This lesson describes how mutations to the genes that control mitosis can lead to uncontrolled cell division and the formation of cancerous tumours. The PowerPoint and accompanying resources are part of the final lesson in a series of 3 lessons which have been planned to cover the content of topic 2.2 (All cells arise from other cells) of the AQA A-level biology specification.
The first 2 lessons in this series of lessons described the events of the mitotic cell cycle and the calculation of the mitotic index and interpretation of the calculated value, and this lesson has been designed to check on their understanding and to build on the existing knowledge. The lesson begins with a task using numbers from biology to reveal the term, controlled, which leads into the recognition that mitosis is a controlled process that’s controlled by genes. Moving forwards, the students will understand that mutations to these genes and the formation of alleles can cause the cell division to become uncontrolled and this leads to the formation of tumours. Students will learn that there are benign and malignant tumours and that the latter are cancerous. The topic of tumours is covered in more detail in topic 8, but the key details are introduced here. The example of the BRCA genes is used to describe treatments that aim to control the rate of cell division and the importance of diagnosing cancer early to try to prevent the spread to other tissues.
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Topic 2: Cells (AQA A-level Biology)
This bundle contains 20 PowerPoint lessons, and all are highly-detailed and are fully-resourced with differentiated worksheets. Intricate planning means that the wide range of activities included in these lessons will engage and motivate the students, check on their current understanding and their ability to make links to previously covered topics and most importantly will deepen their understanding of the following specification points in topic 2 (Cells) of the AQA A-level Biology specification: * Structure and function of the organelles in eukaryotic cells * The specialised cells in complex, multicellular organisms * The structure of prokaryotic cells * The structure of viruses which are acellular and non-living * Measuring objects under an optical microscope * Use of the magnification formula * The principles of cell fractionation and ultracentrifugation * The behaviour of chromosomes during the stages of the cell cycle * Calculating the mitotic index * Uncontrolled cell division leads to the formation of tumours and cancer * Binary fission * The basic structure of cell membranes * The role of phospholipids, proteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids and cholesterol * Simple diffusion * Facilitated diffusion * Osmosis, explained in terms of water potential * The role of carrier proteins and the hydrolysis of ATP in active transport * Co-transport as illustrated by the absorption of sodium ions and glucose by the cells lining the mammalian ileum * Recognition of different cells by the immune system * The identification of pathogens from antigens * The phagocytosis of pathogens * The cellular response involving T lymphocytes * The humoral response involving the production of antibodies by plasma cells * The structure of an antibody * The roles of plasma cells and memory cells in the primary and secondary immune response * The use of vaccines to protect populations * The differences between active and passive immunity * The structure of the human immunodeficiency virus and its replication in helper T cells * Why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses * The use of antibodies in the ELISA test If you would like to sample the quality of these lessons, then download the eukaryotic animal cells, viruses, osmosis, lymphocytes, HIV and AIDS lessons as these have been shared for free. I have also uploaded lessons on optical microscopes and HIV and AIDS (for free) but neither are included in this bundle as the limit of 20 resources has been reached!
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Topic 2.2: All cells arise from other cells (AQA A-level biology)
The 3 lessons in this bundle are detailed and engaging and use regular understanding checks (with answers embedded into the PowerPoints) to enable the students to assess their progress. The lessons have been planned to cover these points from topic 2.2 of the AQA A-level biology specification: * Eukaryotic cells show a cell cycle * DNA replication occurs during interphase of the cell cycle * Mitosis is part of the cell cycle * The behaviour of chromosomes in interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase * Division of the cytoplasm during cytokinesis produces two new cells * Calculation of the mitotic index * Uncontrolled cell division leads to the formation of tumours and cancer
£6.50
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