Learning Aims: To know the difference between right and left wing. To identify the challenges from the right and left wing in and out of the Reichstag. To explain why the extreme right and left challenged Weimar. To explain how Ebert tackled the challenges. This lesson includes: Clear learning aims/targets Provoking starter tasks and discussion activities Printable worksheets Engaging background information Challenge tasks Exam links Learning Review Fact Sheet linked to the GCSE specification All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use.

This pack includes: A 3 page baseline assessment designed to be given to students during their first half term in Year 7 to assess their historical skills and knowledge. A PPT presentation with all the answers and mark schemes to use when going through the assessment with your students. A self-assessment sheet for students to complete once they have their results for the teacher and student to set targets. This resource has been successfuly used in the classroom for a number of years and has provided staff with vital data about each student’s historical knowledge and skills. Please note that students need no prior historical knowledge of events to complete the assessment. The example sources and interpretations I use in the assessment are based on the Battle of Hastings as this is commonly taught in Year 7 but students do not need any knowledge of these events to gain full marks. All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use.

**This lesson examines the causes, events and the impact of the Oklahoma Land Rush. There is a particular focus on the importance and consequences of the events. ** The lesson resources include: 1 x A4 Workbook Style Fact Sheet (PDF & PPT) – Included in every American West lesson! 1 x Main Power Point Lesson This lesson includes: Clear learning aims/targets Provoking starter tasks and discussion activities Printable worksheets Engaging background information Challenge tasks Exam links Learning Review Fact Sheet linked to the GCSE specification All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use.

In this lesson, students will investigate the various roles and jobs which took place in a Medieval castle. They will then use the information from the lesson to complete a variety of activities. The lesson includes the following printable resources: 1 x fact sheet about life inside a Medieval castle 1 x worksheet (various tasks) 1 x Diary writing frame 1 x Crossword The main Power Point for the lesson includes: Title page and lesson aims Starter tasks and discussions Key term activities Background information about life inside a Medieval castle A choice of tasks activities A choice of learning reviews including a crossword (answers revealed). All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use. The lesson is property of RA Resources.

This resource is a fun addition to any unit about Medieval castles and from personal experience has been great for Year 6/7 subject transition days and school open evenings. Following a recap of Medieval weaponry, students work as a team or individually to plan either a castle siege or castle attack based on a list of costings. This resource contains: 1 x Castle game costings list (PDF & PPT) 2 x Castle game rules worksheets/printouts 1 x Main Power Point which includes: Slide 1: Title slide Slide 2-3: Recap Activity covering the main weapons of castle attack such as trebuchet, siege ladders, archers etc. Slide 4-5: Recap Activity 2 covering the images of castle attack weapons Slide 6: Setting the scene for the castle attack to give the attack historical context. Slide 7-10: A choice of three castle attack sheets each with a slightly different castle (stone keep, concentric and motte and bailey). These need to be printed out onto A3 Slide 11-12: Peer Assessment cards Slide 13: Learning Review All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use. The lesson is property of RA Resources.

This lesson examines which groups in German society benefitted from the improved living standards in Germany in the mid 1920s as well as those groups who did not. This lesson includes: Clear learning aims/targets Provoking starter tasks and discussion activities Printable worksheets Engaging background information Challenge tasks Exam links Learning Review Fact Sheet linked to the GCSE specification All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use.

This lesson provides students with a fascinating insight into the final days of England’s Medieval kings. Students will not only be able to describe the often intriguing ways that the kings died, but use this to analyse questions about health, hygiene and medicine in the Medieval period. The lesson includes: 1 x A4 worksheet (PDF & PPT) 1 x Main PowerPoint Slide 1: Title slide Slide 2: Lesson key questions Slide 3: Starter 1 - What was the average life expectancy in the Medieval period compared with today? Slide 4: Starter 2 - Why do you think the Medieval period was more deadly and dangerous? Slide 5: Starter 3 - Why did some people live longer than others in Medieval England? Slide 6: Printable colour version of the lesson fact sheet Slide 7: Printable black and white version of the lesson fact sheet Slide 8: Task 1 instructions and challenge questions Slide 9-10: Printable worksheets/graphs for students to plot the causes of death. Slide 11: Challenge questions Slide 12: Learning Review Quiz with answers. I would be grateful if you could leave a review for the lesson if you feel the lesson is effective for you. Many thanks if you spend some of your valuable time doing this as feedback is highly valued. All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you.

