The biological molecules topic is incredibly important, not just because it is found at the start of the course, but also because of its detailed content which must be well understood to promote success with the other 9 Edexcel A-level Biology B topics. Many hours of intricate planning has gone into the design of all of the 18 lessons that are included in this bundle to ensure that the content is covered in detail, understanding is constantly checked and misconceptions addressed and that engagement is high. This is achieved through the wide variety of tasks in the PowerPoints and accompanying worksheets which include exam-style questions with clear answers, discussion points, differentiated tasks and quick quiz competitions. The following specification points are covered by the lessons within this bundle: The differences between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides The structure of glucose and ribose The formation of disaccharides and polysaccharides from monosaccharides The structure of starch, glycogen and cellulose The synthesis of a triglyceride The differences between saturated and unsaturated lipids The relationship between the structure of lipids and their roles The structure and properties of phospholipids The structure of an amino acid The formation of polypeptides and proteins The role of ionic, hydrogen and disulphide bonding in proteins The levels of protein structure The structure of collagen and haemoglobin The structure of DNA The semi-conservative replication of DNA A gene is a sequence of bases on DNA that codes for an amino acid sequence The structure of mRNA The structure of tRNA The process of transcription The process of translation Base deletions, insertions and substitutions as gene mutations The effect of point mutations on amino acid sequences The structure of enzymes as globular proteins The concept of specificity and the induced-fit hypothesis Enzymes are catalysts that reduce activation energy Understand how temperature affects enzyme activity Enzymes catalyse a wide range of intracellular reactions as well as extracellular ones The importance of water for living organisms Due to the detail included in these lessons, it is estimated that it will take in excess of 2 months of allocated A-level teaching time to complete. If you would like to see the quality of the lessons then download the monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides, glucose and ribose, triglycerides, structure of DNA and transcription lessons as these have been uploaded for free.

This lesson bundle has been formed from the 13 detailed lesson PowerPoints and their accompanying resources that have been uploaded to cover a lot of the content in modules 2.1.4, 2.1.5 and 2.1.6 of the OCR A-level Biology A specification. Each lesson contains a wide range of tasks, which include exam-style questions (with mark schemes), guided discussion points, and quick quiz competitions, that will engage and motivate the students whilst covering the following specification points: Module 2.1.4: Enzymes The role of enzymes in catalysing reactions that affect metabolism at a cellular and whole organism level The role of enzymes in catalysing both intracellular and extracellular reactions The mechanism of enzyme action The effect of pH on enzyme activity The effect of temperature on enzyme activity The calculation of the temperature coefficient The effect of enzyme and substrate concentration on enzyme activity The need for coenzymes, cofactors and prosthetic groups in some enzyme-controlled reactions Module 2.1.5: Biological membranes The fluid mosaic model of membrane structure and the roles of its components Simple and facilitated diffusion as forms of passive transport Active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis as processes requiring ATP as an immediate source of energy The movement of water across membranes by osmosis and the effects that solutions of different water potential can have on plant and animal cells Module 2.1.6: Cell division, cell diversity and cellular organisation The cell cycle How the cell cycle is regulated The main stages of mitosis The significance of mitosis in life cycles The significance of meiosis in life cycles The main stages of meiosis How cells of multicellular organisms are specialised for particular functions The organisation of cells into tissues, organs and organ systems The production of erythrocytes and neutrophils from stem cells in bone marrow If you would like to sample the quality of the lessons in this bundle, then download the following lessons as they have been uploaded for free: The roles of enzymes and mechanism of action Simple and facilitated diffusion Cell specialisation and organisation

This bundle of 9 lessons covers the majority of the content in Topic B1 of the OCR Gateway A GCSE Combined Science specification. The topics covered within these lessons include: Animal and plant cells Prokaryotic cells Light and electron microscopy DNA Enzymes Enzyme activity Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration Photosynthesis All of these lesson presentations and accompanying resources are detailed and engaging and contain regular progress checks to allow the students to constantly assess their understanding. It is estimated that this bundle would cover about 6 week’s worth of lessons.

