The attention of many potential explorers turned towards Space after 1945. Many unmanned rockets were sent up into space. In 1947 the USA launched primates into Space- many other animals followed. July 1951, Dezik and Tsygan, two dogs were launched into space by the USSR. The race to put man into space had begun. 10 years later on 12th April 1961 Yuri Gagarin, a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space. The next race was to put the first man on the moon. On Wednesday 16th July 1969 Apollo 11 was launched by a Saturn V rocket. On Sunday20th July 1969, in front of cameras for all of us back on Earth to watch, USA astronaut Neil Armstrong stepped onto the surface of the moon. Edwin ‘Buzz’ Aldrin was just steps behind. The third member of the crew Michael Collins stayed in the mother ship Columbia. The next step was a manned space programme - the Space Shuttle Transportation System (SSTS). The idea was to create a spaceship with a payload bay which would be launched by a rocket and glide back to Earth to be used again. The idea of the payload was to release/collect communication satellites. On 2nd April 1981 Robert Crippen and John Young were on board when the Space shuttle Columbia was successfully. 2020 sheet on spaceflight events during the year. On 11th July 2021 Richard Branson completed a successful suborbital space flight to reach the edge of space - the idea is to speed up journeys from continent to continent. On 13th October 2021 William Shatner, of Star Trek fame as Captain Kirk aged 90, hitched a ride aboard a suborbital spacecraft to become the oldest person to ever travel to space. Sheet on Future of Space exploration Plus First/Beginning vocabulary, 2 best copy sheets plus blank comic strip. Sources A brief Illustrated History of space exploration Encyclopedia of Great Explorers wikipedia

Having discovered the Americas explorers now needed to explore the new lands they had found. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) crossed the Atlantic 4 times. His voyages opened up the new continent to European explorers and conquerors. Vaco Nunez de Balboa (c,1475-1519) a Spanish explorer, governor and conquistador (adventurer and conqueror) was the first European to reach the Pacific from the New World. Juan Ponce de Leon (1474-1521) was a Spanish explorer, and conquistador known for leading the first official European expedition of Florida and being the first governor of Puerto Rico. Alvar Nunez Cabeza Vaca (c.1488- c.1560) a Spanish explorer. In 1540 became governor of Rio de Plata in Argentina. Francisco Pizarro (c,1478- 1542) was a Spanish conquistador is best known for his expeditions on the conquest of Peru Hernan Cortes (1485-1547)a Spanish conquistador,led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire ( Moctezuma 11 was their defeated leader) and brought large areas of Mexico under the rule of King of Castile. Jacques Cartier (1491- 1557) was a French-Breton maritime explorer. He was the first European to describe and map the Gulf and shores of the St.Lawrence River which he named The country of the Canadas. Hernando de Soto (1500- 1542) was a Spanish conquistador involved in expeditions in Nicaragua and Yucatan Peninsula. He also played an important role in Francisco Pizarro’s conquest on the Inca Empire in Peru. Francisco Vazquez de Coronado (1510- 1554) a Spanish conquistador and explorer led an expedition from Mexico to Kansas. He had the first European sightings of the Grand Canyon and the Colorado River. Samuel de Champlain (1567- 1635) was a very talented and well travelled Frenchman. He made between 21-29 trips to Canada. In 1603 he began his exploring of N.America under the guidance of his uncle Francois Grave Du Pont. He created the first accurate coastal maps during his explorations and founded various colonial settlements. He is remembered as the Father of New France. Rene -Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle (1643-1687) was a French explorer and fur trader. He is best known for canoing the lower Mississippi River from the mouth of the Illinois River to the Gulf of Mexico (9.4.1682) Louis Jolliet (1645-1700+) -a French Canadian Explorer and Jacques Marquette (1637-1675) a French Jesuit missionary, were the first non-natives to explore and map the Upper Mississippi River. Pierre Francois Xavier de Charlevoix (1682-1761) a French Jesuit priest often considered the first historian of New France. Captain Merriwether Lewis and Second Lieutenant William Clark between 1803-6 *crossed the Continental Divide of the Americas before reaching the Pacific. * John C. Fremont (1813-1890), aided by Christopher Houston Carson - Kit Carson (1809-1868), led 5 expeditions into the Western United States. I mainly highlighted exploration. Sources Encyclopedia of Great Explorers - Parragon Wikipedia