This lesson is a perfect introduction to any unit about Medieval History. It gives students an opportunity to learn when the Medieval period took place, use sources to investigate Medieval life and also create a timeline of the key events between c1050 and c1500. Included in this pack of resources: 1 x Source starter worksheet for student to begin investigating Medieval society (PDF & PPT) 2 x Medieval timeline templates (PDF & PPT) 1 x Medieval event research sheet (PDF & PPT) The main powerpoint lesson includes: Slide 1: Title page Slide 2: Lesson key questions Slide 3-8: A study of visual sources (illuminated manuscripts) to get students thinking about what Medieval society was like. Slide 9: An outline about when the Medieval period took place Slide 10-11: Activity - Fill in the missing terms recap with answers revealed Slide 12 - 14: Task 1 - Ordering the key Medieval events task with worksheets and answers provided. Slide 15-17: Task 2 - Creating a Medieval timeline with instructions and printable worksheets included. Slide 18: Task 3: An additional research task with printable worksheet included. Slide 19-20: Learning Review - place the Medieval events in the correct order with answers revealed. I would be grateful if you could leave a review for the lesson if you feel the lesson is effective for you. Many thanks if you spend some of your valuable time doing this as feedback is highly valued. All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you.

**In this lesson, students will be able to use factual information as well as the views from historians and historical sources to help them form their own opinion to the question – is the British Empire something we should be proud or ashamed of? ** As always, the lesson is fully resourced and contains a number of printable resources, engaging activities and information. The lesson presumes that students already have a knowledge of what the British empire was although this is quickly recapped at the start of the lesson. The lesson includes the following: Slide 1: Title slide Slide 2: Lesson learning aims and progress Slide 3: Recapping the British Empire – includes a British Empire map and discussion questions Slide 4: Starter Discussion based on an old Indian saying about the British in India. Slide 5: Source analysis activity 1 Slide 6: Source analysis activity 2 Slide 7: Source analysis activity 3 Slide 8: Printable worksheet/question sheet based on the sources used in the previous slides Slide 9: The two historical interpretations about the British empire Slide 10: Activity 1 – How have attitudes to the British empire changed in recent years? Slide 11: Activity 2 – Documentary clips about the legacy of the British Empire Slide 12: Activity 3 - Instructions Slide 13: Activity 3 - printable information sheet which includes sources and interpretations about the British empire. Slide 14: Activity 4 – What is your opinion? Slide 15: Activity 5 – Based on a higher level question about the difference in two historical interpretations. Slide 16: Printable worksheet based on the two interpretations about the British Empire Slide 17: Learning Review discussion. I would be grateful if you could leave a review for the lesson if you feel the lesson is effective for you. Many thanks if you spend some of your valuable time doing this as feedback is highly valued. All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. Thank you.

In this lesson, students will be able to make the judgement - how far did life change in Medieval society between c.1100 - c.1500? They will study various features of life such as population, power, world knowledge, technology, entertainment, science, medicine, rich and poor and the growth of towns to help them answer the question. They will also have the opportunity to reseach the key discoveries of the medieval era. The lesson pack includes the following resources: 1 x Medieval continuity & change writing frame and worksheet (PDF & PPT) 1 x Medieval continuity & change fact sheet (PDF & PPT) 1 x Medieval worksheet (PDF & PPT) 1 x Medieval Discoveries Research sheet (PDF & PPT) Main Power Point: Slide 1: Title slide Slide 2: A recap of the Medieval topics Slide 3: Starter activity - Continuity & change in your lifetime Slide 4: The importance of continuity, change and historical turning points. Slide 5: The importance of turning points in the past. Slide 6: Starter activity 2 - Explain the impact of… Slide 7: Task 1 instructions and explanation Slide 8: Make a judgement questions Slide 9-10: Medieval Discoveries Match up Slide 11: Challenge questions. All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you.

**NEW 2025/6 SPEC!! This lesson examines the causes, events and consequences of the main plots against Elizabeth during her reign - the Throckmorton Plot, Ridolfi Plot and the Babington Plot. ** The lesson pack includes: 1 x A4 fact sheet - The Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington Plots (PDF & PPT) 1 x Printable worksheet 1 x Main 20 slide PowerPoint The main powerpoint includes: Slide 1: Title slide Slide 2-3: Learning recap - the Catholic threats to Elizabeth with answers Slide 4: Overview of the three main plots Slide 5: Starter discussion Slide 6-8: Task 1 - Table fill activity with printable worksheets and answers. Slide 9-11: Printouts to support students with the table fill activity Slide 12: Task 2 - What were the similarities between the plots? Slide 13: Follow up challenge questions Slide 14-15 - Learning recap - Which plot am i? With answers Slide 16-18: Sample exam questions Slide 19-20: Fact sheets linked to learning. All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use.

