AQA GCSE History: Britain: Power and the People: c1170 to the Present Day - Part One: Challenging Authority and Feudalism. The topics considered are: • Constraints on kingship: the barons’ dissatisfaction with King John’s rule and its resolution; Magna Carta, its terms and its short and long-term impact. •The origins of parliament: issues between King Henry III and his barons; the role of Simon de Montfort; the Provisions of Oxford and the Parliament of 1265 and their short and long-term impact. •Medieval revolt and royal authority: the social, economic and political causes of the Peasants Revolt; actions by rebels and government; impact of the Peasants’ Revolt. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific specification’s outcomes - Shaping the Nation - Section A: Thematic studies - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the consequences of the Pilgrimage of Grace. Explain how and why the Pilgrimage of Grace is significant. Lesson Objective: to what extent did the Pilgrimage of Grace change the balance of power in England? AQA GCSE History: Britain: Power and the People: c1170 to the Present Day - Part Two: Challenging Royal Authority. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific specification’s outcomes - Shaping the Nation - Section A: Thematic studies - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

AQA GCSE History: Britain: Power and the People: c1170 to the Present Day - Part Two: Challenging Royal Authority. The topics considered are: • Popular uprisings against the Crown: the social, economic, religious and political causes of the Pilgrimage of Grace; the implications for royal authority; Henry VIII and his government’s reaction and the impact of the uprising. • Divine Right and parliamentary authority: the causes of the English Revolution; the New Model Army and the development of political radicalism during the Civil War era; the short and long-term impact of the English Revolution, including the significance of trial and execution of Charles I and Oliver Cromwell and the Commonwealth. • Royal authority and the right to representation: the causes of the American Revolution including the relationship between the government and people; impact and significance of the American Revolution. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific specification’s outcomes - Shaping the Nation - Section A: Thematic studies - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe life in the trenches during World War One. Explain how the experiences of World War One affected soldiers. Lesson Objective: to what extent will the men of World War One never grow old? AQA GCSE History: Conflict and Tension - The First World War, 1894–1918. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe conditions in the trenches during World War One. Explain how trench life affected soldiers during World War One. Lesson Objective: to what extent did men ‘live’ in the trenches during World War One? AQA GCSE History: Conflict and Tension - The First World War, 1894–1918. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the Battle of the Somme. Explain why the Battle of the Somme was significant in World War One. Lesson Objective: was the Somme a bloodbath or a tactical necessity? AQA GCSE History: Conflict and Tension - The First World War, 1894–1918. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

AQA GCSE History specification: Germany 1890–1945: Democracy and Dictatorship - The Experiences of Germans under the Nazis. The topics considered are: • Economic changes: benefits and drawbacks; employment; public works programmes; rearmament; self-sufficiency; the impact of war on the economy and the German people, including bombing, rationing, labour shortages, refugees. • Social policy and practice: reasons for policies, practices and their impact on women, young people and youth groups; education; control of churches and religion; Aryan ideas, racial policy and persecution; the Final Solution. • Control: Goebbels, the use of propaganda and censorship; Nazi culture; repression and the police state and the roles of Himmler, the SS and Gestapo; opposition and resistance, including White Rose group, Swing Youth, Edelweiss Pirates and July 1944 bomb plot. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the actions of opposition groups towards the Nazis. Explain how and why individuals and groups opposed the Nazis. Lesson Objective: could Germans stop the Nazis? AQA GCSE History: Germany, 1890–1945 - Democracy and Dictatorship - The Experiences of Germans under the Nazis. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the actions of the U.S. Government against Native Americans. Explain the consequences of U.S. Government action for Native Americans. Lesson Objective: to what extent are Native Americans ‘American’? AQA GCSE History: America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - American People and the Boom. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific component’s outcomes - America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the rights of women before 1920. Explain how and why the 19th Amendment was ratified on August 18th, 1920. Lesson Objective: to what extent did the 19th Amendment transform the USA? AQA GCSE History: America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - American People and the Boom. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific component’s outcomes - America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the emergence of the ‘teenager’. Explain the significance of the show trials of 1793. Lesson Objective: what was the main reason that the 1950s created a new generation? AQA GCSE History: America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - Post-War America. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific component’s outcomes - America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the policies of President Johnson. Explain the causes and consequences of the policies of President Johnson. Lesson Objective: how great was President Johnson’s America? AQA GCSE History: America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - Post-War America. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific component’s outcomes - America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the differing interpretations towards the reasons for the Holocaust. Explain why individuals have different interpretations regarding who is to blame of the Holocaust. Lesson Objective: is it unfair to blame Adolf Hitler for the Holocaust? AQA GCSE History: Germany, 1890–1945 - Democracy and Dictatorship - The Experiences of Germans under the Nazis. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe how African Americans were affected by the Second World War. Explain how and why African Americans were affected by the Second World War. Lesson Objective: to what extent were African Americans treated as bad in America as they were in Nazi Germany? AQA GCSE History: America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - Bust - Americans’ experiences of the Depression and New Deal. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific component’s outcomes - America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the siege at Yorktown. Explain the importance of the battle at Yorktown. Lesson Objective: to what extent did Yorktown turn the world upside down? AQA GCSE History: Britain: Power and the People: c1170 to the Present Day - Part Two: Challenging Royal Authority. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific specification’s outcomes - Shaping the Nation - Section A: Thematic studies - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the Declaration of Independence. Explain why the Declaration of Independence was significant. Lesson Objective: to what extent did the colonists declare more than their independence in 1776? AQA GCSE History: Britain: Power and the People: c1170 to the Present Day - Part Two: Challenging Royal Authority. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific specification’s outcomes - Shaping the Nation - Section A: Thematic studies - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe British Acts towards the American colonies during the 1760s. Explain the consequences of the Acts passed by the British Government within America during the 1760s. Lesson Objective: to what extent did the British Acts cause the American colonists to act? AQA GCSE History: Britain: Power and the People: c1170 to the Present Day - Part Two: Challenging Royal Authority. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific specification’s outcomes - Shaping the Nation - Section A: Thematic studies - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe events in Boston during the 1770s. Explain the consequences of the events in Boston and their importance in the outbreak of the American Revolution. Lesson Objective: to what extent did tea cause war? AQA GCSE History: Britain: Power and the People: c1170 to the Present Day - Part Two: Challenging Royal Authority. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific specification’s outcomes - Shaping the Nation - Section A: Thematic studies - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe migration to Britain before 1066. Explain how and why people migrated to Britain before 1066. Lesson Objective: what does it mean to be ‘British’? AQA GCSE History: British Depth Studies: Norman England, c1066–c1100 - The Normans: Conquest and Control. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the Founding Fathers. Explain the attitudes, beliefs and actions of the Founding Fathers. Lesson Objective: how far would the Founding Fathers considered themselves ‘revolutionaries’? AQA GCSE History: Britain: Power and the People: c1170 to the Present Day - Part Two: Challenging Royal Authority. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific specification’s outcomes - Shaping the Nation - Section A: Thematic studies - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©