This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the B3.1 Gas exchange in the new IB Biology specification. **YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) ** This Powerpoint consists of 90 slides and contains the followings: All the information ( HL) the IB have included in the new spec. Exam tips Clear diagrams Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist Summary The following content is included: B3.1.1: Outline the need for gas exchange in living organisms. B3.1.2: Describe properties of gas-exchange surfaces. B3.1.3: Explain how concentration gradients are maintained at exchange surfaces in animals. B3.1.4: Describe the adaptations of mammalian lungs for gas exchange. B3.1.5: Explain the process of ventilation. B3.1.6: Determine measurements of lung volumes. B3.1.7: Outline the adaptations of leaves for gas exchange. B3.1.8: Draw and label a plan diagram to show the distribution of tissues in a transverse section of a dicotyledonous leaf. B3.1.9: Outline the process of transpiration and the factors that affect the rate of transpiration. B3.1.10: Determine stomatal density. B3.1.11: Outline the adaptations of foetal and adult haemoglobin for the transport of oxygen. B3.1.12: Explain the Bohr shift and the benefits for respiring tissues. B3.1.13: Analyse and explain oxygen dissociation curves.

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the B4.2 Ecological niches in the new IB Biology specification. **YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) ** This Powerpoint consists of 60 slides and contains the followings: All the information the IB have included in the new spec. Exam tips Clear diagrams Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist Summary The following content is included: B4.2.1: Explain what biotic and abiotic interactions are and how they influence growth, survival and reproduction, including how a species obtains food. B4.2.2: Explain the differences between obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes and obligate aerobes. B4.2.3: Summarise the process of photosynthesis as the mode of nutrition in plants, algae and several groups of photosynthetic prokaryotes. B4.2.4: Explain the various modes of holozoic, mixotrophic, saprotrophic nutrition. B4.2.5: Give details of the diversity of nutrition in archaea. B4.2.6: Summarise the relationship between dentition and the diet of omnivorous and herbivorous representative members of the family Hominidae. B4.2.7: Infer the diet of several hominid species from anatomical features. B4.2.8: Describe the adaptations of herbivores for feeding on plants and of plants for resisting herbivory. B4.2.9:Describe the adaptations of predators for finding, catching and killing prey and of prey animals for resisting predation. B4.2.10: Describe the adaptations of plants for harvesting light. B4.2.11: Describe and explain the differences between the fundamental and the realised niches. B4.2.12:Explain the concept of competitive exclusion and the uniqueness of ecological niches

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the B4.1 Adaptations to environment in the new IB Biology specification. **YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) ** This Powerpoint consists of 60 slides and contains the followings: All the information ( HL) the IB have included in the new spec. Exam tips Clear diagrams Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist Summary The following content is included: B4.1.1: Define habitat as a place in which a community, species, population or organism lives. B4.1.2: Define adaptation and discuss various ways that organisms have adapted to the abiotic factors of their habitat particularly the sand dunes and mangrove swamp. B4.1.3: Explain how abiotic variables affect a species distribution and contribute to its range of tolerance. B4.1.4: Use transect data to correlate the distribution of an organism using sensors and data loggers. B4.1.5: State the conditions required for coral reef formation. B4.1.6: Describe how abiotic factors act as the determinants of terrestrial biome distribution. B4.1.7: Recognise biomes as groups of ecosystems with similar communities due to similar abiotic conditions and convergent evolution B4.1.8: State the adaptations to life in hot deserts and tropical rainforest.

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the Theme/Unit C1.2 Respiration in the new IB Biology specification. ***YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) ** This Powerpoint consists of over 80 slides and contains the followings: All the information the IB have included in the new spec. Exam tips Clear diagrams Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist Summary The following content is included: C1.2.1: Explain what ATP is and how it functions as a cell’s energy currency. C1.2.2: Describe processes within cells that use ATP as an energy source. C1.2.3: Describe the interconversions and energy changes between ATP and ADP. C1.2.4: Describe cell respiration as the process that produces ATP using energy from carbon compounds and be able to distinguish between cell respiration and gas exchange. C1.2.5: Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. C1.2.6: Describe the variables that affect the rate of cell respiration and be able to calculate the rate of respiration. C1.2.7: Explain the role of NAD as a hydrogen carrier in cell respiration. C1.2.8: Describe the conversion of glucose to pyruvate by the process of glycolysis. C1.2.9: Describe anaerobic respiration as a means to regenerate NAD, producing lactate as a by-product. C1.2.10: Describe anaerobic respiration in yeast and how we make use of it for brewing and baking. C1.2.11: Describe the link reaction and the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl groups. C1.2.12: Describe the Krebs cycle. C1.2.13: Explain how NAD transfers energy to the electron transport chain (ETC) for the pumping of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. C1.2.14: Describe the establishment of a proton gradient across the inner membrane by the flow of electrons through the ETC. C1.2.15: Describe the formation of ATP via chemiosmosis. C1.2.16: Outline the role of oxygen as the final electron acceptor. C1.2.17: Outline how carbohydrates and lipids are used differently in the cell respiration pathway.

