This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the B4.2 Ecological niches in the new IB Biology specification. **YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) ** This Powerpoint consists of 60 slides and contains the followings: All the information the IB have included in the new spec. Exam tips Clear diagrams Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist Summary The following content is included: B4.2.1: Explain what biotic and abiotic interactions are and how they influence growth, survival and reproduction, including how a species obtains food. B4.2.2: Explain the differences between obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes and obligate aerobes. B4.2.3: Summarise the process of photosynthesis as the mode of nutrition in plants, algae and several groups of photosynthetic prokaryotes. B4.2.4: Explain the various modes of holozoic, mixotrophic, saprotrophic nutrition. B4.2.5: Give details of the diversity of nutrition in archaea. B4.2.6: Summarise the relationship between dentition and the diet of omnivorous and herbivorous representative members of the family Hominidae. B4.2.7: Infer the diet of several hominid species from anatomical features. B4.2.8: Describe the adaptations of herbivores for feeding on plants and of plants for resisting herbivory. B4.2.9:Describe the adaptations of predators for finding, catching and killing prey and of prey animals for resisting predation. B4.2.10: Describe the adaptations of plants for harvesting light. B4.2.11: Describe and explain the differences between the fundamental and the realised niches. B4.2.12:Explain the concept of competitive exclusion and the uniqueness of ecological niches

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the B4.1 Adaptations to environment in the new IB Biology specification. **YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) ** This Powerpoint consists of 60 slides and contains the followings: All the information ( HL) the IB have included in the new spec. Exam tips Clear diagrams Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist Summary The following content is included: B4.1.1: Define habitat as a place in which a community, species, population or organism lives. B4.1.2: Define adaptation and discuss various ways that organisms have adapted to the abiotic factors of their habitat particularly the sand dunes and mangrove swamp. B4.1.3: Explain how abiotic variables affect a species distribution and contribute to its range of tolerance. B4.1.4: Use transect data to correlate the distribution of an organism using sensors and data loggers. B4.1.5: State the conditions required for coral reef formation. B4.1.6: Describe how abiotic factors act as the determinants of terrestrial biome distribution. B4.1.7: Recognise biomes as groups of ecosystems with similar communities due to similar abiotic conditions and convergent evolution B4.1.8: State the adaptations to life in hot deserts and tropical rainforest.

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the Theme/Unit C1.2 Respiration in the new IB Biology specification. ***YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) ** This Powerpoint consists of over 80 slides and contains the followings: All the information the IB have included in the new spec. Exam tips Clear diagrams Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist Summary The following content is included: C1.2.1: Explain what ATP is and how it functions as a cell’s energy currency. C1.2.2: Describe processes within cells that use ATP as an energy source. C1.2.3: Describe the interconversions and energy changes between ATP and ADP. C1.2.4: Describe cell respiration as the process that produces ATP using energy from carbon compounds and be able to distinguish between cell respiration and gas exchange. C1.2.5: Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. C1.2.6: Describe the variables that affect the rate of cell respiration and be able to calculate the rate of respiration. C1.2.7: Explain the role of NAD as a hydrogen carrier in cell respiration. C1.2.8: Describe the conversion of glucose to pyruvate by the process of glycolysis. C1.2.9: Describe anaerobic respiration as a means to regenerate NAD, producing lactate as a by-product. C1.2.10: Describe anaerobic respiration in yeast and how we make use of it for brewing and baking. C1.2.11: Describe the link reaction and the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl groups. C1.2.12: Describe the Krebs cycle. C1.2.13: Explain how NAD transfers energy to the electron transport chain (ETC) for the pumping of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. C1.2.14: Describe the establishment of a proton gradient across the inner membrane by the flow of electrons through the ETC. C1.2.15: Describe the formation of ATP via chemiosmosis. C1.2.16: Outline the role of oxygen as the final electron acceptor. C1.2.17: Outline how carbohydrates and lipids are used differently in the cell respiration pathway.

