This lesson describes how the alveoli are adapted for gas exchange by diffusion between the air in the lungs and the blood capillaries. The PowerPoint and accompanying resource are part of the second lesson in a series of 2 which have been designed to cover the content of point 8.2 & 8.3 of the Edexcel GCSE Biology and Combined Science specifications. During the 1st lesson in this series, the students were shown how to calculate the surface area to volume ratio and so this lesson begins by challenging them to recall that the larger the organism, the smaller the ratio. This is done through the PLAY YOUR CARDS RIGHT format as shown in the cover picture, and leads into the key idea that complex multicellular organisms like humans have developed a range of different adaptations to increase this ratio at their exchange surfaces. Moving forwards, time is taken to consider and discuss how the following adaptations of the alveoli affect the rate of diffusion: large surface area lining of the alveoli consisting of a single layer of flattened cells maintenance of a steep concentration gradient Each feature is related to diffusion and current understanding and prior knowledge checks are used to allow the students to assess their progress and to challenge them to make links to other topics of the course. All exam questions have mark schemes embedded into the PowerPoint

This lesson describes the key steps involved in transcription, the 1st stage of protein synthesis. The PowerPoint and accompanying resource are part of the first lesson in a series of 2 lessons which have been designed to cover the content of point 3.8 of the Edexcel GCSE Biology specification. According to the specification, the students are expected to know this process in considerable detail, and the lesson has been planned to reflect this. In a previous lesson in topic 3, the students were introduced to the definition of a gene as a section of a DNA molecule that codes for the sequence of amino acids in a protein. They will learn that this represents coding DNA, so time is then taken to explain that not all DNA codes for proteins and that there are sections of non-coding DNA located in front and behind each gene. This is vital information as it leads into the start of the process, where the binding of RNA polymerase to a section of non-coding DNA located in front of the gene is the trigger for the start of transcription of that particular gene. Moving forwards, a step by step guide describes the key steps which include the lining up of the RNA nucleotides against the exposed bases and the formation of mRNA through the reactions catalysed by RNA polymerase. Students are given key details of RNA nucleotides, specifically the inclusion of uracil bases, and an understanding check challenges them to determine the sequence of RNA bases that will line up against a template strand. These current understanding checks along with prior knowledge checks are found throughout the lesson to allow the students to assess their progress and to challenge them to make links to previous lessons.

This lesson uses step by step guides to describe how to calculate the surface area to volume ratio. The PowerPoint and accompanying resources are part of the first lesson in a series of 2 lessons which have been designed to cover the detail of points 8.2 and 8.3 of the Edexcel GCSE Biology & Combined Science specifications. The calculation of the SA/V ratio can be an area of the course that students find difficult so this lesson breaks the calculation into parts to guide them through each step. The students are shown how to calculate the surface area, then the volume and then how to express the answer of the division calculation as a ratio against 1. After each step, the students are given the opportunity to apply their understanding and all questions have mark schemes with full workings embedded into the PowerPoint to allow the students to self-assess. Students also tend to struggle to see the relevance to Biology so the remainder of the lesson involves the calculation of the ratio for the alveoli in the human body. Students will discover that the surface area to volume ratio is significantly increased in these gas exchange surfaces which leads into the upcoming lesson on the adaptations of the alveoli to overcome the overall low ratio in larger organisms.

This lesson explains how the complete combustion of hydrocarbons produces carbon dioxide and water and explains how write equations to represent these reactions. The PowerPoint and accompanying resources are part of the second lesson in a series of 2 which have been designed to cover the detail in point 7.1.3 of the AQA GCSE Chemistry & Combined Science specifications. As shown in the cover picture, the lesson starts with a challenge where the students have to recognise the key term combustion from its suffix and a brief definition. Moving forwards, students will discover that the combustion of hydrocarbons releases energy and during this reaction, the carbon and hydrogen are oxidised. Time is taken to emphasise that sufficient oxygen needs to be present for complete combustion to occur and that if the supply is plentiful then carbon dioxide and water will be produced. The main part of the lesson uses a step by step guide to show students how to write word equations and balanced symbol equations for these reactions, before they are challenged to apply their understanding to write their own. All of the exam questions have mark schemes embedded into the PowerPoint to allow the students to self-assess. The final part of the lesson uses an internet article about carbon monoxide poisoning to introduce that this toxic gas can be produced when oxygen is insufficient.

