This fully-resourced lesson describes the differences between continuous and discontinuous variation. The engaging PowerPoint and accompanying resources have been designed to cover point 17.1 (a) of the CIE A-level Biology specification but also acts as a revision of topic 16 as it challenges students on their knowledge of gene mutations and meiosis. The students begin the lesson by having to identify phenotype and species from their respective definitions so that a discussion can be encouraged where they will recognise that phenotypic variation within a species is due to both genetic and environmental factors. The main part of the the lesson focuses on these genetic factors, and describes how mutation and the events of meiosis contribute to this variation. A range of activities, which include exam-style questions and quick quiz rounds, are used to challenge the students on their knowledge and understanding of substitution mutations, deletions, insertions, the genetic code, crossing over and independent assortment. Moving forwards, the concept of multiple alleles is introduced and students will learn how the presence of more than 2 alleles at a locus increases the number of phenotypic variants. Another quick quiz round is used to introduce polygenic inheritance and the link is made between this inheritance of genes at a number of loci as an example of continuous variation. In line with the title of the lesson, the next task challenges them to recognise descriptions and examples which apply to the different types of variations. The final part of the lesson introduces a few examples where environmental factors affect phenotype, such as chlorosis in plants, so that students are prepared for the following lesson.

This fully-resourced lesson looks at the structures of the sensory, relay and motor neurones and explains how the presence of a myelin sheath increases the speed of conduction of an impulse. The engaging PowerPoint and accompanying resources have been designed to cover point 8.1 of the Pearson Edexcel A-level Biology A (Salters Nuffield) specification which states that students should be able to apply their understanding of the structures and functions of sensory, relay and motor neurones as well as the differences between myelinated and unmyelinated neurones. This lesson also covers 8.2 (i) as the students will be able to see how conduction along a motor neurone stimulates effectors to respond to a stimulus. The PowerPoint has been designed to contain a wide range of activities that are interspersed between understanding and prior knowledge checks that allow the students to assess their progress on the current topics as well as challenge their ability to make links to topics from earlier in the modules. Quiz competitions like SAY WHAT YOU SEE are used to introduce key terms in a fun and memorable way. The students will be able to compare these neurones based on their function but also distinguish between them based on their structural features. Time is taken to look at the importance of the myelin sheath for the sensory and motor neurones. Students will be introduced to the need for the entry of ions to cause depolarisation and will learn that this is only possible at the nodes of Ranvier when there is a myelin sheath. Key terminology such as saltatory conduction is introduced and explained. The final task involves a comparison between the three neurones to check that the students have understood the structures and functions of the neurones. Throughout the lesson, links are made to related topics such the organisation of the nervous system and students will be given additional knowledge such as the differences between somatic and autonomic motor neurones.

This fully-resourced lesson describes how the cells of multicellular organisms are specialised for particular functions and organised into tissues, organs and organ systems. The detailed and engaging PowerPoint and accompanying resources have been designed to cover points 2.1.6 (h, i, j and k) of the OCR A-level Biology A specification and also describes how stem cells differentiate, including the production of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and neutrophils. The start of the lesson focuses on the difference in the SA/V ratio of an amoeba and a human in order to begin to explain why the process of differentiation is critical for multicellular organisms. Students will discover that a zygote is a stem cell which can express all of the genes in its genome and divide by mitosis. Time is then taken to introduce gene expression as this will need to be understood in the later topics of the course. Moving forwards, the lesson uses the process of haematopoiesis from haematopoietic stem cells to demonstrate how the red blood cell and neutrophil differ significantly in structure despite arising from the same cell along the same cell lineage. A series of exam-style questions will not only challenge their knowledge of structure but also their ability to apply this knowledge to unfamiliar situations. These differences in cell structure is further exemplified by the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract and students will understand why the shape and arrangement of these cells differ in the trachea and alveoli in line with function. The link between specialised cells and tissues is made at this point of the lesson with these examples of epithelium and students will also see how tissues are grouped into organs and then into organ systems. The remainder of the lesson focuses on specialised plant cells and the differing shapes and features of the palisade and spongy mesophyll cells and the guard cells are covered at length and in detail. Step by step guides will support the students so that they can recognise the importance of the structures and links are made to upcoming topics such as the vascular tissues so that students are prepared for these when covered in the future.

