Biochemistry and Medicinal Chemistry - Standard Level

These PowerPoints were planned as part of the Standard Level IB schemes of work on Biochemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, and covers the necessary content for the all of the Standard Level units. It would also be suitable for other post-16 courses.

It includes 12 full PowerPoints, along with student versions to use as notes, which have spaces for the students to add in missing information and activities for them to complete.

It also includes exam questions for practice or assessment purposes

Topics covered are:

Pharmaceutical Products and Drug Design

- Routes of drug administration
- Theraputic Effects of Drugs
- The Placebo Effect
- Side Effects
- Calculation of the Therapeutic Index
- The Therapeutic Window
- Bioavailability
- Tolerance and Addiction
- Drug Action
- Drug Development by both Drug Design and Drug Discovery

Aspirin and Penicillin

- History of Aspirin
- Method of Producing Aspirin
- Calculating the % Yield of Aspirin produced from Salicyclic Acid
- Effects of Aspirin
- Soluble Aspirin
- Development of Penicillin
- Structure of Penicllin
- How Penicillin Works
- Antibiotic Resistance

Opiates

- Morphine: Structure and action; side effects; withdrawal
- How opiates cross the blood-brain barrier
- Diamorphine

pH regulation of the stomach

- The need for stomach acid
- pH calculations to determine the concentration of acid in the stomach
- Antacids: equations for their reactions with stomach acid; side effects; calculation of quantity of acid neutralised
- Regulation of acid production using both H2-histamine receptor blockers (Zantac) and proton pump inhibitors (Omeprazole and Esomeprazole)
- Acid-base buffers: definition and calculations
- Hydrogencarbonate and carbonate buffers

Antivirals

- The differences between viruses and bacteria
- The structure of viruses
- How viruses reproduce and replicate
- How viruses are treated by interrupted stages of the replication process
- Oseltamivir and Zanamivir - structure and action
- HIV and AIDS
- Treatment of HIV and AIDS

Environmental impacts of Biochemistry

- Effects of PACs on the environment
- Antibiotic Resistance
- Nuclear Waste (both LLW and HLW)
- Chlorinated solvent waste
- Supercritical fluid waste
- Green Chemistry
- Biotechnologies in Green Chemistry

Introduction to Biochemistry

- Metabolism
- Biochemical reactions in terms of oxidation and reduction
- Respiration
- Photosynthesis
- Hydrolysis and Condensation reactions

Proteins

- 2 amino acids and their behaviour as zwitterions
- Gel electrophoresis
- Paper chromatography
- Peptides
- Hydrolysis of peptides
- Proteins - primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures
- Acid-base properties of amino acids and proteins
- Acid-base buffers
- Enzymes
- Induced fit theory
- Non competitive and competitive inhibition
- The Michaelis-Menten equation
- Protein Assays

Lipids

- Fatty acids
- Triglycerides
- Calculating the iodine number
- Hydrolysis of triglycerides
- Rancidity of fats
- Energy values of fats
- Phospholipids
- Steroids (including cholesterol)
- Sex hormones
- Anabolic steroids

Carbohydrates

- Monosaccharides
- Reducing sugars
- Disaccharides
- Polysaccharides
- Starch, glycogen and cellulose

Vitamins

- Preventing deficiencies
- Water and fat solubilities of vitamins
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin D
- Decomposition of vitamins

Environmental Impacts of Biochemistry

- Xenobiotics
- Metabolism of xenobiotics
- DDT
- PCBs
- Heavy metal toxicity
- Pharmaceutically active compounds and detergents
- Host-guest complexes
- Polymers
- Green Chemistry