Photosynthesis and respiration are two of the most commonly-assessed topics in the terminal A-level exams but are often poorly understood by students. These 14 lessons have been intricately planned to contain a wide range of activities that will engage and motivate the students whilst covering the key detail to try to deepen their understanding and includes exam-style questions so they are prepared for these assessments. The following specification points in modules 5.2.1 and 5.2.2 of the OCR A-level Biology A course are covered by these lessons: The structure of a chloroplast and the sites of the two main stages of photosynthesis The light-dependent stage of photosynthesis The fixation of carbon dioxide and the light-independent stage of photosynthesis The uses of triose phosphate Factors affecting photosynthesis The need for cellular respiration The structure of the mitochondrion The process and site of glycolysis The link reaction and its site in the cell The process and site of the Krebs cycle The importance of coenzymes in cellular respiration The process and site of oxidative phosphorylation The chemiosmostic theory The process of anaerobic respiration in eukaryotes The relative energy values of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins as respiratory substrates The use of the respiratory quotient Due to the detail of these lessons, it is estimated that it will take in excess of 2 months of A-level lessons to cover this module If you would like to sample the quality of the lessons, download the uses of triose phosphate, link reaction and respiratory substrates lessons as these have been shared for free

It’s no coincidence that cell structure and biological molecules find themselves as topics 1 and 2 of the CIE A-level Biology course, because a clear understanding of their content is absolutely critical to promote success with the 17 topics that follow. Hours and hours of intricate planning has gone into the 18 lessons included in this bundle to ensure that the detailed content is relevant and can be understood and that links are made to related sections of topics 3 - 19. The lesson PowerPoints and accompanying resources contain a wide range of activities that include: differentiated exam-style questions with clear mark schemes directed discussion points quiz competitions to introduce key terms and values current understanding and prior knowledge checks Due to the detail included in these lessons, it is estimated that it will take in excess of 2 months of allocated teaching time to cover the content of the resources A number of the resources have been shared for free so these can be downloaded in order to sample the quality of the lessons

This bundle contains 18 detailed and engaging lessons which cover the following specification points in module 3 (Exchange and transport) of the OCR A-level Biology A specification: 3.1.1: Exchange surfaces The need for specialised exchange surfaces The features of an efficient exchange surface The structures and functions of the components of the mammalian gaseous exchange system The mechanism of ventilation in mammals The mechanisms of ventilation and gas exchange in bony fish and insects 3.1.2: Transport in animals The double, closed circulatory system in mammals The structure and functions of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins The formation of tissue fluid from plasma The external and internal structure of the heart The cardiac cycle How heart action is initiated and coordinated The use and interpretation of ECG traces The role of haemoglobin in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide The oxygen dissociation curve for foetal and adult haemoglobin 3.1.3: Transport in plants The structure and function of the vascular systems in the roots, stems and leaves The transport of water into the plant, through the plant and to the air surrounding the leaves The mechanism of translocation As well as the detailed A-level Biology content of the PowerPoint slides, the resources contain a wide range of tasks including guided discussion points, exam-style questions and quiz competitions which will engage and motivate the students

This bundle of 10 lessons covers the majority of the content in Topic B1 (Cell-level systems) of the OCR Gateway A GCSE Biology specification. The topics covered within these lessons include: Plant and animal cells Bacterial cells Light microscopy Electron microscopy DNA Transcription and translation Enzymes Enzyme actions Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration Photosynthesis Limiting factors All of these lesson presentations and accompanying resources are detailed and engaging and contain regular progress checks to allow the students to constantly assess their understanding.

This lesson bundle contains 17 detailed and fully-resourced lessons which cover the following specification points in topic 3 of the AQA A-level Biology specification: Topic 3.1 The relationship between the size of an organism or structure and its surface area to volume ratio The development of systems in larger organisms as adaptations that facilitate exchange as this ratio reduces Topic 3.2 Adaptations of gas exchange surfaces as shown by gas exchange in single-celled organisms, insects, bony fish and the leaves of dicotyledonous plants The gross structure of the human gas exchange system The essential features of the alveolar epithelium as a surface over which gas exchange takes place The mechanism of breathing to include the role of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles Topic 3.3 During digestion, large molecules are hydrolysed to smaller molecules Digestion in mammals by amylases, disaccharidases, lipase, endopeptidases, exopeptidases and dipeptidases Mechanisms for the absorption of the products of digestion by cells lining the ileum of mammals Topic 3.4.1 The structure and role of haemoglobin in the loading, transport and unloading of oxygen The effects of carbon dioxide concentration on the dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin The general pattern of blood circulation in a mammal The gross structure of the human heart Pressure and volume changes and valve movements during the cardiac cycle The structure of the arteries, arterioles and veins The formation of tissue fluid and its return to the circulatory system Topic 3.4.2 Xylem as the tissue that transports water The cohesion-tension theory of water transport Phloem as the tissue that transports organic substances in plants The mass flow hypothesis for the mechanism of translocation in plants If you would like to sample the quality of the lessons included in this bundle, then download the following lessons which have been uploaded for free Alveolar epithelium Absorption in the ileum Arteries, arterioles and veins Formation of tissue fluid Translocation

