Topics Understanding the following in terms of gain or loss of oxygen and loss or gain of electrons: • Oxidation • Reduction • Redox • Oxidising agent • Reducing agent Knowing the approximate percentages by volume of the four most abundant gases in dry air Knowing the conditions under which iron rusts Understanding how the rusting of iron may be prevented by barrier methods, galvanizing and sacrificial protection Understanding how to determine the percentage by volume of oxygen in air using experiments involving the reactions of metals (e.g. iron) and non-metals (e.g. phosphorus) Understanding how metals can be arranged in a reactivity series based on their reactions with: • Water • Dilute hydrochloric or sulfuric acid Understanding how metals can be arranged in a reactivity series based on their displacement reactions between: • Metals and metal oxides • Metals and aqueous solutions of metal salts Knowing the order of reactivity of these metals: potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, zinc, iron, copper, silver, gold

Topics Content Understanding that a balanced diet should include appropriate proportions of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, vitamins, minerals, water and dietary fibre Identify the sources and describe the functions of carbohydrate, protein, lipid (fats and oils), vitamins A, C and D, the mineral ions calcium and iron, water and dietary fibre as components of the diet Understanding how energy requirements vary with activity levels, age and pregnancy Identifying the chemical elements present in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (fats and oils) Describing the structure of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids as large molecules made up from smaller basic units: starch and glycogen from simple sugars protein from amino acids lipid from fatty acids and glycerol Pratical Skills Investigate food samples for the presence of glucose, starch, protein and fat 2.Investigate the energy content in a food sample

Topics Understanding that living organisms share the following characteristics: they require nutrition they respire they excrete their waste they respond to their surroundings they move they control their internal conditions they reproduce they grow and develop Describing the levels of organisation within organisms: organelles, cells, tissues, organs and systems Describing cell structures, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, chloroplast, ribosomes and vacuole Describing the functions of the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes and vacuole Knowing the similarities and differences in the structure of plant and animal cells Describint the common features shown by eukaryotic organisms: plants, animals, fungi and protoctists Plants: these are multicellular organisms; their cells contain chloroplasts and are able to carry out photosynthesis; their cells have cellulose cell walls; they store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose. Examples include flowering plants, such as a cereal (for example,maize), and a herbaceous legume (for example, peas or beans). Animals: these are multicellular organisms; their cells do not contain chloroplasts and are not able to carry out photosynthesis; they have no cell walls; they usually have nervous co-ordination and are able to move from one place to another; they often store carbohydrate as glycogen. Examples include mammals (for example, humans) and insects (for example, housefly and mosquito). Fungi: these are organisms that are not able to carry out photosynthesis; their body is usually organised into a mycelium made from threadlike structures called hyphae, which contain many nuclei; some examples are single-celled; their cells have walls made of chitin; they feed by extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes onto food material and absorption of the organic products; this is known as saprotrophic nutrition; they may store carbohydrate as glycogen. Examples include Mucor, which has the typical fungal hyphal structure, and yeast, which is single-celled. Protoctists: these are microscopic single-celled organisms. Some, like Amoeba, that live in pond water, have features like an animal cell, while others, like Chlorella, have chloroplasts and are more like plants. A pathogenic example is Plasmodium, responsible for causing malaria.