UPDATED FOR 2025/26 Students will examine the reasons for the Spanish invasion of England in 1588 and the features of the invasion plans. The lesson resources include: 1 x A4 Workbook Style Fact Sheet (PDF & PPT) 1 x Main Power Point Lesson The main 16 slide lesson includes: Slide 1: Title slide Slide 2-3: Anglo-Spanish tensions recap activity with answers Slide 4: Starter Task Slide 5-8: Task 1 - Gap fill activity based on the Spanish invasion plans with printable worksheets and answers Slide 9-10: Task 2 -Causes of the Spanish Armada table sort with printable resources Slide 11: Follow up challenge questions Slide 12-13: Learning Review number match up activity with answers Slide 14-15: Example exam/ assessment questions Slide 16: Fact sheet All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use.

This lesson has a focus on the actions of Francis Drake and Robert Dudley and asks students to explain their role in the decline of Anglo-Spanish Relations in the years before the Spanish Armada. The lesson resources include: 1 x A4 Workbook Style Fact Sheet (PDF & PPT) 1 x Main 23 slide Power Point Lesson 1 x Worksheet The Power Point includes: Slide 1: Title slide Slide 2-3: Recap multiple choice quiz about Anglo-Spanish relationships - with answers Slide 4 - 14: A series of role play/decision making tasks where students decide which option Elizabeth should select. Slide 15 - 16: Background knowledge about Robert Dudley’s actions in the Netherlands Slide 17: Background knowledge about Drake’s Raid on Cadiz Slide 18-19: Task 1: Explaining how the events increased tensions between England and Spain Slide 20-22: Example exam/assessment questions Slide 23: Lesson fact sheet All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use.

This packed lesson examines how and why the relationship between England and Spain declined in the 1570s and 80s. Students will examine factors such as religion, the actions of Francis Drake, trading rivalry in the Americas and events in the Netherlands. The lesson also includes a BONUS timeline activity focussed on the events in the Netherlands. This lesson has been updated in line with the amended specification and exam questions ready for the 2025/6 examinations. The lesson pack includes: 1 x Fact sheet - The declining relationship between England and Spain (PDF & PPT) 1 x Tensions in the Netherlands timeline worksheet 1 x 29 slide PowerPoint lesson The PowerPoint lesson includes: Slide 1: Title slide Slide 2-3: Learning recap 12 question quiz covering the relationship between Elizabeth’s England ans Spain in the 1550s/60s with answers. Slide 4-5: Starter Activity - Identify the reasons for the the growing tensions - with answers Slide 6-7: Task 1 - Table fill and explain task based on the main reasons for Anglo-Spanish tensions with instructions. Slide 8-17: Printable fact cards with two versions (easy and hard). To be given to students to help them complete the table. Slide 18: Task 2 - Which factor caused the most tension plus additional challenge questions. Slide 19-22: Example exam/assessment questions with structured suggestions Slide 23: Learning Review 1 - Sentence fill Slide 24-26: Learning Review quiz sheet with 20 questions from the lesson with answers Slide 27: Lesson fact sheet Slide 28-29 BONUS NETHERLANDS TIMELINE ACTIVITY All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. **This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use. **

NEW 2025/6 Spec In this lesson, students examine the reasons for the Elizabeth I’s execution of Mary, Queen of Scots in 1587 and its significance. This lesson has been updated in line with the amended specification and exam questions ready for the 2025/6 examinations. The lesson pack includes: 1 x fact sheet - The reasons for Mary, Queen of Scots’ execution (PDF & PPT) 1 x sample exam paper for students to practice questions linked to this topic. 1 x main PowerPoint The main 11 slide PowerPoint contains: Slide 1: Title slide Slide 2: Mary, Queen of Scots recap questions with answers Slide 3: Starter Task - The reasons for and against Mary’s execution discussion and table fill with answers Slide 4: Starter Task - Analysis of a painting of Mary’s execution. Slide 5: Links to video clips covering the execution Slide 6-7: Task 1 - Why was Mary executed sorting task with instructions. Slide 8: Follow up questions Slide 9-10: Practice exam/assessment questions Slide 11: Fact sheet All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use.

**NEW 2025/6 SPEC!! This lesson examines the causes, events and consequences of the main plots against Elizabeth during her reign - the Throckmorton Plot, Ridolfi Plot and the Babington Plot. ** The lesson pack includes: 1 x A4 fact sheet - The Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington Plots (PDF & PPT) 1 x Printable worksheet 1 x Main 20 slide PowerPoint The main powerpoint includes: Slide 1: Title slide Slide 2-3: Learning recap - the Catholic threats to Elizabeth with answers Slide 4: Overview of the three main plots Slide 5: Starter discussion Slide 6-8: Task 1 - Table fill activity with printable worksheets and answers. Slide 9-11: Printouts to support students with the table fill activity Slide 12: Task 2 - What were the similarities between the plots? Slide 13: Follow up challenge questions Slide 14-15 - Learning recap - Which plot am i? With answers Slide 16-18: Sample exam questions Slide 19-20: Fact sheets linked to learning. All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use.