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the Theme/Unit C2.1 Chemical signalling in the new IB Biology specification. **YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) ** This Powerpoint consists of over 70 slides and contains the followings: All the information the IB have included in the new spec. Exam tips Clear diagrams Summary videos Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist Summary The following content is included: C2.1.1: Define the term ligand. C2.1.2: Outline the stages of signal transduction. C2.1.3: Explain the mechanism of quorum sensing in bacteria and discuss its role in bacterial behaviour. C2.1.4: Understand bioluminescence and its importance and applications. C2.1.5: Identify the categories of signalling chemicals in animals ­ hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines and calcium ions. C2.1.6: Differentiate between different types of signals used by multicellular organisms. C2.1.7: Describe the difference in structure and function of hormones and neurotransmitters. C2.1.8: Demonstrate an understanding of mechanisms that signalling molecules use to produce localised as well as distant effects. C2.1.9: Analyse the role of signalling molecules in the transmission of signals from one part of the body to another. C2.1.10: Compare and contrast transmembrane receptors and intracellular receptors. C2.1.11: Describe the different signalling pathways activated by transmembrane receptors and intracellular receptors. C2.1.12: Explain the mechanisms of initiation of signal transduction pathways. C2.1.13: Compare and contrast different types of transmembrane receptors and their mechanisms of action, including neurotransmitter receptors and G protein-coupled receptors. C2.1.14:Analyse the role of transmembrane receptors in changing membrane potential and activating intracellular signalling pathways. C2.1.15: Explain that positive feedback amplifies the response. C2.1.16: Explain that negative feedback dampens or inhibits the signalling response. C2.1.17: Explain that a balance of both positive and negative feedback is necessary for proper cellular response

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the B3.3 Muscle and motility in the new IB Biology specification. **YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) ** This Powerpoint consists of 68 slides and contains the followings: All the information ( HL) the IB have included in the new spec. Exam tips Clear diagrams Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist Summary The following content is included: B3.3.1: Recognise the concept of movement in different species. B3.3.2: Outline the structure of a sarcomere. B3.3.3: Explain how a sarcomere contracts. B3.3.4: Outline the role of titin and antagonistic muscles in muscle relaxation. B3.3.5: Describe the structure and function of motor units in skeletal muscles. B3.3.6: Outline the role of the skeleton as anchorage for muscles and as levers. B3.3.7: Explain the role of the different components of a joint. B3.3.8: Compare the range of motion of a joint. B3.3.9: Explain the antagonistic action of the internal and external intercostal muscles. B3.3.10: Give examples of reasons for locomotion. B3.3.11: Describe adaptations for swimming in marine mammals.

This bundle consists of 9 end of unit exams for: A1.1 Water A1.2 Nucleic acids A2.1: Origins of cells A2.2: Cell structure A2.3: Viruses A3.1: Diversity in organisms A3.2: Classification & cladisitics A4.1: Evolution & Speciation A4.2: Ecosystems Exam exam can be used as an end of topic exam and consists of: 7-10 multiple choice questions Questions using IB command terms: state, explain, analyse, describe Data based question Mark schemes included

This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the Theme/Unit C2.2 Neural signalling in the new IB Biology specification. **YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) ** This Powerpoint consists of over 100 slides and contains the followings: All the information the IB have included in the new spec. Exam tips Clear diagrams Summary videos Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist **Exam style questions Summary The following content is included: C2.2.1: Describe the structure of a neuron having a cell body with elongated nerve fibres of varying length projecting from it. C2.2.2: Describe the axon as a long single fibre helping in the conduction of electrical impulse and dendrites as multiple shorter fibres receiving and processing incoming signals. C2.2.3: Describe how energy from ATP drives sodium ions into the membrane causing depolarisation. C2.2.4: Explain the concept of membrane polarisation and membrane potential. C2.2.5: Explain the reasons for resting potential being negative. C2.2.6: Compare the speed in myelinated and non-myelinated fibres. C2.2.7: Explain the role of synapsis in communication between neurons. C2.2.8: Compare and contrast the mechanisms of neurotransmitter release in different types of synapses. C2.2.9: Analyse the factors that affect the magnitude and duration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials. C2.2.10: Describe the process of depolarisation and repolarisation during an action potential. C2.2.11: Evaluate the importance of action potential propagation in neural communication and information processing. C2.2.12: Explain the concept of an oscilloscope and its use in measuring neural activity. C2.2.13: Interpret and analyse oscilloscope traces of resting potentials and action potentials. C2.2.14: Describe the process of saltatory conduction in myelinated fibres. C2.2.15:Compare and contrast the speed and efficiency of action potential propagation in myelinated and unmyelinated fibres. C2.2.16: Describe the effects of exogenous chemicals on synaptic transmission, including drugs and toxins. C2.2.17: Analyse the factors that affect the magnitude and duration of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. C2.2.18: Understand that multiple presynaptic neurons interact with all-or-nothing consequences in terms of postsynaptic depolarisation. C2.2.19:Understand that nerve endings have channels for positively charged ions, which open in response to a stimulus such as high temperature, acid or certain chemicals such as capsaicin in chilli peppers. C2.2.20:Explain that the entry of positively charged ions causes the threshold potential to be reached and propagation of nerve impulses. C2.2.21:Explain that consciousness is another example of the consequences of interaction.