Robert was a Scottish Quaker and was one of the most eminent writers belonging to the Religious Society of Friends (RSF) and a a member of the Clan Barclay. He was born at Gordonstoun in Moray, Scotland. He finished his education at the Scots College in Paris where his uncle was rector. In 1667 he followed his father and joined the recently formed RSF. In 1670 he married Christian Mollison, a fellow quaker, and they had 7 children. Soon afterwards he began to write in defence of the movement.*** Truth cleared of Calumnies (1670), a Catechism and Confession of Faith (1673) and Theses Theologiae (1676) *** His greatest work wasAn Apology for the True Christian Divinity (1676)originally published in Latin in Amsterdam, translated to English in 1678. It is claimed to be one of the most impressive theological writings of the century. (See '*Works 1670-1682 for full list) He was an ardent theological student who maintained* that all people can be illuminated by the Inward light of Christ… He was a strong supporter of George Fox in the controversies that beset the Quakers in the 1670s. Robert died aged just 41 His descendants include David Barclay, his great grand son, who became one of the founders of Barclays Bank.

St Anthony of Kiev or Anthony of the Caves was a monk and founder of the monastic tradition in Kievan Rus’. Together with Theodosius of Kiev he founded the Kiev Pechersk Lavra (Kiev Monastery of the Caves). He was born in Lyubech (present day Liubech). H e was baptized with the name Antipas. At an early age he was drawn to the spiritual life and joined the Greek Orthodox Esphigmenou Monastery on Mount Athos to live as a hermit. He lived in a secluded cave overlooking the sea - which is open to this day for visitors to see. In about 1011 the abbot set Anthony the task of expanding monasticism in his native Kiev. He returned to Kiev to find several monasteries had been established by local princes. They were not as austere as those on Mount Athos so he lived in a small cave which had been dug near the presbyter Hilarion. In 1015 Vladimir I of Kiev died and war broke out between his two sons. During the conflict Anthony returned to Athos. Once the conflict had finished he returned to Kiev. He had a very strict asceticism ( austere diet ) - he ate rye bread every other day and drank only a little water. The abbot prophesied that many monks would join him. His fame spread beyond Kiev… !2 others joined him including Nikon the priest and Theodosius of Kiev Read Establishment of Kyiv Pechersk Lavra He continued to live a seclusion in a cave. The cave became the first of what would later be known as the Far Caves. Iziaslav sends him into exile: his brother, Sviatoslav secretly invites him to Chernigov. Iziaslav reconciled with Anthony.A large stone church is built to accommodate the increased number of monk. A large stone church was under construction to accommodate the increased number of monks during his life time. He died before it was completed. Anthony died aged 90. He requested that his remains were hidden - they have never been found.

Claudio was an Italian Jesuit priest. In 1581 he was elected as the fifth Superior General of the Society of Jesus.He has been referred to as the second founder of the Jesuit order After initial studies of humanities (Greek, Hebrew and Latin) and Mathematics.he studied Jurisprudence in Perugia. In 1567 he joined the the Society of Jesus. With the blessing of Pius V he asked the Superior General, Francis Borgia,if he could be admitted to the noviceship . Soon after completing his studies he was given important responsibilities- his administrative gifts marking him out for the higher posts.He became the Provincial superior first in Naples then in Rome. In 1580 he joined the Jesuit mission to England He was responsible for *Ratio atque institutio studiorum * (1586). It was the summing up of years of experience in the field of education and marshalling them int the Jesuit system of education Parts were withdrawn in 1591 but under Clement VIII and Paul V he was able to save his party from a condemnation that at one time seemed probable. Read ‘Achievements as General.’ By the time he died in Rome the Society had tripled in size with 13,000 numbers in 550 houses and 15 provinces.** Claudio was undoubtedly one of the greatest Superior Generals to have govern the Society,

Trapped makes one think of danger and how to escape. I have put together a number of Trapped work sheets- phrases and vocabularies plus some examples of possible answers . I have looked at seven types of trapped - car accident, earthquake, fire, hostage, river floods, tsunami and volcanoes. Added general Rescue sheet.