In this lesson, students will be able to conclude how far women’s lives improved by the end of the 1970s. Within the lesson, students will study changes to women’s rights including: the introduction of the contraception pill, the legalisation of abortion, the Equal Pay Act, the Sex Discrimination Act as well as changes to home life, attitudes, divorce laws, work and education. The key questions for the lesson are: What were women’s lives like in 1950s Britain? What developments were there in women’s rights in the 1960s and 1970s? What aspects of women’s lives changed the most? How far did women gain equality by the end of the 1970s? The lesson includes the following: 1 x A4 printable timeline of key events (PDF & PPT) Main Power Point: Slide 1: Lesson title Slide 2: Lesson key questions Slide 3: As you enter controversial statement discussion Slide 4: Current statistics activity about women’s equality today. Slide 5: As you enter controversial discussion point 2 Slide 6-7: Key term match up with answers revealed. Slide 8-10: Source analysis to give students an idea of attitudes and the role of women in the 1950s. Slide 11: Task 1 - Reading and outlining task Slide 12 - 13: Two printable fact sheets Slide 14: Task 2 - Timeline instructions Slide 15: Follow Up Questions Slide 16 - 17: Learning Review Quiz - match up the key statistics. I would be grateful if you could leave a review for the lesson if you feel the lesson is effective for you. Many thanks if you spend some of your valuable time doing this as feedback is highly valued. All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you.

In this lesson, students will learn all about the events and significance of the 1888 match girls strike. This lesson can be used as a stand alone lesson about the events or as part of a wider set of lessons about women’s rights and votes for women. The main learning aims of the lesson are: Who were the match girls? What were conditions like for the match girls? Why did the match girls strike? What was the significance of Anne Besant? What were the attitudes of the time towards the strike? What were the long and short term consequences of the strike? This mega pack of resources is easily enough to fill 2-3 lessons depending on which resources you decide to use. It includes: 1 x A4 Source worksheet (PDF & PPT) 1 x A4 Source table (PDF & PPT) 1 x A4 Attitudes to the strike worksheet The main PPTX contains: Slide 1: Title slide Slide 2: Learning Aims/Key Questions Slide 3-4: As you enter activity with answers revealed Slide 5: Starter Task - How might workers complain/protest about working conditions today? Slide 6-7: Background information about the match girls Slide 8: An outline of the first source based task (links to the A4 worksheets) Slide 9 - 13: Background knowledge about the match girls strike Slide 14: Task - Attitudes to the strike Slide 15: Task - Create a poster or campaign speech in support of the strike (with full instructions) Slide 16-18: Task - Storyboard with instructions and printable resource Slide 19: Follow up challenge tasks Slide 20: Learning Review I would be grateful if you could leave a review for the lesson if you feel the lesson is effective for you. Many thanks if you spend some of your valuable time doing this as feedback is highly valued. All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you.

This is the first introduction lesson to the Edexcel 1-9 Germany 1918-1939 study. The lesson gives a brief overview of the exam paper questions and structure. It then allows students to explore the impact of war on Germany. All of the lessons for the Weimar and Nazi Germany topic contain a variety of learning tasks suitable for all abilities, practice exam questions, engaging individual or group activities as well as the key information needed for the Edexcel Specification. Each lesson features a fact sheet which is intended to be used as a substitute for the text book. Therefore, this lesson contains everything you will need for the lesson. If you have found this lesson effective, please be kind enough to leave a review. To take into account copyright, photographic and illustrative images have been attributed where appropriate and are all in the public domain. Clipart/vector images are also all creativecommons.publicdomain.zero.1.0. Images created by myself using Power Point tools have also been noted as creations of RAResources © Please contact me in person if you see any errors.

UPDATED NEW SPEC. 2025/6! The lesson examines the methods used by Jack the Ripper, his victims and the role of the press during the murders in Whitechapel. The lesson resources include: 1 x A4 Source Enquiry Sheet 1 x 23 slide main power point The main lesson power point includes: Slide 1: Title slide Slide 2: Lesson aims and outcomes Slide 3: Recap discussion with answers revealed Slide 4: Starter source analysis Slide 5: Background - How did Jack the Ripper get the name? Slide 6-7: Task 1 - Analysis of the ‘Dear Boss’ letter with printable worksheet. Slide 8-9: Task 2 - Jack the Ripper victim fact files and table fill with instructions and printable worksheet. Slides 10-12: Printable victim fact files Slide 13: Task 3: Similarities between the victims with answers revealed. Slide 14: Background information and discussion about the usefulness of penny dreadful newspapers. Slide 15: Exam Focus - ‘One feature’ Slide 16-16: Exam Focus - Resources to help students analyse the usefulness of a source relating to the murders. Slide 20: Exam Focus - ‘Follow Up’ question/printable answer sheet. Slide 21: Challenge Questions Slide 22-23: Learning review quiz with answers. This lesson has been updated in line with the amended specification and exam questions ready for the 2025/6 examinations. All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use.