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the B3.3 Muscle and motility in the new IB Biology specification. **YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) ** This Powerpoint consists of 68 slides and contains the followings: All the information ( HL) the IB have included in the new spec. Exam tips Clear diagrams Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist Summary The following content is included: B3.3.1: Recognise the concept of movement in different species. B3.3.2: Outline the structure of a sarcomere. B3.3.3: Explain how a sarcomere contracts. B3.3.4: Outline the role of titin and antagonistic muscles in muscle relaxation. B3.3.5: Describe the structure and function of motor units in skeletal muscles. B3.3.6: Outline the role of the skeleton as anchorage for muscles and as levers. B3.3.7: Explain the role of the different components of a joint. B3.3.8: Compare the range of motion of a joint. B3.3.9: Explain the antagonistic action of the internal and external intercostal muscles. B3.3.10: Give examples of reasons for locomotion. B3.3.11: Describe adaptations for swimming in marine mammals.

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the B2.3 Cell specialisation in the new IB Biology specification. **YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) ** This Powerpoint consists of 45 slides and contains the followings: All the information ( HL) the IB have included in the new spec. Exam tips Clear diagrams Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist Summary The following content is included: B2.3.1: Explain how unspecialised cells form following fertilisation and how gradients impact gene expression for further development of the embryo. B2.3.2: Outline the properties of stem cells and their different capabilities to become different cell types. B2.3.3: Explain the function of stem cell niches and be able to describe bone marrow and hair follicles as examples of these. B2.3.4: Describe the size differences in various human cells. B2.3.5: Discuss the relationship between cells size and surface area in terms of the movement of material across a cell. B2.3.6: Identify and describe cell types that increase surface area-to-volume ratios B2.3.7: Describe specific adaptations that cells in the lung, heart, muscle and gonads have undergone to perform their functions.

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the B2.2 Organelles and compartmentalisation in the new IB Biology specification. **YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) ** This Powerpoint consists of 49 slides and contains the followings: All the information ( HL) the IB have included in the new spec. Exam tips Clear diagrams Videos Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist Summary The following content is included: B2.2.1:State, with examples, that organelles are structures that are separate subunit of cells and perform a specific function. B2.2.2:Explain the advantages, using phagocytic vacuoles and lysosomes as examples, of the compartmentalisation of cytoplasm. B2.2.3: Explain the advantage of the separation of the nucleus and the cytoplasm in regard to protein synthesis. B2.2.4: Explain, using an annotated diagram, how the structure of the mitochondrion aids in the production of ATP. B2.2.5: Explain, using an annotated diagram, how the structure of the chloroplast aids in photosynthesis. B2.2.6: Describe the functional advantages of the double membrane around the nucleus in protein synthesis and cell division. B2.2.7: Describe the different roles of bound and free ribosomes. B2.2.8: Outline the function of the Golgi apparatus in the processing and transport of proteins. B2.2.9: Describe the role of vesicles in cells and the role of clathrin in the formation of vesicles.

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the B3.2 Transport in the new IB Biology specification. YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) This Powerpoint consists of 100 slides and contains the followings: All the information ( HL) the IB have included in the new spec. Exam tips/Reflections Clear diagrams Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist Summary The following content is included: B3.2.1:Describe the structures of the arteries, capillaries and veins and explain how they are adapted for their functions. B3.2.2: Outline different methods of measuring pulse rate. B3.2.3: Outline the causes and consequences of occlusion of the coronary arteries. B3.2.4:Explain how water is transported from the roots to the leaves during transpiration. B3.2.5: Outline the adaptation of the xylem vessels for the transport of water. B3.2.6: Draw and annotate plan diagrams from micrographs showing the distribution of tissues in a transverse section of the stem of a dicotyledonous plant, and dicotyledonous root. B3.2.7: Describe how tissue fluid is released and taken back up by the capillaries. B3.2.8: Compare and explain the composition of plasma and tissue fluid. B3.2.9: Outline how excess tissue fluid is drained into lymph ducts. B3.2.10: Compare the single circulation of bony fish to the double circulation of mammals. B3.2.11: Explain the adaptations of the mammalian heart for delivering pressurised blood to the arteries. B3.2.12: Outline the stages of the cardiac cycle. B3.2.13: Explain how root pressure is generated in xylem vessels B3.2.14: Outline the adaptations of phloem sieve tubes and companion cells for the translocation of sap.