Alcuin, also known as Ealhwine, Alhwin or Alchoin was a scholar, poet and teacher from York, Northumbria. He became the student of Archbishop Ecgbert. He was a court chancellor in Aachen. At the invitation of Charlemagne he became a leading scholar and teacher at the Carolingian court in France. H e graduated to become a teacher during the 750s. He became the head at York school (now St.Peter’s) where he revived trivium (grammar/rhetoric/logic) and quadrivium disciplines and wrote a codex on the trivium. He became a deacon but was never ordained. In 781 he was sent to Rome by King Elfwald. On his way home he met Charlemagne. who persuaded him to join his court. He joined an illustrious group of scholars. He later wrote the Lord was calling me to the service of King Charles. He became master of the Palace School of Charlemagne. He taught Charlemagne (782-790), his sons Pepin and Louis as well as young men sent to be educated at court and young clerics attached to the palace. He brought with him his assistants from York and revolutionised the educational standards of the school. It became known as the school of Master Albinus (Alcuin’s nickname) In 790 he returned to York for a short time. He failed to influence King AEtheired so he returned to the Carolingian court. He never went back to York , In 796, now in his 60’s, he hoped to retire from court instead Marmoutier Abbey was put into his care by Charlemagne - who could call on him for advice. Alcuin encouraged the monks there to use beautiful Carolingian minuscule script. Carolingian minuscule - using a mixture of upper and lower-case letters - was perfected and restored to purity of the form. by Alcuin. He stayed at the abbey until his death on 19th May 804. According to Einhard’s* Life of Charlemagne* he was considered among the most important intellectual architects of the Carolingian Renaissance. Source Wikipedia

Alan of Lille was a French theologian and poet. He is sometimes called Alanus de Montepessulano. He was born in Lille sometime before 1128. His exact date of his death is also unclear - research suggests between 14 April 1202 and 5 April 1203. Although he was widely known during his lifetime there is not a great deal known about his personal life. He had a very widespread reputation during his lifetime and his knowledge caused him to be called Doctor Universalis. As a theologian he was opposed to scholasticism in the second half of the 12th century. He claimed in order to understand religious truth and to know God,the wise must believe in faith. His philosophy was a mixture of Aristotelian logic and Neoplatonic philosophy. The is a long list of works attributed to him (See List of known works) but there are several Alains so it is uncertain how many of the works listed are actually his. Notable works actually written by him include*The Plaint of Nature, Anticlaudiamus and the Art of Preaching. Source Wikipedia

Albert of Cologne ( known under 3 names) was a German Dominican friar, philosopher, scientist and bishop. An encounter with the Blessed Virgin Mary convinced him to enter Holy Orders. In 1223 or 1229 and he became a member of the Dominican Order. He lectured in Cologne, Regensburg, Freiburg, Strasburg and Hildesheim. He became a full time professor at th e University of Paris holding the seat of the Chair of Theology at the college of St. James. Thomas Aquinas was one of his students. In 1254 he was made provincial of the Dominican Order and fulfilled the duties of the office with great care and efficiency. In 1258 he sorted out the* der Grofie Schied*- the big verdict- to sort out the conflict between the citizens of Cologne and the archbishop. In 1260 Pope Alexander IV made him bishop of Rogensburg. To enhance his reputation for humility, and in accord with the dictates of the his Order, he refused to ride a horse, he walked his huge diocese on foot. In 1263 Pope Urban IV asked him to preach the eighth Crusade in German speaking countries. He became known as a mediator between conflicting parties. He founded Cologne University, German’s oldest university. In 1274 he grieved when his former student Thomas Aquinas died. In 1278 he became ill and died on 15th November 1280. He was possibly 87 when he died. During his life time he studied many different subjects. For the breadth of his achievements he was bestowed the name Doctor Universalis. His knowledge of natural science was considerable for the age and remarkably accurate. In 1899 his writing were collected and went to 38 volumes. Scholars have referred to Albert as the greatest German philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages. In 1931 the Catholic Church distinguished him as one of the 37 Doctors of the Church ). Source Wikipedia

