessary content for both the Standard and Higher Level topics. They would also be suitable for other post-16 courses. Included are fully completed PowerPoints, student versions of the PowerPoints with sections to complete independently and some exam style questions. Topics covered include: \- The difference between heat and temperature \- Endothermic and Exothermic reactions \- Stability and enthalpy changes \- Standard enthalpy change of reaction (ΔHΘr) \- Measuring Standard enthalpy change of combustion (ΔHΘc) including calculations \- Measuring enthalpy changes in solution including calculations \- Hess´Law \- Standard Enthalpy Change of Formation (ΔHΘf) \- Bond Enthalpies and Average Bond Enthalpies \- Born Haber Cycles \- Comparison of Lattice Enthalpies \- Dissolving Ionic Substances \- Hydration Enthalpies \- Spontaneity and Disorder \- Entropy \- How to predict the sign of an entropy change \- Entropy across period 2 \- Standard Entropy Change: ΔSθ \- Predicting whether a reaction will be spontaneous \- Calculating ΔSθ Universe \- Gibbs Free Energy \- At what temperature does a reaction become feasible? \- Gibbs Free Energy and Equilibrium \- What is rate of reaction? \- Methods of measuring the rate of reaction \- Collision Theory \- The effect of temperature, concentration, pressure, surface area and catalysts on the rate of reaction \- Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curves \- The effect of temperature on Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curves \- The rate constant and rate equation \- Determining the order of reaction from experimental data \- Characteristics of 0, 1st and 2nd order reactions \- Using reaction mechanisms to identify the rate determining step \- Using the rate determining step to determine the reaction mechanism of a reaction \- Mechanisms of reactions involving catalysts \- The Arrenhius Equation \- Determining the activation energy of a reaction via line of best fit and equation methods \- Effect of activation energy on the rate of reaction \- Effect of a catalyst on the Arrenhius equation \- The difference between reversible reactions and equilibria \- Dynamic equilibrium and the characteristic of the equilibrium state \- Physical equlibria \- What is meant by the term ´position of equilibrium´ \- Le Chatelier´s Principle \- Effect of temperature on the position of equilibrium \- Effect of pressure on the position of equilibrium \- Effect of concentration on the position of equilibrium \- Effect of a catalyst on the position of equilibrium \- The General Equilibrium Law \- Calculating the equilibrium constant \- The reaction quotient \- Effect of changing reaction conditions on Kc \- Calculating the equilibrium constant from the number of moles of reaction components \- Calculating the concentrations of reaction components from the equilibrium constant \- Explaining the effect of changes in concentration on Kc \- Explaining the effect of changes in pressure on Kc \- The relationship between equilibrium and Gibbs Free Energy \- Calculating Kp