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the A4.1 Evolution and speciation in the new IB Biology specification This Powerpoint consists of 56 slides and contains the followings: All the information ( HL and SL) the IB have included in the new spec. Exam tips Clear diagrams Videos Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist The following content is included: A4.1.1: Evolution as change in heritable characteristics of a population. A4.1.2-5: Evidence for evolution A4.1.5-7: Speciation A4.1.8: Types of speciation: allopatric vs sympatric (HL only) A4.1.9-10: Adaptive radiation and barriers to hybridisation (HL only). A4.1.11: Hybridisation and polypoid in speciation (HL only)

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the A4.2 Ecosystems in the new IB Biology specification This Powerpoint consists of 51 slides and contains the followings: All the information ( HL and SL) the IB have included in the new spec. Exam tips Clear diagrams Videos Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist The following content is included: A4.2.1: Identify the levels of biodiversity – ecosystem diversity, species diversity and genetic diversity. A4.2.2: Compare the current number of species and past levels of biodiversity. A4.2.3: Describe the causes of anthropogenic species extinction. A4.2.4: Analyse case studies to understand the range of causes of extinction. A4.2.5: Describe the causes of ecosystem loss. A4.2.6: Analyse case studies to understand the range of causes of ecosystem loss. A4.2.7: Analyse evidence for a biodiversity crisis from different sources. A4.2.8: Describe the causes of the current biodiversity crisis. A4.2.9: Describe different ways to conserve biodiversity. A4.2.10: Know the mechanism of conservation prioritisation.

This fantastic bundle consists of 6 lessons (over 70 slides). Each lesson contains a starter slide with answers, all key information, clear diagrams for students, case studies and clear experimental procedures. The following content is covered: Species and speciation Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Consumers, detritivores and saprotrophs Communities Ecosystems and nutrient cycling (mesocoms) Chi-squared test (step by step instructions)

Full resources bundle which you can use to teach B1 and B2 (iGCSE Cambridge). Contains the following lesson: Characteristics of living organisms Introduction to cells Specialised cells Magnification Microscope practical Diffusion Osmosis practical (2 lessons) Active transport Checklist (B1 and B2)

This resources comprises of 4 lessons (can take up to 6 if all activities are completed): The Heart Blood vessels Coronary heart disease Blood Past paper questions (could be used as an assessment/homework) All resources follow the specification of the exam boards and contain past paper questions, real world context, independent tasks and clear learning objectives.

Full resources bundle which you can use to teach topic 18 (iGCSE Cambridge). Contains: Contains 7 lessons (DNA, Variation, mutations, plant and animal adaptations, natural selection and evolution, antibiotic resistance and selective breeding. Contains starter tasks and regular assessment questions with answers Student check list Revision questions

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the Theme/Unit D3.1: Reproduction in the new IB Biology specification. YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) This Powerpoint consists of over 85 slides and contains the followings: All the information the IB have included in the new spec. Clear diagrams Student friendly content Summary videos Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist Summary The following content is included: D3.1.1: Differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction. D3.1.2: Describe the role of meiosis in creating variation in sexually reproducing organisms. D3.1.3: Compare the differences between the male and female sexes. D3.1.4: Draw diagrams of the male (typical) and female (typical) reproductive systems. D3.1.5: Annotate the names of the parts and their functions on the diagrams. D3.1.6: Describe the hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle. D3.1.7: Elucidate the sequence of events leading to fertilisation. D3.1.8: Explain the role of hormones in IVF. D3.1.9: Describe the mechanism of sexual reproduction in plants. D3.1.10: Explain the features of insect-pollinated flowers. D3.1.11: Draw annotated diagrams of insect pollinated flowers. D3.1.12: Describe strategies that facilitate cross-pollination in plants. D3.1.13: Determine the role of self-incompatibility mechanisms in increasing genetic variation in a plant species. D3.1.14: Explain the mechanism of seed dispersal and germination. D3.1.15: Outline the role of GnRH, LH, FSH and the sex hormones in the changes associated with puberty. D3.1.16: Describe oogenesis and spermatogenesis in humans. D3.1.17: Identify the mechanisms that prevent polyspermy. D3.1.18: Outline the development of the blastocyst and subsequent implantation in the endometrium. D3.1.19: State the role of hCG in pregnancy and pregnancy testing. D3.1.20: Describe the role of the placenta during foetal development. D3.1.21: Discuss the role of hormones in maintaining pregnancy and initiating childbirth. D3.1.22: Correlate between HRT and risk of coronary heart disease