This lesson introduces the alkanes as a group of hydrocarbons and explains how to draw their displayed formula and work out the general formula. The PowerPoint is part of the second lesson in a series of 2 which have been designed to cover point 7.1.1 of the AQA GCSE Chemistry & Combined Science specifications. The students were introduced to crude oil and hydrocarbons in the previous lesson so this one begins by introducing the fact that most of the hydrocarbons in crude oil are alkanes. The students are challenged to recall that covalent bonds will hold hydrogen and carbon together and they will learn that every carbon atom has four covalent bonds. This fact is used in the step by step guide as they are shown how to draw the displayed formula for methane. Moving forwards, a quick competition is used to introduce the next three members of the group in ethane, propane and butane, and the students have to apply their understanding by drawing the formula to find the molecular formula. The general formula for the alkanes is determined and then a series of exam questions will challenge them to apply this to work out numbers of carbon or hydrogen atoms or to write a formula.

This lesson describes the size and mass of atoms and describes the relative mass and electrical charge of the subatomic particles. The PowerPoint and accompanying resources are part of the first lesson in a series of 3 that has been designed to cover specification points 1.1.4 - 1.1.6 of the AQA GCSE Chemistry & Combined Science specifications. The lesson begins by introducing giga as a prefix of size and this leads into a task where the students have to order the other prefixes from largest to smallest. This introduces the nanometre and students will learn the size of the radius of an atom is 0.1nm. Time is taken to compare this size against that of a football and a human egg cell to try to put this atom radius into context. Moving forwards, the term “subatomic particles” is introduced and the students are challenged to recall the names of the three types along with their location within the atom from their lessons on the development of the atomic model earlier in topic 1. They are told that most of atom’s mass is in the nucleus and therefore can work out the protons and neutrons have much higher relative masses than electrons. They will also learn the relative electrical charges of the particles and are challenged to use this to state the overall charge of an atom and the nucleus. There is a considerable amount of Maths written into this lesson including the use of standard form and conversion between units and step by step guides are used to support the students with this work

This lesson describes the role of meiotic cell division, including a detailed explanation of how 4 genetically unidentical daughter cells are formed. The PowerPoint and accompanying resources have been designed to cover point 3.3 of the Edexcel GCSE Biology and Combined Science specifications. The students covered the mitotic cell cycle in topic 2 and their knowledge of this type of cell division is utilised throughout the lesson to help with the understanding of this cycle. The lesson begins by challenging the students to recall the meaning of diploid and they will learn that the parent cell at the start of the meiotic cell cycle is a diploid cell. Time is taken to remind them of the events of interphase and then the lessons focuses on the 2 sets of division in meiosis which produces four haploid daughter cells. The identity of these cells as gametes is emphasised. The final part of the lesson uses a series of exam questions to challenge the students on their understanding of the cycle and the mark schemes are embedded into the PowerPoint to allow the students to assess their progress.