The topics of selection, evolution, biodiversity, classification and conservation are key concepts in Biology, that are regularly assessed in the exams, but are not always that well understood by the students. With this at the forefront of the lesson design, these 16 lesson PowerPoints and their accompanying resources have been intricately planned to cover the detailed content of topics 17 & 18 of the CIE A-level Biology specification through the use of a wide range of tasks to engage and motivate the students. There are plenty of opportunities for the students to assess their current understanding through the completion of exam-style questions and also to check on their prior knowledge by making links to earlier topics. The following specification points are covered by these lessons: Topic 17.1: Variation The differences between continuous and discontinuous variation Using the t-test to compare the variation of two different populations The importance of genetic variation in selection Topic 17.2: Natural and artificial selection Natural selection Explain how environmental factors can act as stabilising, disruptive and directional forces of natural selection Explain how the founder effect and genetic drift may affect allele frequencies in populations Use the Hardy-Weinberg principle Topic 17.3: Evolution The molecular evidence that reveals similarities between closely related organisms Explain how speciation may occur Topic 18.1: Biodiversity Define the terms species, ecosystem and niche Explain that biodiversity is considered at three levels Explain the importance of random sampling in determining the biodiversity of an area Use suitable methods to assess the distribution and abundance of organisms in a local area Use the Spearman’s rank correlation to analyse relationships between data Use Simpson’s index of diversity Topic 18.2: Classification The classification of species into taxonomic hierarchy The characteristic features of the three domains The characteristic features of the kingdoms Explain why viruses are not included in the three domain classification Topic 18.3: Conservation The reasons for the need to maintain biodiversity Methods of protecting endangered species The roles of organisations like the WWF and CITES in local and global conservation If you would like to sample the quality of the lessons that are included in this bundle then download the following as these have been shared for free: Continuous and discontinuous variation Molecular evidence & evolution Spearman’s rank correlation WWF, CITES and conservation It is estimated that it will take up to 2 months of A-level Biology teaching time to cover the detail included in these lessons

The biological molecules topic is incredibly important, not just because it is found at the start of the course, but also because of its detailed content which must be well understood to promote success with the other 7 AQA A-level Biology topics. Many hours of intricate planning has gone into the design of all of the 20 lessons that are included in this bundle to ensure that the content is covered in detail, understanding is constantly checked and misconceptions addressed and that engagement is high. This is achieved through the wide variety of tasks in the PowerPoints and accompanying worksheets which include exam-style questions with clear answers, discussion points, differentiated tasks and quick quiz competitions. The following specification points are covered by the lessons within this bundle: Monomers and polymers Condensation and hydrolysis reactions Common monosaccharides Maltose, sucrose and lactose The structure and functions of glycogen, starch and cellulose Biochemical tests using Benedict’s solution for reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars and iodine/potassium iodide for starch The structure and properties of triglycerides and phospholipids The emulsion test for lipids The structure of amino acids The formation of dipeptides and polypeptides The levels of protein structure The biuret test for proteins Enzymes act as biological catalysts The induced-fit model of enzyme action The properties of an enzyme The effect of temperature on the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction The effect of enzyme and substrate concentration on the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction The effect of competitive and non-competitive inhibitors on the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction The structure of DNA and RNA The semi-conservative replication of DNA ATP as the universal energy currency The properties of water and its importance in Biology Inorganic ions Due to the detail of each of these lessons, it is estimated that it will take in excess of 2 months of allocated teaching time to cover the content. If you would like to see the quality of the lessons, download the monomers and polymers, polysaccharides, triglycerides, dipeptides and polypeptides and inorganic ions lessons as these have been shared for free

This bundle of 14 lessons covers the majority of the content in Topic B6 (Inheritance, Variation and Evolution) of the AQA Trilogy GCSE Combined Science specification. The topics covered within these lessons include: DNA Reproduction Meiosis X and Y chromosomes Genetic diagrams Inherited disorders Variation Evolution Selective breeding Genetic engineering Fossils Antibiotic-resistant bacteria Classification All of these lesson presentations and accompanying resources are detailed and engaging and contain regular progress checks to allow the students to constantly assess their understanding.