John Alcock was born in Beverley, Yorkshire.and educated at Cambridge University. His greatest achievement was the building of Jesus College, Cambridge which he established on the site of the former Convent of St. Radegund. He made a rapid rise in both the church and the state. 1461 he was made dean of St. Stephen’s Chapel , Westminster. 1462 was made Master of the Rolls. 1470 he was sent as ambassador to the Crown Court of Castile. 1472 8th January, nominated to see at Rochester 15th March, consecrated Bishop of Rochester 1476 15th July, transferred to see of Worcester 1486 6th October, moved to see at Ely H e was the first president of the Council of the Marches in Wales from 1473-1500. H e was Lord Chancellor twice in 1475 and 1485/7. On 7th November 1485 he opened King Henry VII’s Parliament. He was also tutor to Edward V. John was one of the leading pre-Reformation divines. He was a a man of deep learning and had great proficiency restoring many churches and colleges as an architect. Source Wikipedia

I have put together several sheets about rivers and flooding. I have tried to put onto a phrase and vocabulary sheet some thoughts about the catastrophic event in Germany. I have included a picture of a river plus other vocabularies I have used before, Source Center for Disaster Philanthropy

Richard Allen was a minister, writer and one of USA’s most active and influential black leaders. He taught himself to read and write. He founded the African Methodist Episcopal church (AME) - the first Black denomination in the USA. He opened the first AME church in Philadelphia in 1794 and in 1816 he was elected their first bishop. He was born into slavery. His family were sold to Stokley Sturgis who had a plantation. Having financial problems Sturgis later sold his mother and two younger siblings,keeping him and his older brother and sister. The three attended the local Methodist Society. The Revd. Freeborn Garrettson came to preach in Delaware in 1775.He preached at Sturgis’s plantation and convinced him that slavery was wrong, This resulted in him giving Richard the chance to buy his freedom. Aged 17 he joined the Methodists Society and began to evangelize which angered the slave owners . In 1780 he bought his freedom having done extra work for Sturgis. He changed his name from Negro Allen to Richard Allen. With his future Flora they establish a church (1787-1799). They married in 1790. In 1800 he met Sarah Bass who became his second wife after Flora, died in 1801 after a long illness. They moved to Philadelphia, married and had 6 children. Sarah was highly active and became in the AME Church the* Founding Mother.* December 1784 he went to the Christmas Conference of the Episcopal Church in North America. Along with harry Hosier they were the only 2 black attendees. In 1786 he became a preacher at St. George’s Methodist Episcopal church but was restricted to the early morning services. Along with Absalom Jones he resented the white leaders segregation of blacks for worship and prayer. They decided to leave St. George’s to create an independent, self-reliant worship for African Americans. 1787 Allen and Jones led the Black members out. They formed the Free African Society (F.A.S.). ( White ministers had to consecrate the bread and wine.) In 1793, during the yellow fever epidemic, Allen and Jones, helped to organize free blacks as essential workers. Allen caught yellow fever and nearly died. 1794 he founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) and opened his first church. 1799 ordained as first Black Methodist minister in recognition of.his leadership and preaching (The Blacks still had to negotiate with the white leadership). 1816 he proposed the uniting of the 5 African-American Congregations. The first fully independent Black denomination was created -the African Methodist Episcopal Church (A.M.E,). Richard was elected as their first bishop. From 1797 until his death in 1831 Richard and Sarah operated a station in the City of Brotherly Love on the Underground Railroad for fugitive slaves. Richard died in 1831 having firmly established a separate Black Methodist denomination. The A.M.E. is the oldest and largest formal institution in Black America. Source Wikipedia