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the Theme/Unit C3.2 Defence against diseases in the new IB Biology specification. **YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) ** This Powerpoint consists of over 90 slides and contains the followings: All the information the IB have included in the new spec. Exam tips Clear diagrams Summary videos Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist **Exam style questions Summary The following content is included: C3.2.1: Identify the categories of pathogens. C3.2.2: Describe the role of the skin and mucous membranes in primary defence of the body. C3.2.3: Explain the process of clotting of blood. C3.2.4: Differentiate between innate immune system and adaptive immune system. C3.2.5: State the role of phagocytes in controlling infection. C3.2.6: Explain the role of lymphocytes in adaptive immune responses. C3.2.7: Recall that antigens trigger antibody production. C3.2.8: Explain the activation of T-lymphocytes by helper T-cells. C3.2.9: Outline the role of activated B-lymphocytes in production of sufficient quantities of antibodies. C3.2.10: Describe the role of memory cells in immunity. C3.2.11: Describe the means of transmission of HIV. C3.2.12: Study the effect of the virus on the functioning of the immune system (lymphocytes) C3.2.13: State the role of antibiotics in controlling bacterial infections. C3.2.14: Infer the causes of bacterial resistance. C3.2.15: Explain the transmission of zoonotic diseases. C3.2.16: Explain the role of vaccines in developing immunity. C3.2.17: Describe the interdependence of a population in building herd immunity. C3.2.18: Evaluate data related to COVID-19 pandemic

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the Theme/Unit C3.1 Integration of body systems in the new IB Biology specification. **YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) ** This Powerpoint consists of over 100 slides and contains the followings: All the information the IB have included in the new spec. Exam tips Clear diagrams Summary videos Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist **Exam style questions Summary The following content is included: C3.1.1: Describe the importance of integration of body systems. C3.1.2: Explain the hierarchy of biological organisation. C3.1.3: Compare the roles of the nervous system and endocrine system in signalling. C3.1.4: Describe the roles of the brain and spinal cord in processing information. C3.1.5: Compare the roles of sensory and motor neurons. C3.1.6: Examine a transverse section of a myelinated nerve. C3.1.7: Describe the structure of a pain reflex arc. C3.1.8: Explain the role of the cerebellum in coordination and balance. C3.1.9: Explain the impact of melatonin on circadian rhythms. C3.1.10: Analyse the effects of epinephrine on the body. C3.1.11: Describe the feedback mechanisms that regulate the functioning of the endocrine system. C3.1.12: State the role of baroreceptors and chemoreceptors in the feedback control of the heart rate. C3.1.13: Describe the role of chemoreceptors in controlling the rate of ventilation. C3.1.14: Outline the mechanism for peristaltic control by the CNS and ENS. C3.1.15: Observe tropic responses in seedlings. C3.1.16: Describe positive phototropism. C3.1.17: Outline the functions of the different types of phytohormones. C3.1.18: Explain the movement and concentration of auxins within plant cells. C3.1.19: Describe the role of auxins in cell growth. C3.1.20: Study the regulation of root and shoot growth by the interaction between cytokinins and auxins. C3.1.21: Explain the positive feedback mechanism in the production of ethylene by ripening fruit.