This bundle of 13 lessons covers the majority of the content in Topic B2 (Scaling Up) of the OCR Gateway A GCSE Combined Science & GCSE Biology specifications. The topics covered within these lessons include: Mitosis Cell differentiation Cell specialisation Stem cells Diffusion Osmosis Active transport Exchange surfaces The heart in the circulatory system The blood and blood vessels Plant transport systems Transpiration All of these lesson presentations and accompanying resources are detailed and engaging and contain regular progress checks to allow the students to constantly assess their understanding.

This bundle of 11 lessons covers the majority of the content in the sub-topic B6.3 (Monitoring and maintaining health) of the OCR Gateway A GCSE Combined Science specification. The topics and specification points covered within these lessons include: The relationship between health and disease Different types of diseases The interactions between different types of diseases The spread of communicable diseases Reducing and preventing the spread of communicable diseases The role of white blood cells and platelets in defence The non-specific defence systems The role of the immune system in the defence against disease The use of vaccines and medicines in the prevention and treatment of disease The discovery and development of potential new medicines Risk factors and non-communicable diseases Treatments for CVD Stem cells in medicine All of these lesson presentations and accompanying resources are detailed and engaging and contain regular progress checks to allow the students to constantly assess their understanding.

This bundle contains 17 fully-resourced lessons which have been designed to cover the content as detailed in topic 7 (Run for your life) of the Pearson Edexcel A-Level Biology A (Salters Nuffield) specification. The specification points that are covered within these lessons include: The interaction of muscles, tendons, ligaments and the skeleton in movement The contraction of skeletal muscle by the sliding filament theory The overall reaction of aerobic respiration The enzymes involved in the multi-stepped process of respiration The roles of glycolysis in aerobic and anaerobic respiration The role of the link reaction and the Krebs cycle in the complete oxidation of glucose Understand how ATP is synthesised by oxidative phosphorylation The fate of lactate after a period of anaerobic respiration The myogenic nature of cardiac muscle The coordination of the heart beat The use of ECGs to aid diagnosis Calculating cardiac output The control of heart rate by the medulla oblongata The control of ventilation rate The structure of a muscle fibre The structural and physiological differences between fast and slow twitch muscle fibres The meaning of negative and positive feedback control The principle of negative feedback in maintaining systems within narrow limits The importance of homeostasis to maintain the body in a state of dynamic equilibrium during exercise DNA transcription factors, including hormones The lessons have been planned so that they contain a wide range of activities and numerous understanding and prior knowledge checks so students can assess their progress against the current topic as well as be challenged to make links to other topics within topic 7 and earlier topics If you would like to see the quality of the lessons, download the link reaction and Krebs cycle, the fate of lactate,the using ECGs and transcription factors lessons as these have been uploaded for free

This bundle contains 15 lessons which are engaging and highly detailed in order to cover the difficult content as set out in topic 9 (Control systems) of the Edexcel A-level Biology B specification. The lesson PowerPoints and accompanying resources contain a wide variety of tasks which cover the following specification points: Homeostasis is the maintenance of a state of dynamic equilibrium The importance of maintaining pH, temperature and water potential in the body The meaning of negative feedback and positive feedback control The principles of hormone production by endocrine glands The two main modes of action in hormones The division of the autonomic nervous system into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems The transport of sodium and potassium ions in a resting potential The formation of an action potential and the propagation along an axon Saltatory conduction The function of synapses The formation and effects of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials The structure of the human retina The role of rhodopsin The distribution of rods and cone cells The control of heart rate by the autonomic nervous system The gross and microscopic structure of the kidney The production of urea in the liver and its removal from the blood by ultrafiltration Selective reabsorption in the proximal tubule Control of mammalian plasma concentration The differences between ectotherms and endotherms The regulation of temperature by endotherms If you would like to sample the quality of this lesson bundle, then download the homeostasis, resting and action potentials and the formation of urea and ultrafiltration lessons as these have been uploaded for free.