This lesson describes how the structure of the heart and the circulatory system is related to its function. The PowerPoint lesson and accompanying resources have been designed to cover the detail of point 8.8 of the Edexcel GCSE Biology and Combined Science specifications and includes descriptions of the role of the major blood vessels, the heart valves, and the relative thickness of the chamber walls. The lesson starts with an extract from Friends and challenges the students to recognise that full sized aortic pumps is a thesaurus version of big hearts. This reiterates the basic function of the heart that was met at KS2 and KS3 and moving forwards, the students will learn that it is the contraction of the cardiac muscle in the walls of the four heart chambers that allows this to happen. Students are provided with a diagram throughout the lesson which will be annotated as new structures are encountered and they begin by labelling the two atria and ventricles. The focus of the lesson is the relationship between structure and function so time is taken to consider the different roles of the atria and ventricles, as well as the right ventricle versus the left ventricle. Students will be able to observe from their diagram that the left ventricle has the thickest wall and they will be challenged to explain why later in the lesson once more detailed knowledge has been added. The next part of the lesson introduces the pulmonary artery and vein and a task challenges the students to consider the relationship between the heart and the lungs, and their prior knowledge of the adaptations of the alveoli is also tested. The remainder of the lesson discusses the double circulatory system and the heart valves. Understanding checks are found throughout the lesson and mark schemes are embedded into the PowerPoint to allow the students to assess their progress.

This lesson describes the meaning of the terms stroke volume and heart rate and explains how to use them to calculate the cardiac output. The PowerPoint and accompanying resources have been designed to cover the content of specification point 8.12 of the Edexcel GCSE Biology & Combined Science specifications. The lesson begins by challenging the students to use their knowledge of the structure of the heart chambers to identify the one which has the most muscular wall. Their discussions should lead to the left ventricle and following the introduction of the key term stroke volume using a quick quiz competition, they will learn that this factor is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle each heart beat. Another competition introduces the normative values for stroke volume and the resting heart rate and then the students are challenged to use the provided equation to calculate the cardiac output and to write a definition for this factor using their current understanding. The remainder of the lesson considers how these three factors change during exercise and they are challenged to apply their understanding through a series of exam questions. This worksheet is differentiated two ways and the mark scheme is embedded into the PowerPoint to allow the students to assess their progress.

This lesson describes the structure of DNA as a double-stranded polymer coiled into a double helix and focuses on nucleotides as the monomers. The PowerPoint and accompanying resources have been designed to cover the detail of point 3.4 of the Edexcel GCSE Biology & Combined Science specifications. The lesson begins with a reveal of the acronym DNA and students will learn that this stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. There is a focus on the use and understanding of key terminology throughout the lesson so time is taken to look at the meanings of the prefixes poly and mono as well as the suffix -mer. This leads into the description of DNA as a polymer which is made up of many monomers known as nucleotides. Students will be introduced to the three components of a DNA nucleotide and will learn that four different bases can be attached to the sugar. An observational task is used to get them to recognise that DNA consists of two strands and that complementary bases are joined by hydrogen bonds. Understanding checks are interspersed throughout the lesson along with mark schemes so that students can assess their progress

This lesson describes the meaning of an isotope and explains how to calculate the relative atomic mass using the relative masses and abundance of its isotopes. The PowerPoint and accompanying resources are part of the final lesson in a series of 3 lessons have been designed to cover the detail of points 1.1.4, 1.1.5 & 1.1.6 of the AQA GCSE Chemistry & Combined Science specifications. The early topic 1 lessons covered the meaning of the atomic and mass number and the calculation of the number of subatomic particles, and this lesson begins by challenging the recall of this key information. Moving forwards, a quick quiz competition is used to introduce the term “isotope” and then the students have to calculate the number of subatomic particles in K-39, K-40 and K-41 before using their answers to complete a definition about these types of substances. Time is taken to explain how isotopes are represented in standard annotation and the importance of the mass number is emphasised. A series of application questions are used to challenge them to apply their understanding and knowledge and mark schemes are embedded into the PowerPoint to allow the students to self-mark. The remainder of the lesson explains how the existence of isotopes results in some elements having relative atomic masses that are not whole numbers and then explains how these masses can be calculated. Once an example is demonstrated, the students are again given the chance to apply their understanding to a series of questions, and this exam question worksheet has been differentiated two ways

