This detailed and fully-resourced lesson describes the structure and properties of the cell membrane, focusing on the phospholipid bilayer and membrane proteins. The PowerPoint and accompanying worksheets have been designed to cover point 2.2 of the Pearson Edexcel A-level Biology A specification and makes links to the fluid mosaic model which is covered in greater detail in the next lesson.
Students were introduced to triglycerides in topic 1 and the start of this lesson challenges them to recall the structure of this lipid to identify the shared features of a phospholipid. This introduces the structure of this macromolecule as a glycerol molecule, two fatty acids and a phosphate group. Time is taken to look at the differing properties of the phosphate group and the fatty acid tails so that students become comfortable with the terms hydrophobic and hydrophilic. At this point, the class is given an opportunity to discuss how the phospholipids are arranged when both the inside and outside of the cell contains an aqueous solution and the phospholipid bilayer as the fabric of the membrane is subsequently met. In a link to some upcoming lessons on the transport mechanisms, the students will learn that only small, non-polar molecules can move by simple diffusion through the tails of the bilayer. This introduces the need for transmembrane proteins to allow large or polar molecules to move into the cell by facilitated diffusion and active transport. It is at this point of the lesson that students will meet the fluid mosaic model and will begin to understand how this describes the dynamic nature of the membrane as well as explaining the interaction with the environment. Moving forwards, the structure of cholesterol is covered and students will learn that this hydrophobic molecule sits in the middle of the tails and therefore acts to regulate membrane fluidity. The final part of the lesson challenges the students to apply their newly-acquired knowledge to a series of questions where they have to explain why proteins may have moved when two cells are used and to suggest why there is a larger proportion of these proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane than the outer membrane.
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Topic 2: Genes and Health (Pearson Edexcel SNAB)
Some of the key biological topics are covered in topic 2 of the Pearson Edexcel A-level Biology A (Salters Nuffield) course and include the transport of materials across cell membranes, DNA structure and replication, protein synthesis and monohybrid inheritance. In line with this, many hours of intricate planning have gone into the design of all of the 19 lessons that are included in this bundle to ensure that the content is covered in detail, understanding is constantly checked to immediately address misconceptions and that engagement is high. This is achieved through the wide variety of tasks in the PowerPoints and accompanying worksheets which include exam-style questions with clear answers, discussion points, differentiated tasks and quick quiz competitions. The following specification points are covered by the lessons within this bundle: * The properties of gas exchange surfaces in living organisms * Understand how the rate of diffusion is dependent on these properties and can be used in the calculation of the rate of diffusion by Fick's law * Adaptations of the mammalian lung for rapid gaseous exchange * Structure and properties of cell membranes * Simple and facilitated diffusion as methods of passive transport * The involvement of ATP and carrier proteins in active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis * The basic structure of mononucleotides * The structures of DNA and RNA * The process of protein synthesis * The roles of the template strand, mRNA and tRNA * The nature of the genetic code * A gene is a sequence of bases on DNA that codes for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide * The basic structure of an amino acid * The formation of polypeptides and proteins * The primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins * Globular and fibrous proteins using haemoglobin and collagen as examples * The mechanism of action and the specificity of enzymes * Enzymes are biological catalysts that reduce activation energy * The process of DNA replication * Errors in DNA replication can give rise to mutations * The meaning of key genetic terms * Patterns of inheritance, in the context of monohybrid inheritance * Understand how the expression of a gene mutation in people with cystic fibrosis impairs the functioning of the gaseous exchange, digestive and reproductive systems * Understand the uses and implications of genetic screening and prenatal testing Due to the detail included in each of these lessons, it is estimated that it will take in excess of 2 months of allocated teaching time to cover the content. If you would like to see the quality of the lessons, download the gas exchange surfaces, cell membranes, transcription, globular and fibrous proteins, monohybrid inheritance and cystic fibrosis lessons as these have been shared for free
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The ultrastructure of cells (Edexcel SNAB)
This lesson bundle contains 7 lessons which have been designed to cover the Pearson Edexcel A-level Biology A (Salters Nuffield) specification points which focus on the structure of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and the functions of their components. The lesson PowerPoints are highly detailed, and along with the accompanying worksheets, they have been planned at length to contain a wide range of engaging tasks which cover the following A-level Biology content found in topics 2, 3 and 4 of the course: 2.2 (i): Know the structure and function of cell membranes 3.1: Know that all living organisms are made of cells, sharing some common features 3.2: Know the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells, including nucleus, nucleolus, ribosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, centrioles, lysosomes, and Golgi apparatus 3.3: Understand the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and the Golgi apparatus in protein transport within cells, including their role in the formation of extracellular enzymes 3.4: Know the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells, including cell wall, capsule, plasmid, flagellum, pili, ribosomes, mesosomes and circular DNA 3.6: Understand how mammalian gametes are specialised for their functions (including the acrosome in sperm and the zona pellucida in the egg) 3.13: Understand how the cells of multicellular organisms are organised into tissues, tissues into organs and organs into systems 4.7: Know the ultrastructure of plant cells (cell walls, chloroplasts, amyloplasts, vacuole, tonoplast, plasmodesmata, pits and middle lamella) and be able to compare it with animal cells.
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