This lesson describes the importance of the cytoskeleton, and focuses on the role of these proteins in the transport within cells and cell movement. The PowerPoint and accompanying resource have been designed to cover point 2.1.1 (j) of the OCR A-level Biology A specification and has been specifically designed to tie in with The previous lesson covered the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells and the function of the different cellular components and this lesson has been planned to build on that knowledge to show how the cytoskeleton allows for the movement of these organelles from one part of the cell to another. In particular, the students will recognise how the dragging movement of the motor proteins along the microtubule track is important for the proteins produced at the RER to move to the Golgi before the vesicles are then moved to the membrane for exocytosis. In this way, this lesson also covers specification point 2.1.1 (i). Other examples such as the movement of the synaptic vesicles and the contraction of the spindle fibres during anaphase are used to consolidate understanding further. The cilia and the flagellum are also described and links are made to related topics such as the primary non-specific defences against pathogens. In order to engage and motivate the students during the 7 lessons in this module, a running quiz competition has been written into each of the lessons and 3 rounds are incorporated into this lesson. A quiz scoresheet to keep track of the points is included in this resource.

This lesson describes the general structure of the 20 amino acids found in proteins and makes clear links to related topics such as genes. The PowerPoint has been designed to cover specification point 2.1.2 (k) of the OCR A-level Biology A course and provides a clear introduction to the following lesson on the formation of dipeptides and polypeptides. The lesson begins with a prior knowledge check, where the students have to use the 1st letters of 4 answers to uncover a key term. This 4-letter key term is gene and the lesson begins with this word because it is important for students to understand that these sequences of bases on DNA determine the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. Moving forwards, students are given discussion time to work out that there are 64 different DNA triplets and will learn that these encode for the 20 amino acids that are common to all organisms. The main task of the lesson is an observational one, where students are given time to study the displayed formula of 4 amino acids. They are not allowed to draw anything during this time but will be challenged with 3 multiple choice questions at the end. This task has been designed to allow the students to visualise how the 20 amino acids share common features in an amine and an acid group. A quick quiz round introduces the R group and time is taken to explain how the structure of this side chain is the only structural difference. Students will be introduced to the existence of hydrophobic, hydrophilic, acidic and basic R groups so that they are able to apply this knowledge in future lessons where structure and shape is considered. Some time is also given to look at cysteine in greater detail due to the presence of sulfur atoms and once again a link is made to disulfide bridges for upcoming lessons. The lesson concludes with one more quiz round called LINK TO THE FUTURE where the students will see the roles played by amino acids in the later part of the course such as translation and in the formation of dipeptides.

This fully-resourced lesson describes the beneficial, neutral and harmful effects of gene mutations on the primary structure of a polypeptide. The engaging and detailed PowerPoint and accompanying resources have been designed to cover point 6.1.1 (a) of the OCR A-level Biology A specification which states that students should be able to understand how substitutions, deletions and insertions change the base sequence and describe how this affects protein production and function. In order to understand how a change in the base sequence can affect the order of the amino acids, students must be confident in their understanding and application of protein synthesis which was covered in module 2.1.3. Therefore, the start of the lesson focuses on transcription and translation and students are guided through the use of the codon table to identify amino acids. Moving forwards, a task called known as THE WALL is used to introduce to the names of three types of gene mutation whilst challenging the students to recognise terms which are associated with the genetic code and were met back in 2.1.3. The main focus of the lesson is base substitutions and how these mutations may or may not cause a change to the amino acid sequence. The students are challenged to use their knowledge of the degenerate nature of the genetic code to explain how a silent mutation can result. The rest of the lesson looks at base deletions and base insertions and students are introduced to the idea of a frameshift mutation. One particular task challenges the students to evaluate the statement that base deletions have a bigger impact on primary structure than base substitutions. This is a differentiated task and they have to compare the fact that the reading frame is shifted by a deletion against the change in a single base by a substitution