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the Theme/Unit D3.2: Inheritance in the new IB Biology specification. YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) This Powerpoint consists of over 100 slides and contains the followings: All the information the IB have included in the new spec. Clear diagrams Student friendly content Summary videos Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist Summary The following content is included: D3.2.1: Outline that haploid cells (with a single copy of a gene) produced by each parent can fuse to form a diploid zygote with two copies of a gene. D3.2.2: Explain methods for how flowering plants are genetically crossed. D3.2.3: Distinguish between genotype (combination of inherited alleles) and phenotype (observable traits resulting from genotype plus environmental factors). D3.2.4: Explain the ways that members of the same species can have variety in the gene pool. D3.2.5: Describe the inheritance of different blood types. D3.2.6: Compare and contrast the differences between incomplete dominance and codominance. D3.2.7: Describe that the sperm determines sex in humans. D3.2.8: Describe haemophilia as an example of a sex-linked genetic disorder. D3.2.9: Illustrate how pedigree charts are used to determine inheritance in family members. D3.2.10: Distinguish between continuous variation such as skin colour and discrete variation such as ABO blood group. D3.2.11: Illustrate continuous variables using box-and-whisker plots. D3.2.12: Explain how unlinked genes segregate and assort independently in meiosis. D3.2.13: Predict the inheritance of pairs of unlinked genes in dihybrid crosses. D3.2.14: Predict genotypic and phenotypic ratios in dihybrid crosses of unlinked autosomal genes using Punnett grids. D3.2.15: Explain why linked genes fail to assort independently. D3.2.16: Deduce genotypic and phenotypic possibilities of crosses of individuals heterozygous for two traits with those homozygous recessive for both traits in both linked and unlinked genes. D3.2.17: Calculate statistical significance of observed vs calculated data using chi-squared tests.

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the Theme/Unit D4.1: Natural selection in the new IB Biology specification. YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) This Powerpoint consists of over 80 slides and contains the followings: All the information the IB have included in the new spec. Clear diagrams Student friendly content Summary videos Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist Summary The following content is included: D4.1.1: Recognise that natural selection is the mechanism that drives evolutionary change. D4.1.2: Explain the roles of mutation and sexual reproduction in generating variation. D4.1.3: Identify and explain the biotic and abiotic factors that promote natural selection. D4.1.4: Explain that differences in adaptation, survival and reproduction form the basis of natural selection. D4.1.5: Recall that heritable changes lead to evolutionary change. D4.1.6: Define sexual selection as a special case of natural selection. D4.1.7: Describe the effects of sexual and natural selection through simulation of selection pressure. D4.1.8: Define the concept of a gene pool. D4.1.9: Describe the changes that occur in allele frequencies in geographically isolated populations. D4.1.10: State the causes for the changes in allele frequency in the gene pool. D4.1.11:  Differentiate among directional, disruptive and stabilising selection. D4.1.12: Define Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. D4.1.13: Identify the Hardy-Weinberg conditions that need to be maintained for genetic equilibrium in a population

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the Theme/Unit D2.1: Cell and nuclear division in the new IB Biology specification. YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) This Powerpoint consists of over 90 slides and contains the followings: All the information the IB have included in the new spec. Clear diagrams Student friendly content Summary videos Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist Summary The following content is included: D2.1.1:Outline how new cells can be generated by cell division. D2.1.2: Outline the process of cytokinesis in plant and animal cells. D2.1.3: Explain that not all cells undergo equal cytoplasmic division. D2.1.4: Outline the roles of mitosis and meiosis in eukaryotic cells. D2.1.5: Describe the shared features of mitosis and meiosis. D2.1.6: Describe the phases of mitosis. D2.1.7: Identify the stages of mitosis from photomicrographs. D2.1.8: Explain why meiosis is a reduction division. D2.1.9: Describe the stages of meiosis. D2.1.10: Describe the causes and consequences of non-disjunction. D2.1.11: Explain how meiosis generates genetic diversity. D2.1.12: Outline the need for cell proliferation. D2.1.13: Outline the phases of the cell cycle. D2.1.14: Describe the changes that occur in a cell during interphase. D2.1.15: Describe how cyclins control the cell cycle. D2.1.16: Explain the possible consequences of mutations in genes that control the cell cycle. D2.1.17: Calculate mitotic index and explain the difference in mitotic index between cancerous and non-cancerous tissue.