Respiration and photosynthesis are two of the most commonly-assessed topics in the terminal A-level exams but are often poorly understood by students. These 14 lessons have been intricately planned to contain a wide range of activities that will engage and motivate the students whilst covering the key detail to try to deepen their understanding and includes exam-style questions so they are fully prepared for these assessments. The following specification points in topics 12 and 13 of the CIE A-level Biology course are covered by these lessons: The need for energy in living organisms The features of ATP The synthesis of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle The roles of the coenzymes in respiration The synthesis of ATP through the electron transport chain in the mitochondria and chloroplasts The relative energy values of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins as respiratory substrates Determining the respiratory quotient from equations for respiration The four stages of aerobic respiration An outline of glycolysis When oxygen is available, pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA in the link reaction The steps of the Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation The relationship between the structure and function of the mitochondrion Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in mammalian tissue and in yeast cells Anaerobic respiration generates a small yield of ATP and builds up an oxygen debt The products of the light-dependent stage are used in the Calvin cycle The structure of a chloroplast and the sites of the light-dependent and light-independent stages of photosynthesis The light-dependent stage of photosynthesis The three stages of the Calvin cycle The conversion of Calvin cycle intermediates to carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids Explain the term limiting factor in relation to photosynthesis Explain the effects of changes in light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature on the rate of photosynthesis Explain how an understanding of limiting factors is used to increase crop yields in protected environments Due to the detail of these lessons, it is estimated that it will take up to 2 months of allocated A-level teaching time to cover the detail included in the slides of these lessons If you would like to sample the quality of the lessons, download the roles of the coenzymes, the Krebs cycle and the products of the Calvin cycle lessons as these have been shared for free

Some of the key biological topics are covered in topic 2 of the Pearson Edexcel A-level Biology A (Salters Nuffield) course and include the transport of materials across cell membranes, DNA structure and replication, protein synthesis and monohybrid inheritance. In line with this, many hours of intricate planning have gone into the design of all of the 19 lessons that are included in this bundle to ensure that the content is covered in detail, understanding is constantly checked to immediately address misconceptions and that engagement is high. This is achieved through the wide variety of tasks in the PowerPoints and accompanying worksheets which include exam-style questions with clear answers, discussion points, differentiated tasks and quick quiz competitions. The following specification points are covered by the lessons within this bundle: The properties of gas exchange surfaces in living organisms Understand how the rate of diffusion is dependent on these properties and can be used in the calculation of the rate of diffusion by Fick’s law Adaptations of the mammalian lung for rapid gaseous exchange Structure and properties of cell membranes Simple and facilitated diffusion as methods of passive transport The involvement of ATP and carrier proteins in active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis The basic structure of mononucleotides The structures of DNA and RNA The process of protein synthesis The roles of the template strand, mRNA and tRNA The nature of the genetic code A gene is a sequence of bases on DNA that codes for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide The basic structure of an amino acid The formation of polypeptides and proteins The primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins Globular and fibrous proteins using haemoglobin and collagen as examples The mechanism of action and the specificity of enzymes Enzymes are biological catalysts that reduce activation energy The process of DNA replication Errors in DNA replication can give rise to mutations The meaning of key genetic terms Patterns of inheritance, in the context of monohybrid inheritance Understand how the expression of a gene mutation in people with cystic fibrosis impairs the functioning of the gaseous exchange, digestive and reproductive systems Understand the uses and implications of genetic screening and prenatal testing Due to the detail included in each of these lessons, it is estimated that it will take in excess of 2 months of allocated teaching time to cover the content. If you would like to see the quality of the lessons, download the gas exchange surfaces, cell membranes, transcription, globular and fibrous proteins, monohybrid inheritance and cystic fibrosis lessons as these have been shared for free