This fully-resourced lesson describes the relationship between the structure and properties of triglycerides and considers their roles in living organisms. The engaging PowerPoint and accompanying worksheets have been designed to cover the first part of point 1.3 of the AQA A-level Biology specification and links are also made to related future topics such as the importance of the myelin sheath for the conduction of an electrical impulse. The lesson begins with a focus on the basic structure and roles of lipids, including the elements that are found in this biological molecule and some of the places in living organisms where they are found. Moving forwards, the students are challenged to recall the structure of the carbohydrates from topic 1.2 so that the structure of a triglyceride can be introduced. Students will learn that this macromolecule is formed from one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids and have to use their understanding of condensation reactions to draw the final structure. Time is taken to look at the difference in structure and properties of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and students will be able to identify one from the other when presented with a molecular formula. The final part of the lesson explores how the various properties of a triglyceride mean that it has numerous roles in organisms including that of an energy store and source and as an insulator of heat and electricity.

This engaging and detailed lesson looks at the roles of the Link reaction and the Krebs cycle as the stages of aerobic respiration which occur in the mitochondrial matrix. Both the PowerPoint and the accompanying resource have been designed to cover point 7.5 of the Pearson Edexcel A-level Biology A (Salters Nuffield) specification. The lesson begins with a challenge, where the students have to recall the details of glycolysis in order to form the word matrix. This introduces the key point that these two stages occur in this part of the mitochondria and time is taken to explain why the reactions occur in the matrix as opposed to the cytoplasm like glycolysis. Moving forwards, the Link reaction is covered in 5 detailed bullet points and students have to add the key information to these points using their prior knowledge as well as knowledge provided in terms of NAD. The students will recognise that this reaction occurs twice per molecule of glucose and a quick quiz competition is used to test their understanding of the numbers of the different products of this stage. This is just one of the range of methods that are used to check understanding and all answers are explained to allow students to assess their progress. The rest of the lesson focuses on the Krebs cycle. In line with the detail of the specification, students will understand how decarboxylation and dehydrogenation reactions result in the regeneration of the 4C compound. It is estimated that it will take about 2 hours of A-level teaching time to cover the detail of the lesson and therefore the detail of the specification point 7.5

This revision resource has been designed to include a range of activities that will engage the students whilst they assess their understanding of the content of topic B8 (Gas exchange and respiration) of the CIE IGCSE Combined Science specification for examination in June and November 2020 and 2021. Exam questions, quick tasks and quiz competitions such as “The BIG REVEAL” will challenge the students on their recall of the content as well as their ability to apply this knowledge. The lesson was written to cover as much of the content as possible, but the following topics have received particular attention: The role of cilia, goblet cells and mucus in the trachea and bronchi The effects of the chemicals in tobacco smoke on gas exchange Efficient gas exchange at the alveoli The composition of inhaled and exhaled air Aerobic respiration as the chemical reaction that releases energy The uses of energy in the human body This resource contains an engaging PowerPoint (54 slides) and associated worksheets and is ideal for use at the end of this topic or in the lead up to mocks or the actual terminal exams

This detailed lesson uses haemoglobin and collagen to describe the relationship between the structure and functions of globular and fibrous proteins. The engaging PowerPoint and accompanying worksheet have been primarily designed to cover specification point 2.3 © of the CIE International A-level Biology course but due to the detailed coverage of haemoglobin, this resource could also be used when teaching a lesson on the role of this protein in topic 8. The first part of the lesson looks at the structure of haemoglobin, and describes how the presence of an iron-containing haem group on the outside of the 4 polypeptide chains explains its ability to form oxyhaemoglobin. Moving forwards, the importance of the solubility of this protein is considered and related to the direction that the hydrophobic R groups point. At this point of the lesson, the students are challenged to construct a comparison table which can be filled in as the lesson progresses and as they are given more details of collagen. The section of the lesson concerning collagen begins with the introduction of its function in the artery wall so that students can recognise how fibrous proteins have roles associated with mechanical strength. Time is taken to discuss their solubility as well as the presence of repetitive amino acid sequences. The remainder of the lesson considers four more proteins and the final task challenges the students to use their completed table to write a summary passage comparing globular and fibrous proteins.

