This fully-resourced lesson describes the structure of HIV, its replication inside helper T cells and EXPLAINS how it causes the symptoms of AIDS. The PowerPoint and accompanying resources are part of the 5th lesson in a series of 7 that cover the details of point 2.4 of the AQA A-level Biology specification.
The structure of viruses was covered during the lessons in topic 2.1, so this lesson starts by challenging the students to recall the capsid, genetic material in the form of viral RNA and the lipid envelope. At this point, the students are introduced to gp120, the glycoprotein which is exposed on the surface of the lipid envelope, as this structure is critical for the entry of the virus into host cells. Students will annotate a basic diagram of HIV with these four structures which also has gp41 labelled. A quick quiz competition introduces the names of the enzymes found inside the capsid and the students will learn that integrase allows the viral DNA to be integrated into the host’s genome whilst reverse transcriptase catalyses the reaction to form DNA from RNA. A prior knowledge check challenges the students to identify the helper T cells from a description of their function and they are informed that these immune cells have the CD4 glycoprotein on their surface.
Moving forwards, the main part of the lesson describes how HIV binds to the helper T cells, injects its capsid and integrates its DNA into the host’s genome in order to replicate to form virus particles (virions). Students are guided through the formation of a detailed answer about the mechanism of HIV and have to input key terms and structures where information is missing. Students will learn that the increase in the number of virus particles and a decrease in helper T cells and other immune cells results in infections like TB and by opportunistic pathogens and that this stage is recognised as AIDS
The final part of the lesson challenges the students to explain why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses through a series of exam-style questions and the final task gets them to work as a class where they have to study the replication process once more to suggest drug actions that might be used to treat HIV
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Topic 2: Cells (AQA A-level Biology)
This bundle contains 19 PowerPoint lessons which are highly-detailed and are fully-resourced with differentiated worksheets. Intricate planning means that the wide range of activities included in these lessons will engage and motivate the students, check on their current understanding and their ability to make links to previously covered topics and most importantly will deepen their understanding of the following specification points in topic 2 (Cells) of the AQA A-level Biology specification: * Structure and function of the organelles in eukaryotic cells * The specialised cells in complex, multicellular organisms * The structure of prokaryotic cells * The structure of viruses which are acellular and non-living * The principles and limitations of optical, transmission electron and scanning electron microscopes * Measuring the size of an object under an optical microscope * Use of the magnification formula * The behaviour of chromosomes during the stages of the cell cycle * Binary fission * The basic structure of cell membranes * The role of phospholipids, proteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids and cholesterol * Simple diffusion * Facilitated diffusion * Osmosis, explained in terms of water potential * The role of carrier proteins and the hydrolysis of ATP in active transport * Co-transport as illustrated by the absorption of sodium ions and glucose by the cells lining the mammalian ileum * Recognition of different cells by the immune system * The identification of pathogens from antigens * The phagocytosis of pathogens * The cellular response involving T lymphocytes * The humoral response involving the production of antibodies by plasma cells * The structure of an antibody * The roles of plasma cells and memory cells in the primary and secondary immune response * The use of vaccines to protect populations * The differences between active and passive immunity * The structure of the human immunodeficiency virus and its replication in helper T cells * How HIV causes the symptoms of AIDS * Why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses * The use of antibodies in the ELISA test If you would like to sample the quality of these lessons, then download the eukaryotic animal cells, viruses, microscopes, osmosis, lymphocytes, HIV and AIDS lessons as these have been shared for free.
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Topic 2.4: Cell recognition and the immune system (AQA A-level Biology)
This bundle contains 6 lesson PowerPoints and their accompanying resources, all of which have been planned at length to contain a wide variety of tasks that will engage and motivate the students whilst the detailed content of topic 2.4 of the AQA A-level Biology specification is covered. The following specification points are covered in this lesson bundle: * The identification of cells including pathogens through use of the surface molecules * The antigen * The effect of antigen variability on disease and disease prevention * The phagocytosis of pathogens and the subsequent destruction by lysozymes * The response of T lymphocytes to a foreign antigen in the cellular response * The role of antigen-presenting cells * The role of helper T cells * The response of B lymphocytes in the humoral response * The definition and structure of an antibody * The formation of an antigen-antibody complex and the destruction by agglutination and phagocytosis * The roles of plasma cells and memory cells in the primary and secondary responses * The use of vaccinations and the concept of herd immunity * The differences between active and passive immunity * The structure of HIV and its replication in helper T cells * How HIV causes the symptoms of AIDS * Why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses * The use of antibodies in the ELISA test The variety of tasks include exam-style questions with detailed mark schemes, class discussion points of selected questions and quiz competitions to introduce values and terms in a memorable way If you would like to sample the quality of this lesson bundle, then download the roles of B and T lymphocytes lesson and the HIV and AIDS lesson as these have both been uploaded for free
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Another great interactive resource. Thank you for sharing.
really useful - well thought out
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