This bundle of 20 lessons covers the majority of the content that’s included in modules 5.1.1 - 5.1.4 of the OCR A-level Biology A specification. All of the lessons are highly detailed and have been planned at length to ensure that they are filled with a wide range of tasks to engage and motivate the students whilst checking on their understanding. The following specification points are covered by the lessons in this bundle: 5.1.1: Communication and homeostasis The communication between cells by cell signalling The principle of homeostasis The physiological and behavioural responses involved in temperature control in endotherms and ectotherms 5.1.2: Excretion as an example of homeostatic control The functions of the mammalian liver The gross structure and histology of the kidney The processes of ultrafiltration and selective reabsorption The control of the water potential of the blood The effects of kidney failure and its potential treatments 5.1.3: Neuronal communication The roles of mammalian sensory receptors in converting stimuli into nerve impulses The structure and functions of sensory, relay and motor neurones The generation and transmission of nerve impulses in mammals The structures and roles of synapses in transmission 5.1.4: Hormonal communication Endocrine communication by hormones The structure and functions of the adrenal glands The structure of the pancreas The regulation of blood glucose concentration The difference between diabetes mellitus type I and II The potential treatments for diabetes mellitus It is estimated that it will take in excess of 2 months of allocated A-level teaching time to cover the detail included in these lessons If you would like to sample the quality of the lessons in this bundle, then download the following lessons as they have been shared for free: The principles of homeostasis Temperature control in ectotherms The functions of the liver The structure of the kidney The generation and transmission of nerve impulses Endocrine communication

The detailed content, exam-style questions, guided discussion points and quiz competitions that are found in each of the 16 paid lessons that are included in this bundle (as well as the 5 free lessons which are named at the bottom) cover the following specification points in module 4 of the OCR A-level Biology A specification: Module 4.1.1 The different types of pathogen that can cause communicable diseases in plants and animals The means of transmission of animal and plant communicable pathogens The primary non-specific defences against pathogens in animals The structure and mode of action of phagocytes The structure, different roles and modes of action of B and T lymphocytes in the specific immune response The primary and secondary immune responses The structure and general functions of antibodies An outline of the action of opsonins, agglutinins and anti-toxins The differences between active and passive immunity, and between natural and artificial immunity Autoimmune diseases The principles of vaccination Module 4.2.1 How biodiversity can be considered at different levels The random and non-random sampling strategies that are carried out to measure the biodiversity of a habitat How to measure species richness and species evenness The use and interpretation of Simpson’s Index of Diversity How genetic biodiversity may be assessed The ecological, economic and aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity In situ and ex situ methods of maintaining biodiversity International and local conservation agreements made to protect species and habitats 4.2.2 The biological classification of species The binomial system of naming species and the advantage of such a system The features used to classify organisms into the five kingdoms The evidence that has led to new classification systems The different types of variation Using the standard deviation to measure the spread of a set of data Using the Student’s t-test to compare means of data values of two populations Using the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient to consider the relationship of the data The different types of adaptations to their environment The mechanism by which natural selection can affect the characteristics of a population over time How evolution in some species has an impact on human populations If you would like to get an idea of the quality of the lessons that are included in this bundle, then download the following five OCR A lessons which have been uploaded for free: Immunity & vaccinations Reasons for maintaining biodiversity Taxonomic hierarchy and the binomial naming system Adaptations and natural selection Transmission of animal and plant pathogens

This bundle contains 17 fully-resourced and detailed lessons that have been designed to cover the content of topic 7 of the AQA A-level Biology specification which concerns genetics, populations, evolution and ecosystems. The wide range of activities included in each lesson will engage the students whilst the detailed content is covered and the understanding and previous knowledge checks allow them to assess their progress on the current topic as well as challenging them to make links to other related topics. Most of the tasks are differentiated to allow differing abilities to access the work and be challenged. The following sub-topics are covered in this bundle of lessons: The use of genetic terminology The inheritance of one or two genes in monohybrid and dihybrid crosses Codominant and multiple alleles The inheritance of sex-linked characteristics Autosomal linkage Epistasis as a gene interaction The use of the chi-squared test Species exist as one or more populations The concepts of gene pool and allele frequency Calculating allele frequencies using the Hardy-Weinberg principle Causes of phenotypic variation Stabilising, directional and disruptive selection Genetic drift Allopatric and sympatric speciation Species, populations, communities and ecosystems Factors affecting the populations in ecosystems Estimating the size of a population using randomly placed quadrats, transects and the mark-release-recapture method Primary succession, from colonisation by pioneer species to climax community Conservation of habitats frequently involves the management of succession This is one of the 8 topics which have to be covered over the length of the 2 year course and therefore it is expected that the teaching time for this bundle will be in excess of 2 months If you want to see the quality of the lessons before purchasing then the lessons on codominant and multiple alleles, epistasis and phenotypic variation are free resources to download