This lesson describes the relationship between the structure and function of the giant covalent substances, graphite and diamond. The PowerPoint and accompanying resource have been designed to cover points 1.35, 1.36 and 1.37 of the Edexcel GCSE Chemistry specification also covers those same points in the Chemistry section of the Combined Science course As shown in the picture, the lesson begins with a newspaper story about two prisoners who escaped from Pentonville prison by using a diamond-tipped drill and this immediately introduces the use of this allotrope of carbon in cutting tools. There is a clear focus on the link between the structure, bonding and respective uses. Time is taken to focus on the comparison between graphite and diamond in terms of their ability to conduct electricity. A step by step answer is used to explain why diamond cannot conduct electricity so that students can use this when forming their answer for graphite.

This fully-resourced lesson describes the differences between bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics. The engaging PowerPoint and accompanying resources have been designed to cover point 6.13 of the Edexcel International A-level Biology specification but also makes continual links to earlier lessons in topic 6 as well as related topics from the previous year such as protein synthesis from topic 2 The lesson begins by challenging the students to use their knowledge of the previous topic 6 lessons to identify the suffixes cidal and static. Students will learn that when the prefix is added, these form the full names of two types of antibiotics. Their understanding of terminology is tested further as they have to recognise that Polymyxin B is an example of a bactericidal antibiotic as its actions would result in the death of the bacterial cell. Tetracycline is used as the example of a bacteriostatic antibiotic and students will discover that its prevention of the binding of tRNA that inhibits protein synthesis and this reduction and stopping of growth and reproduction is synonymous with these drugs. Students are challenged on their knowledge of translation and will also be given time for a class discussion to understand that these antibiotics encourage the body’s immune system to overcome the pathogen in natural, active immunity. The final part of the lesson uses a quick quiz competition and a series of exam-style questions to ensure that students can recognise the different antibiotics from descriptions.

This lesson describes the mass flow hypothesis for the mechanism of translocation in plants and includes details of active loading at the source. Both the detailed PowerPoint and accompanying resources have been designed to cover the 4th part of point 3.4.2 of the AQA A-level Biology specification. The lesson begins by challenging the students to recognise the key term translocation when it is partially revealed and then the rest of the lesson focuses on getting them to understand how this mechanism involves the mass flow of assimilates down the hydrostatic pressure gradient from the source to the sink. It has been written to tie in with an earlier lesson in topic 3.4.2 where the structure of the phloem tissue was initially introduced and the students are continually challenged on this prior knowledge. A step-by-step guide is used to describe how sucrose is loaded into the phloem at the source by the companion cells. Time is taken to discuss key details such as the proton pumping to create the proton gradient and the subsequent movement back into the cells by facilitated diffusion using co-transporter proteins. Students will learn that the hydrostatic pressure at the source is high, due to the presence of the water and sucrose as cell sap, and that this difference when compared to the lower pressure at the sink leads to the movement along the phloem. A number of quick quiz rounds are included in the lesson to maintain engagement and to introduce key terms and the lesson concludes with a game of SOURCE or SINK as students have to identify whether a particular plant structure is one or the other (or both)