Michael, born a Jew, became the first Anglican bishop in Jerusalem. He was born into a Jewish family in Prussia and emigrated to England in about 1820. His education in the Talmud began when he was a child. From 16-20 he was a teacher in the community teaching the Talmud and the German language. In Norwich he became a rabbi. While there he came into contact with William Marsh a stalwart of the London Society for Promoting Christianity Among the Jews.- (now known as Church’s Ministry Among Jewish People (CMJ)) He attempted to escape the Christian influence by moving to Plymouth to teach. In 1825 he converted to Christianity. In 1827 he moved with his wife, Deborah, to Dublin. In the same year he was ordained into the Anglican church. From 1827-30 he worked for CMJ in Danzig and from 1827-41 in London. In 1841 a unique agreement was reached between the British and Prussian governments - the establishment of a Protestant Bishopric in Jerusalem. Michael - the Jewish born Christian -was appointed bishop in 1842. His position was always controversial - the Jews called him an apostate. He died just 3 years later but by that time he had set up a School of Industry, an Enquirers house, a Hebrew College and the first Hospital in Palestine. Note The Christ Church - a simple Gothic building- was completed in 1849, 4 years after Michael’s unexpected death. Outside it differs very little from many Anglican churches but inside the building has more similarity to a synagogue, Source Wikipedia

Isaac was an English Puritan divine. He was born one year after James VI of Scotland became James 1 of Scotland and England(1603-25). He was brought up in a well known Roman Catholic family. Aged 17 he entered Brasenose College Oxford. He graduated in 1624 with a B.A. and ordained. He became one of Charles 1 's itinerant preachers in Lancashire. He spent time in Garstang before he was selected by Lady Margaret Hoghton as vicar of Preston. In 1641 he became a Presbyterian minister and was on the celebrated committee for the ejection of 'scandalous and ignorant ministers and schoolmasters during the Commonwealth. ’ He became caught up in the Civil War - Royalist v Parliamentarians (Charles II v Oliver Cromwell). Twice he was imprisoned by the Royalists. He tried to evade the political controversies of the time. . In 1654, as a result of the Civil War, he left his great church in Preston and moved to Garstang. The 1662 Act of Uniformity saw him ejected, along with 2,000+ ministers, because he refused to conform ( See* Act of Uniformity and Great Ejection*) His gentleness of character and earnest presentation of the gospel attached him to his congregation . As a religious writer he had a vividness and freshness of imagination possessed by few of the puritan Nonconformist. His Looking unto Jesus held its own popular appreciation with the writings of John Bunyan. Source Wikipedia See also sheet House of Stuart and First Interregnum

Lancelot was an English bishop and scholar who held high positions in the Church of England during the reigns of Elizabeth I and James 1. During the reign of James I he served successively as Bishop of Chichester (1605-9), Ely (1609-19) and Winchester ( 1619- 1626). In 1571 he entered Pembroke College, Cambridge. He earned a BA and a MA. In 1576 elected fellow at Pemborke. 11th June 1580 he was ordained. He was incorporated MA at Oxford. He oversaw the translation of the King James version of the Bible .His name is the first on the list of divines appointed to compile the authorized version commissioned in 1604 and published in 1611. His elder brother Roger also served as a translator. Once a year he would spend a vacation of a month with his parents. He would use this time to study European languages- eventually he acquired most of the modern languages of Europe. He sought to defend and advance Anglican doctrine, criticising both Puritan and Roman Catholic teaching. He was renown his preaching. His most famous book was * Preces Privatae* (1648) - a collection of prayers. Following the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot - November 5th 1605 - he was asked to prepare a sermon to be presented to the king in 1606. In the sermon he justified the need to commemorate the deliverance and defined the nature of celebrations. Read* During Elizabeth’s reign and During the reign of James I* Lancelot’s feast day is 25th September Source Wikipedia

Johann or Johannes Agricola (originally Schneider, than Schnitter) was a German Protestant Reformer during the Protestant Reformation. He was born at Eisleben where he is sometimes called M agister Islebius. He studied at Wittenberg where he gained the friendship of Martin Luther. Together, in 1519 they attended the great assembly of German divines at Leipzig where he acted as recording secretary. After some time in Wittenberg he went in Frankfurt in 1525 to establish the Protestant mode of worship. Within a month he was called to Eisleben where he taught at St. Andrew’s school and preached in the Nicolai church until 1526… In 1536 he was recalled to Wittenberg and initially welcomed by Luther. Back in 1526 they had controversial disagreement over the binding obligation of the law on Christians- this broke out more violently then before. He was unable to appease the Adiaphoristic controversy. (See * Controversyand note from Britannica) He wrote an attack shortly after Luther had given him shelter when he was fleeing persecution. Luther had nothing further to do with him. He escaped to Berlin where Joachim II, Elector of Brandenburg, appointed him court preacher and general superintendent. He held both posts until his death 30 years later. His career there was one of great activity and influence. He died during an epidemic of plague on 22nd September 1566. He wrote a number of theological works (See Writings) Sources Wikipedia Britannica