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the Theme/Unit D1.1 DNA replication in the new IB Biology specification. YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) This Powerpoint consists of over 80 slides and contains the followings: All the information the IB have included in the new spec. Clear diagrams Student friendly content Summary videos Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist Summary The following content is included: D1.1.1: Describe DNA replication as the process by which exact copies of DNA are created for use in reproduction, growth and tissue replacement in multicellular organisms. D1.1.2: Explain the semi-conservative nature of DNA replication and how it allows for a high degree of accuracy when copying base sequences. D1.1.3: Describe the roles of helicase and DNA polymerase in DNA replication. D1.1.4: Describe the use of polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis for amplifying and separating DNA. D1.1.5: Describe the applications for PCR and gel electrophoresis. D1.1.6: Describe the directionality of DNA polymerases based on the difference between the 5ʹ and 3ʹ terminals of strands of nucleotides. D1.1.7: Describe replication on both the leading and lagging strands and how these differ. D1.1.8: Describe the functions of DNA primase, DNA polymerase I, DNA polymerase III and DNA ligase in replication of prokaryotic DNA. D1.1.9: Explain DNA polymerase III’s role as a proofreader of replicated DNA

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the Theme/Unit D1.3: Mutations and gene editing in the new IB Biology specification. YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) This Powerpoint consists of over 50 slides and contains the followings: All the information the IB have included in the new spec. Clear diagrams Student friendly content Summary videos Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist Summary The following content is included: D1.3.1: Explain that gene mutations are structural changes to genes at the molecular level. D1.3.2: Outline the consequences of base substitutions. D1.3.3: Outline the consequences of insertions and deletions. D1.3.4: Recall that gene mutations can be caused by mutagens and by errors in DNA replication or repair. D1.3.5: Explain that mutations can occur anywhere in the base sequences of a genome. D1.3.6: Explain the effects of gene mutations occurring in germ cells and somatic cells. D1.3.7: Recognise that gene mutation is the original source of all genetic variation. D1.3.8: Outline that gene knockout is a technique for investigating the function of a gene by changing it to make it inoperative. D1.3.9: Explain the use of the CRISPR sequences and the enzyme Cas9 in gene editing. D1.3.10: Describe the hypotheses for conserved or highly conserved sequences in genes

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the Theme/Unit D3.3: Homeostasis in the new IB Biology specification. YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) This Powerpoint consists of over 50 slides and contains the followings: All the information the IB have included in the new spec. Clear diagrams Student friendly content Summary videos Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist Summary The following content is included: D3.3.1: Define the concept of homeostasis in relation to specific examples of variables. D3.3.2: Explain the role of negative feedback mechanisms in maintaining homeostasis. D3.3.3: Outline the role of pancreatic hormones in regulating blood glucose. D3.3.4: Outline the role of negative feedback mechanisms in regulating blood glucose. D3.3.5: Describe the physiological changes that form the basis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. D3.3.6: Describe the roles of thermoreceptors and hypothalamus in regulating body temperature. D3.3.7: Outline the mechanisms in regulating human body temperature. D3.3.8: Define osmoregulation and excretion. D3.3.9: Explain the roles of the glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule and proximal convoluted tubule in excretion. D3.3.10: Outline the functions of the loop of Henle and collecting ducts. D3.3.11: Explain the effect of ADH on the permeability of the kidney tubules. D3.3.12: Describe examples of changes in blood supply in response to changes in activity.

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the Theme/Unit D3.1: Reproduction in the new IB Biology specification. YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) This Powerpoint consists of over 85 slides and contains the followings: All the information the IB have included in the new spec. Clear diagrams Student friendly content Summary videos Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist Summary The following content is included: D3.1.1: Differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction. D3.1.2: Describe the role of meiosis in creating variation in sexually reproducing organisms. D3.1.3: Compare the differences between the male and female sexes. D3.1.4: Draw diagrams of the male (typical) and female (typical) reproductive systems. D3.1.5: Annotate the names of the parts and their functions on the diagrams. D3.1.6: Describe the hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle. D3.1.7: Elucidate the sequence of events leading to fertilisation. D3.1.8: Explain the role of hormones in IVF. D3.1.9: Describe the mechanism of sexual reproduction in plants. D3.1.10: Explain the features of insect-pollinated flowers. D3.1.11: Draw annotated diagrams of insect pollinated flowers. D3.1.12: Describe strategies that facilitate cross-pollination in plants. D3.1.13: Determine the role of self-incompatibility mechanisms in increasing genetic variation in a plant species. D3.1.14: Explain the mechanism of seed dispersal and germination. D3.1.15: Outline the role of GnRH, LH, FSH and the sex hormones in the changes associated with puberty. D3.1.16: Describe oogenesis and spermatogenesis in humans. D3.1.17: Identify the mechanisms that prevent polyspermy. D3.1.18: Outline the development of the blastocyst and subsequent implantation in the endometrium. D3.1.19: State the role of hCG in pregnancy and pregnancy testing. D3.1.20: Describe the role of the placenta during foetal development. D3.1.21: Discuss the role of hormones in maintaining pregnancy and initiating childbirth. D3.1.22: Correlate between HRT and risk of coronary heart disease