This fully-resourced lesson describes the processes of active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis and explains the need for ATP. The PowerPoint and accompanying worksheets have been designed to cover the second part of point 4.2 (a) of the CIE International A-level Biology specification. The first part of 4.2 (a), concerning simple and facilitated diffusion, was covered in the previous lesson. The start of the lesson challenges the students to use their prior knowledge of biological molecules to come up with the abbreviation ATP and they will learn that this is a phosphorylated nucleotide that contains adenine, ribose and three phosphate groups. Students may not have known this as the energy currency from GCSE so time is taken to explain that this molecule must be broken down to release energy and students are challenged to recall which type of reaction will be involved and to predict the products of such a reaction. This hydrolysis of ATP can be coupled to energy-requiring reactions within the cell and the rest of the lesson focuses on the use of this energy for active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis. Students are challenged to answer a series of questions which compare active transport against the forms of passive transport and to use data from a bar chart to support this form of transport. In answering these questions they will discover that carrier proteins are specific to certain molecules and time is taken to look at the exact mechanism of these transmembrane proteins. A quick quiz round introduces endocytosis and the students will see how vesicles are involved along with the energy source of ATP to move large substances in or out of the cell. The lesson concludes with a link to a future topic as the students are shown how exocytosis is involved in a synapse.

This lesson describes the relationship between the structure and function of the polysaccharides, starch and cellulose. The detailed PowerPoint and accompanying resource have been designed to cover point 4.3 of the Edexcel International A-level Biology specification and includes a focus on the role of the hydrogen bonds between the beta-glucose molecules in the formation of cellulose microfibrils. The structure of amylose and amylopectin was described during a lesson in topic 1, so the start of this lesson challenges the students on their recall of these details. They have to complete a comparison table for these two polysaccharides by identifying the monomer and type of glycosidic bonds that are found in each of the structures. Time is taken to explain how the greater resistance to digestion of amylose means that this carbohydrate is important for plant energy storage whereas the multiple chain ends in the branched amylopectin means that this polysaccharide can be hydrolysed quickly when energy is needed. The rest of the lesson describes the structure of cellulose and focuses on the link between the structure and the need for this polysaccharide to support the plant cell as well as the whole plant. Students will see how every other beta glucose monomer is rotated by 180 degrees and will learn that hydrogen bonds form between these molecules on the same chain as well as between adjacent chains in a cellulose microfibril. The lesson concludes with a quick quiz competition where the students have to compete to open a safe using a combination made up of key values associated with glycogen, starch and cellulose.

This lesson introduces monomers, polymers, condensation and hydrolysis reactions and chemical bonds to prepare students for the rest of topic 1 (biological molecules). The PowerPoint and accompanying worksheet cover point 1.1 of the AQA A-level Biology course, and as this is likely to be the very first lesson that the students encounter, the range of engaging tasks have been specifically designed to increase the likelihood of the key points and fundamentals being retained. Monomers were previously met at GCSE and so the beginning of the lesson focuses on the recall of the meaning of this key term before the first in a series of quiz rounds is used to introduce nucleotides, amino acids and monosaccharides as a few of the examples that will be met in this topic. Dipeptides and disaccharides are introduced as structures containing 2 amino acids or sugars respectively and this is used to initiate a discussion about how monomers need to be linked together even more times to make the larger chains known as polymers. At this point in the lesson, the students are given the definition of a condensation reaction and then challenged to identify where the molecule of water is eliminated from when two molecules of glucose join. A series of important prefixes and suffixes are then provided and students use these to predict the name of the reaction which has the opposite effect to a condensation reaction - a hydrolysis reaction. Links to upcoming lessons are made throughout the PowerPoint to encourage students to begin to recognise the importance of making connections between topics.

This detailed lesson describes how oxygen is transported by haemoglobin and explains the changes in saturation in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve. The informative PowerPoint has been designed to cover the 1st part of the transportation of oxygen section in the applied anatomy and physiology unit of the AQA A-level PE specification. The lesson begins by using a quiz round from the game show POINTLESS to engage students and to introduce haemotology as the study of diseases related to blood. This includes haemoglobin and students will be reminded that this is the protein that is found in the red blood cells of humans. They will learn that it is a protein consisting of four polypeptide chains with a haem group on each chain and that it is this haem molecule which has a high affinity for oxygen to enable oxyhaemoglobin to be formed. Key terminology such as affinity are continually used to deepen understanding of this topic and to make links to those covered in upcoming lessons such as the Bohr shift. Moving forwards, students will plot an oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve. The understanding of the changes in saturation can be poorly understood so a step-by-step method with simple questions to discuss is used to ensure that the fundamentals are embedded. Ultimately, students will understand that haemoglobin becomes fully saturated at the high partial pressures of oxygen at the alveoli at the lungs, before transporting it to the cells of the working muscles where it dissociates to release the oxygen at the lower partial pressures there.