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the Theme/Unit C3.1 Integration of body systems in the new IB Biology specification. **YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) ** This Powerpoint consists of over 100 slides and contains the followings: All the information the IB have included in the new spec. Exam tips Clear diagrams Summary videos Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist **Exam style questions Summary The following content is included: C3.1.1: Describe the importance of integration of body systems. C3.1.2: Explain the hierarchy of biological organisation. C3.1.3: Compare the roles of the nervous system and endocrine system in signalling. C3.1.4: Describe the roles of the brain and spinal cord in processing information. C3.1.5: Compare the roles of sensory and motor neurons. C3.1.6: Examine a transverse section of a myelinated nerve. C3.1.7: Describe the structure of a pain reflex arc. C3.1.8: Explain the role of the cerebellum in coordination and balance. C3.1.9: Explain the impact of melatonin on circadian rhythms. C3.1.10: Analyse the effects of epinephrine on the body. C3.1.11: Describe the feedback mechanisms that regulate the functioning of the endocrine system. C3.1.12: State the role of baroreceptors and chemoreceptors in the feedback control of the heart rate. C3.1.13: Describe the role of chemoreceptors in controlling the rate of ventilation. C3.1.14: Outline the mechanism for peristaltic control by the CNS and ENS. C3.1.15: Observe tropic responses in seedlings. C3.1.16: Describe positive phototropism. C3.1.17: Outline the functions of the different types of phytohormones. C3.1.18: Explain the movement and concentration of auxins within plant cells. C3.1.19: Describe the role of auxins in cell growth. C3.1.20: Study the regulation of root and shoot growth by the interaction between cytokinins and auxins. C3.1.21: Explain the positive feedback mechanism in the production of ethylene by ripening fruit.

This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the Theme/Unit C2.2 Neural signalling in the new IB Biology specification. **YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) ** This Powerpoint consists of over 100 slides and contains the followings: All the information the IB have included in the new spec. Exam tips Clear diagrams Summary videos Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist **Exam style questions Summary The following content is included: C2.2.1: Describe the structure of a neuron having a cell body with elongated nerve fibres of varying length projecting from it. C2.2.2: Describe the axon as a long single fibre helping in the conduction of electrical impulse and dendrites as multiple shorter fibres receiving and processing incoming signals. C2.2.3: Describe how energy from ATP drives sodium ions into the membrane causing depolarisation. C2.2.4: Explain the concept of membrane polarisation and membrane potential. C2.2.5: Explain the reasons for resting potential being negative. C2.2.6: Compare the speed in myelinated and non-myelinated fibres. C2.2.7: Explain the role of synapsis in communication between neurons. C2.2.8: Compare and contrast the mechanisms of neurotransmitter release in different types of synapses. C2.2.9: Analyse the factors that affect the magnitude and duration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials. C2.2.10: Describe the process of depolarisation and repolarisation during an action potential. C2.2.11: Evaluate the importance of action potential propagation in neural communication and information processing. C2.2.12: Explain the concept of an oscilloscope and its use in measuring neural activity. C2.2.13: Interpret and analyse oscilloscope traces of resting potentials and action potentials. C2.2.14: Describe the process of saltatory conduction in myelinated fibres. C2.2.15:Compare and contrast the speed and efficiency of action potential propagation in myelinated and unmyelinated fibres. C2.2.16: Describe the effects of exogenous chemicals on synaptic transmission, including drugs and toxins. C2.2.17: Analyse the factors that affect the magnitude and duration of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. C2.2.18: Understand that multiple presynaptic neurons interact with all-or-nothing consequences in terms of postsynaptic depolarisation. C2.2.19:Understand that nerve endings have channels for positively charged ions, which open in response to a stimulus such as high temperature, acid or certain chemicals such as capsaicin in chilli peppers. C2.2.20:Explain that the entry of positively charged ions causes the threshold potential to be reached and propagation of nerve impulses. C2.2.21:Explain that consciousness is another example of the consequences of interaction.