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the Theme/Unit D2.1: Cell and nuclear division in the new IB Biology specification. YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) This Powerpoint consists of over 90 slides and contains the followings: All the information the IB have included in the new spec. Clear diagrams Student friendly content Summary videos Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist Summary The following content is included: D2.1.1:Outline how new cells can be generated by cell division. D2.1.2: Outline the process of cytokinesis in plant and animal cells. D2.1.3: Explain that not all cells undergo equal cytoplasmic division. D2.1.4: Outline the roles of mitosis and meiosis in eukaryotic cells. D2.1.5: Describe the shared features of mitosis and meiosis. D2.1.6: Describe the phases of mitosis. D2.1.7: Identify the stages of mitosis from photomicrographs. D2.1.8: Explain why meiosis is a reduction division. D2.1.9: Describe the stages of meiosis. D2.1.10: Describe the causes and consequences of non-disjunction. D2.1.11: Explain how meiosis generates genetic diversity. D2.1.12: Outline the need for cell proliferation. D2.1.13: Outline the phases of the cell cycle. D2.1.14: Describe the changes that occur in a cell during interphase. D2.1.15: Describe how cyclins control the cell cycle. D2.1.16: Explain the possible consequences of mutations in genes that control the cell cycle. D2.1.17: Calculate mitotic index and explain the difference in mitotic index between cancerous and non-cancerous tissue.

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the Theme/Unit D4.2: Stability and change in the new IB Biology specification. YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) This Powerpoint consists of over 60 slides and contains the followings: All the information the IB have included in the new spec. Clear diagrams Student friendly content Summary videos Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist Summary The following content is included: D4.2.1: Define ‘ecosystem stability’, including some examples of stable ecosystems. D4.2.2: Outline the factors that affect stability and explain tipping points, using deforestation of the Amazon rainforest as an example. D4.2.3: Evaluate the use of models to investigate the effect of variables on ecosystem stability. D4.2.4: Explain the role of keystone species in the stability of ecosystems. D4.2.5: Evaluate the sustainability of resource harvesting from natural ecosystems. D4.2.6: Outline the factors affecting the sustainability of agriculture. D4.2.7: Explain eutrophication and its effects on ecosystems. D4.2.8: Outline biomagnification of pollutants. D4.2.9: Describe the effects of microplastic and macroplastic pollution of the oceans. D4.2.10: Describe the strategies for restoration of natural processes in ecosystems by rewilding. D4.2.11: Define ecological succession and outline the causes. D4.2.12: Describe the changes during primary succession. D4.2.13: Describe cyclical succession. D4.2.14: Distinguish between climax communities and arrested succession.

This lesson can be purchased as part of the IB Complete course bundle (first exams 2025) at a heavily discounted price, formed of 40 fully resourced lessons, end of topic exams and student checklists. It can be found here This PowerPoint contains everything you need to teach the Theme/Unit D4.3: Climate change in the new IB Biology specification. YouTube video is a preview of the full resource (does not include all slides) This Powerpoint consists of over 50 slides and contains the followings: All the information the IB have included in the new spec. Clear diagrams Student friendly content Summary videos Student research tasks Clearly identified HL and SL content Student checklist Summary The following content is included: D4.3.1: Define anthropogenic climate change and describe its causes. D4.3.2: Outline the positive feedback cycles in global warming, with examples. D4.3.3: Describe the transition from net carbon accumulation to net loss in boreal forests as an example of a tipping point. D4.3.4: Explain the melting of landfast ice and sea ice as examples of polar habitat change. D4.3.5: Explain the effects of climate change on ocean currents and nutrient distribution. D4.3.6: Understand the effect of climate change on range shifts of temperate species and coral reefs. D4.3.7: Evaluate afforestation, forest regeneration and restoration of peat-forming wetlands as approaches to carbon sequestration. D4.3.8: Define phenology and outline the disruption of phenological events caused by climate change D4.3.9: Explain how climate change can lead to increases in the number of insect life cycles. D4.3.10: Discuss the concept of evolution as a consequence of climate change.