Aelred of Rievaulx was an English Cistercian monk, abbot from 1147 until his death (20 years later) . He best known as a writer. Both Anglicans and Catholics regard him as a saint. His early education was probably at the cathedral school in Durham. From about the age of 14 he spent time at the court of King David I of Scotland in Roxburgh, rising to the rank of echonomus (steward or master of the Household)… He left the court aged 24, in 1134, to enter the Cistercian abbey of Rievaylx in Yorkshire. He was the son of Eilaf, a priest, so he was forbidden, when he became an adult, by the 1095 Council of Claremont, ordination as a priest so he became a monk. ( This was done in part to prevent the inheritance of benefices.) In 1142 he travelled to Rome. On his return he became novice master at Rievaulx. In 1143 appointed abbot of the new Ravesby Abbey. 1147 elected abbot of Rievaulx, a position he held until his death in 1167. All of Aelred’s works have appeared in translation, most in English and French. ( See Writings) David Knowles, a historian of monasticism in England , describes him, for efforts in writing and administration, as the St. Bernard of the North, a singularly attractive character, no other English monk of the twelfth century so lingers in the memory.

AElfric was an English abbot and student of AEthelwold of Winchester. He was a prolific writer in the Old English of hagiography, homilies, biblical commentaries and other genres. He wrote 2 sets of 40 homilies and then wrote 3 works to help students learn Latin - the Grammar, the Glossary and the Colloquy. A third set ,* Lives of Saints* dated from 996-7. AEthelwold asked him to translate from the Old Testament the beginning of Genesis from Latin into Old English. This was the very first time the Old Testament was translated into Old English. Rather than translate it verbatim he translated it by its meaning. In 1005 he moved to AEthelwold’s new monastery in Eynsham where he was the monastery’s first abbot. He died in 1010… He left careful instructions to future scribes to copy his work carefully. He did not want it marred by the introduction of unorthodox passages and scribal errors. AElfric was the most prolific writer in Old English.His main theme was God’s mercy. In 2022 a blue plaque was unveiled in Eynsham in recognition of his work. According to Claudio Leonardi he represented the highest pinnacle of Benedictine reform and Anglo-Saxon literature. Source Wikipedia

Children in year 6 are often asked to write something for their final assembly. I have created two sheets. Sheet one should give them ideas about what to write. Sheet 2 may read Poetry Aid but the vast vocabulary can also be used to help them write their memory sheet. Hope these two sheets will inspire the children to write either a piece of prose or to have a go at writing a poem.

50 years after *The Chronicles of Narnia *by C.S. Lewis were published Natalie Gillespie wrote her book Believing In Narnia. Believing in Narnia is the author’s interpretation of and commentary on the C.S. Lewis’s set of 7 books. The author’s audience is meant to be older children/ young teenagers but all those interested in the Christian faith will find the commentary useful and thought provoking. The book has been divided into 7 keys. Key 1 shows the symbols she has used for the book. Key 2 is a two page summary of each of the 7 books - excellent Key 3 looks in detail at many of the good and bad characters (80 pages) Aslan, the lion is compared to the life of Jesus (7 pages) Each of the Pevensie children are given several pages) (see contents page) Key 4 looks at the props and their meaning (36 pages) - excellent Key 5 looks at the places visited (8 pages) Key 6 looks at further reading Key 7 is a brief biography of C.S. Lewis’s life The 7 books make more sense when the commentary is also used. The book gives you the impression that Natalie Gillespie first of all enjoyed reading the books as a child, then enjoyed sharing them with her children. The book is dedicated to Joshua and Justin, two of her children, and there are passages where they ask questions and Natalie gives them an explanation. The opening chapter This Book is for Brave Kids ONLY! (see contents) explains the book beautifully. Other authors have also written about the Chronicles