This lesson explains how to calculate the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms and ions when given the atomic and mass numbers. The PowerPoint and accompanying resources are part of the second lesson in a series of 3 lessons which have been designed to cover the content of specification points 1.1.4, 1.1.5 & 1.1.6 of the AQA GCSE Chemistry and Combined Science specifications. The lesson begins by challenging the students to put the chemical symbols for astatine, oxygen, iodine and carbon together to form the word atomic. Time is taken to explain the meaning of the atomic number and to emphasise how the number of protons in the nucleus is unique to atoms of that element. The students will learn that as the number of electrons is always the same as the number of protons in an atom, the atomic number can be used to calculate the numbers of both of these particles. Moving forwards, the mass number is considered and having been given the number of neutrons in a lithium atom, the students are challenged to articulate how the mass number and atomic number were used in this calculation. A series of worked examples are done as a class before the students are given the opportunity to challenge their understanding The remainder of the lesson focuses on ions and how the number of protons, neutrons and electrons are calculated in these substances. Initially, the students are challenged to use their knowledge of the charge of an atom to deduce that ions must have differing numbers of protons and electrons. The standard annotation for ions are introduced and explained and a series of exam questions are then used to check understanding. Mark schemes for each of these final questions is embedded into the PowerPoint and the worksheet has been differentiated two ways

This lesson describes the meaning of the atomic and mass number and explains how to calculate the number of protons, neutrons and electrons. The PowerPoint has been designed to cover the detail of points 1.4, 1.7, 1.8 and 1.10 of the Edexcel GCSE Chemistry and Combined Science specifications. The lesson begins by challenging the students to put the chemical symbols for astatine, oxygen, iodine and carbon together to form the word atomic. Time is taken to explain the meaning of the atomic number and to emphasise how the number of protons in the nucleus is unique to atoms of that element. The students will learn that as the number of electrons is always the same as the number of protons in an atom, the atomic number can be used to calculate the numbers of both of these particles. Moving forwards, the mass number is considered and having been given the number of neutrons in a lithium atom, the students are challenged to articulate how the mass number and atomic number were used in this calculation. A series of worked examples are done as a class before the students are given the opportunity to challenge their understanding.

This lesson describes the meaning of an isotope and explains how to calculate the relative atomic mass using the relative masses and abundance of its isotopes. The PowerPoint and accompanying resources have been designed to cover the detail of points 1.9, 1.11 & 1.12 of the Edexcel GCSE Chemistry & Combined Science specifications. The early topic 1 lessons covered the meaning of the atomic and mass number and the calculation of the number of subatomic particles, and this lesson begins by challenging the recall of this key information. Moving forwards, a quick quiz competition is used to introduce the term “isotope” and then the students have to calculate the number of subatomic particles in K-39, K-40 and K-41 before using their answers to complete a definition about these types of substances. Time is taken to explain how isotopes are represented in standard annotation and the importance of the mass number is emphasised. A series of application questions are used to challenge them to apply their understanding and knowledge and mark schemes are embedded into the PowerPoint to allow the students to self-mark. The remainder of the lesson explains how the existence of isotopes results in some elements having relative atomic masses that are not whole numbers and then explains how these masses can be calculated. Once an example is demonstrated, the students are again given the chance to apply their understanding to a series of questions, and this exam question worksheet has been differentiated two ways

This lesson describes the effects of pH on the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction. The PowerPoint and accompanying resources are part of the second lesson in a series of 4 lessons which have been designed to cover the content of point 3.2 (a) of the CIE A-level Biology specification. The lesson begins with a short discussion, where the students are challenged to identify how the stomach and the small intestine differ in terms of a particular condition and to explain why the conditions in these neighbouring digestive organs are so important. This introduces pepsin and trypsin and these protease enzymes play a key role throughout the lesson as they are good examples of how different extracellular enzymes have different optimum pH values (which are not necessarily 7.0). Moving forwards, students will discuss how the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction will change if there are small or large changes in pH, and then time is taken to ensure that students can explain these changes with reference to tertiary structure bonds and the shape of the active site. Through the use of a quick quiz competition, the students will be reminded of the key term “buffer” and a series of questions are used to challenge their understanding of how these substances could be used in a practical investigation. They will also learn how buffers are found in blood plasma as well as in red blood cells in the form of haemoglobin. As there is a considerable proportion of marks for Maths in a Biology context questions in the A-level assessments, the remainder of the lesson challenges the students to use a given formula to calculate the pH of blood when given the hydrogen ion concentration and to calculate percentage decrease. These questions have been differentiated to give assistance to those that need the support