This lesson describes how molecular evidence can be used to reveal similarities between closely-related organisms. The PowerPoint and accompanying resources have been primarily designed to cover point 17.3 (b) of the CIE A-level Biology specification and focus on the comparison of protein structure and mitochondrial DNA but can also be used as a revision of related topics that include protein synthesis and gene mutations. The lesson begins with the introduction of convergent evolution, a process where organisms independently evolve to have similar features due to theeir habitation of similar environments. This allows the importance of molecular evidence to be considered to ensure that organisms which are closely related (in terms of evolution) are recognised. The comparison of the primary structure of a protein involved in respiration (cytochrome c) is used to demonstrate how protein sequence data can be useful. At this point, a series of exam-style questions are used to challenge the students on their knowledge of protein synthesis and gene mutations from topics 6 and 16. The remainder of the lesson considers the use of mitochondrial DNA and a study of the mtDNA genomes of 51 gibbons demonstrates how this can provide evidence of relationships, even in organisms that show high taxonomic diversity like these lesser apes.

This fully-resourced lesson describes the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells and the role of the RER and Golgi apparatus in protein transport. The engaging and detailed PowerPoint and accompanying exam-question worksheets (which are all differentiated) have been primarily designed to cover point 3.2 of the Pearson Edexcel A-level Biology A (Salters Nuffield) specification but also covers 3.1 which states that students should know that living organisms are made of cells, sharing some common features As cells are the building blocks of living organisms, it makes sense that they would be heavily involved in all of the 8 topics in the Edexcel course and intricate planning has ensured that these links to previously covered topics as well as upcoming ones are made throughout the lesson. A wide range of activities, that include exam-style questions, class discussion points and quick quiz competitions, will maintain motivation and engagement whilst covering the finer details of the following structures: nucleus nucleolus centrioles ribosomes rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes smooth endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria cell surface membrane As mentioned above, all of the worksheets have been differentiated to support students of differing abilities whilst maintaining challenge Due to the detail that is included in this lesson, it is estimated that it will take in excess of 3 hours of allocated A-level teaching time to go through all of the tasks

This is a fully-resourced lesson which uses exam-style questions, engaging quiz competitions, quick tasks and discussion points to challenge students on their understanding of the content of topics P1 & P8 - P15, that will assessed on PAPER 6. It has been specifically designed for students on the Edexcel GCSE Combined Science course who will be taking the FOUNDATION TIER examinations but is also suitable for students taking the higher tier who need to ensure that the fundamentals are known and understood. The lesson has been written to cover as many specification points as possible but the following sub-topics have been given particular attention: The 13 recall and apply equations tested in PAPER 6 Electrical components and symbols Setting up an ammeter and voltmeter in a circuit Current and potential difference in a series circuit The change in resistance in a LDR, diode, thermistor and filament bulb Mains domestic supply in the UK Plugs and fuses as safety devices Contact and non-contact forces Attraction and repulsion in magnets Magnetic fields Changes of state as physical changes The extension of a spring In order to maintain challenge whilst ensuring that all abilities can access the questions, the majority of the tasks have been differentiated and students can ask for extra support when they are unable to begin a question. A revision quiz, consisting of 10 rounds, runs over the course of the lesson and a score sheet is included with the resources to maintain motivation and engagement. Due to the extensiveness of this revision lesson, it is estimated that it will take in excess of 3 teaching hours to complete the tasks and therefore this can be used at different points throughout the course as well as acting as a final revision before the PAPER 6 exam.