In this lesson, students will investigate the death of Emily Wilding Davison at the 1913 Epsom Derby. They will use their knowledge from the lesson to write a coroner’s report into her death and conclude if her death was an accident or if she deliberately set out to become a martyr. The key questions of the lesson: Who was Emily Davison and why do some people see her as a martyr? What happened at the 1913 Derby? Did Emily Davison deliberately set out to become a suffragette martyr? What was the impact of her death for the suffrage movement? The lesson pack includes: 1 x A4 Coroner’s Report writing frame (PDF & PPTX) 1 x Main PPTX Slide 1: Title slide Slide 2: Lesson Key Questions Slide 3: As You Enter Activity - Modern day campaign groups and their publicity methods Slide 4-5: What is Happening? A source analysis of the 1913 Derby incident Slide 6: What is a Martyr? Slide 7: Additional class clip links and further reading opportunities Slide 8-10: Background to the events Slide 11: Task 1 - Source Task Explanation and table Slide 12: Sources sheet Slide 13: Were Emily Davison’s actions deliberate? Slide 14: Task 2 - Write a Coroner’s Report Slide 15: Challenge Source Question Slide 16: Follow Up Challenge Tasks Slide 17-18: Emily Davison Recap Quiz with answers. I would be grateful if you could leave a review for the lesson if you feel the lesson is effective for you. Many thanks if you spend some of your valuable time doing this as feedback is highly valued. All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you.

NEWLY UPDATED FOR 2025/26 SPEC. Students examine the work and organisation of H Division police and use this to explain why policing the Whitechapel district was so difficult. The lesson resources include: 1 x A4 Workbook Style Fact Sheet (PDF & PPT) 1 x A4 Source Enquiry help sheet 1 x 22 Slide Main Power Point Lesson The main 22 slide power point includes: Slide 1: Title slide Slide 2: Outline of lesson aims and key questions Slide 3: Recap & think - Why would police find the historical environment of Whitechapel difficult to police? Slide 4: Source based starter activity with prompt questions (visual source) Slide 5-6: Background information about the role and organisation of H Division police in Whitechapel Slide 7-8: Task - Instructions and printable worksheet for students to explain how the environment of Whitechapel and limits of the police made policing Whitechapel a challenge. Slide 9: Challenge questions Slide 10-11: Exam Focus - Examples of the ‘One feature’ question and printable resources Slide 12-14: Exam Focus - Examples of the ‘how useful’ question with printable resources Slide 15-17: Exam Focus - Examples of the ‘follow up’ question with printable resources Slide 18: Learning Review - What’s the question Slide 19-20: Learning Review 1 - Statistics multiple choice quiz with answers Slide 21: Lesson Fact Sheet Slide 22: More from RA Resources This lesson has been updated in line with the amended specification and exam questions ready for the 2025/6 examinations. All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use.

This lesson allows student to use historical sources and information to assess how far women’s lives had changed/improved between the mid-1800s to c.1900. This can be used as a stand alone lesson or used as part of a scheme of work leading to the topic about votes for women. The lesson is fully resourced and includes the following resources: 1 x A4 source sheet containing 8 sources about women in the 1800s (PPT & PDF) 1 x A4 source table to record findings (PPT & PDF) 1 x A4 worksheet containing factual information about improvements to women’s rights. (PPT & PDF) 1 x A4 blank timline 1 x Main Power Point which includes the following: Slide 1: Title slide Slide 2: Lesson key questions and aims Slide 3: Discussion questions Slide 4: Instructions for the source based task Slide 5-6: Historical sources about attitudes to women in the 1800s - print friendly. Slide 7-8: Filling in the missing terms activity with answers revealed. Slide 9: Background information about changes in attitudes towards women. Slide 10: Instructions for the main timeline task Slide 11: Follow up/challenge tasks Slide 12-15: Further research activities including a matching activity covering the key female pioneers of the 19th century. Slide 16: Final discussion based task. I would be grateful if you could leave a review for the lesson if you feel the lesson is effective for you. Many thanks if you spend some of your valuable time doing this as feedback is highly valued. All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you.

This lesson examines the complex timeline of how Hitler was selected as Chancellor by Hindenburg in Janaury 1933. This lesson includes: Clear learning aims/targets Provoking starter tasks and discussion activities Printable worksheets Engaging background information Challenge tasks Exam links Learning Review Fact Sheet linked to the GCSE specification All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use.

**This lesson examines the causes, events and consequences of the Battle of Little Bighorn. ** The lesson resources include: 1 x A4 Workbook Style Fact Sheet (PDF & PPT) – Included in every American West lesson! 1 x Main Power Point Lesson This lesson includes: Clear learning aims/targets Provoking starter tasks and discussion activities Printable worksheets Engaging background information Challenge tasks Exam links Learning Review Fact Sheet linked to the GCSE specification All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use.