This lesson describes the effects of pH on enzyme activity. The PowerPoint and accompanying resources are part of the first lesson in a series of 3 lessons which have been designed to cover the content of point 2.1.4 (d)(i)of the OCR A-level Biology A specification. The lesson begins with a short discussion, where the students are challenged to identify how the stomach and the small intestine differ in terms of a particular condition and to explain why the conditions in these neighbouring digestive organs are so important. This introduces pepsin and trypsin and these protease enzymes play a key role throughout the lesson as they are good examples of how different extracellular enzymes have different optimum pH values (which are not necessarily 7.0). Moving forwards, students will discuss how the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction will change if there are small or large changes in pH, and then time is taken to ensure that students can explain these changes with reference to tertiary structure bonds and the shape of the active site. Through the use of a quick quiz competition, the students will be reminded of the key term “buffer” and a series of questions are used to challenge their understanding of how these substances could be used in a practical investigation. They will also learn how buffers are found in blood plasma as well as in red blood cells in the form of haemoglobin. With there being such a considerable proportion of marks for Maths in a Biology context questions in the A-level assessments, the remainder of the lesson challenges the students to use a given formula to calculate the pH of blood when given the hydrogen ion concentration and to calculate percentage decrease. These questions have been differentiated to give assistance to those that need the support Please note that this is a lesson which describes the effect on enzyme activity, as described in 2.1.4 (d)(i), and not the details of the practical investigation which is covered in a later lesson

This lesson describes the effects of pH on the rate of enzyme-controlled reactions. The PowerPoint and accompanying resources are part of the third lesson in a series of 5 lessons which have been designed to cover the content of point 1.4.2 (Many proteins are enzymes) of the AQA A-level Biology specification. The lesson begins with a short discussion, where the students are challenged to identify how the stomach and the small intestine differ in terms of a particular condition and to explain why the conditions in these neighbouring digestive organs are so important. This introduces pepsin and trypsin and these protease enzymes play a key role throughout the lesson as they are good examples of how different extracellular enzymes have different optimum pH values (which are not necessarily 7.0). Moving forwards, students will discuss how the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction will change if there are small or large changes in pH, and then time is taken to ensure that students can explain these changes with reference to tertiary structure bonds and the shape of the active site. Through the use of a quick quiz competition, the students will be reminded of the key term “buffer” and a series of questions are used to challenge their understanding of how these substances could be used in a practical investigation. They will also learn how buffers are found in blood plasma as well as in red blood cells in the form of haemoglobin. With there being such a large proportion of marks for Maths in a Biology context questions in the AQA assessments, the remainder of the lesson challenges the students to use a given formula to calculate the pH of blood when given the hydrogen ion concentration and to calculate percentage decrease. These questions have been differentiated to give assistance to those that need the support

This lesson describes the reactants and products of the Haber Process and then explores and explains why the specific conditions are chosen for this reaction. The PowerPoint and accompanying worksheets have been designed to cover specification point 10.4.1 of the AQA GCSE Chemistry specification. The summary passage which is completed at the end of the lesson has been differentiated two ways. The lesson begins by challenging the students to use a description of the reaction to complete the balanced symbol equation. A quiz competition involving both Chemistry and Maths skills is used to reveal the temperature and pressure which are chosen for this reaction. Students will learn that this only produces a yield of 30% and therefore are encouraged to question why these conditions are chosen. In doing so, they are made to wear two “hats”, so that they consider it from both a Science angle but also a business angle. Their knowledge of reversible reactions and the effect of changing either the temperature or the pressure on the position of the equilibrium are constantly challenged and then checked through a range of progress check questions. As a result of this lesson, students will understand that these conditions are a compromise and be able to explain why.