This lesson covers the causes, events and significance of the Revolt of the Northern Earls (1569). This lesson has been updated in line with the 2025/6 amended specification and so takes into account amendments to the spec. and exam questions. The lesson pack includes: 1 x A4 Fact sheet - The Revolt of the Northern Earls (PDF & PPT) 1 x Main 19 slide PowerPoint The Main PowerPoint includes: Slide 1: Title Slide Slide 2-3: Threats to Elizabeth Picture Quiz with answers Slide 4: The Revolt of the Northern Earls as a turning point Slide 5-6: Starter Activity Gap Fill Slide 7: Background information - Why was there Catholic opposition in the North? Slide 8-9: Task 1 - Reasons for the Revolt of the Northern Earls instructions and printable worksheet. Slide 10-12: Task 2 - The events and failure of the Revolt of the Northern Earls activities, printable worksheets and instructions. Slide 13: Why was the revolt significant? Slide 14-15: Learning Review Match Up Key Names with answers Slide 16: Additional printable worksheet Slide 17-18: Sample exam questions Slide 19: Lesson fact sheet All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. **This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use. **

This lesson explores the relationship between Queen Elizabeth I and Mary, Queen of Scots. It then helps students to explain why Mary, Queen of Scots was a significant threat to Elizabeth. This lesson has been updated in line with the 2025/26 amended specification and changes to some exam questions. The resource pack includes: 1 x Fact sheet - Why was Mary, Queen of Scots a threat to Elizabeth I? (PDF & PPT) 2 x Model answer student worksheet The 24 slide Main PowerPoint for the lesson includes: Slide 1: Title slide Slide 2: Learning Recap Activity - The foreign threats to Elizabeth I with answers Slide 3-4: Learning Recap Quiz - Challenges to Elizabeth I quiz with answers Slide 7-11: Background information about Mary, Queen of Scots with added activities throughout. Slide 12: Discussion activity - What should Elizabeth I do with Mary, Queen of Scots? Slide 13-15: Task 1 - Mary, Queen of Scots fact fill with printable worksheets Slide 16-17: Explaining Mary’s threat table fill with printable worksheet and clear instructions Slide 18: Follow up challenge questions Slide 19-20: Learning recap true or false quiz with answers and corrections Slide 21-23: Example practice exam questions Slide 24: Lesson fact sheet based on GCSE specification. All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. **This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use. **

2025/6 NEW SPEC ! Students explain the main Catholic threats to Elizabeth and her Religious Settlement from both within England and Abroad. In particular, the threat of the Catholic nobility, the influence of the Pope and the challenges from Scotland, France and Spain. This lesson has been updated in line with the 2025 amended specification and changes to some exam questions. The lesson pack includes: 1 x Fact sheet about the Catholic threats from within England (PDF & PPT) 1 x Fact sheet about the Catholic threats from abroad (PDF & PPT) 1 x Differentiated gap fill worksheet The main Power Point for the lesson includes: Slide 1: Title slide Slide 2: Recap Quiz with answers revealed about the Puritan threat to Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement. Slide 3: Starter activity based on a religious map of Europe in 1558. Slide 4-5: Background information about the Catholic threats from home and abroad. Slide 6-7: Task 1 - Sorting exercise with printable worksheet Slide 8-11: Task 2 - Graph based activity where students assess the level of threat from the Catholics (higher ability) Slide 12: Printable write on worksheet Slide 13: Follow up challenge questions Slide 14-17: Practice exam/assessment questions with an analysis of a model answer to a 12 mark question. Slide 18-20: Learning Review - Key term match up with answers Slide 21-22: Fact sheets based on the GCSE specification All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use.

This lesson covers the nature and extent of the Puritan challenge to Queen Elizabeth I’s Religious Settlement with a focus on the vestment and crucifix issues. It also explains why the Puritan threat was limited. This lesson has been updated in line with the 2025 amended specification and changes to some exam questions. The lesson pack includes: 1 x A4 Fact sheet - The nature and extent of the Puritan challenge (PDF & PPT) 1 x Recap crossword The main powerpoint includes: Slide 1: Title slide Slide 2-4: Religious Settlement recap crossword with answers and printable worksheet copies. Slide 5: Starter Task - Who were the Puritans? Slide 6: Background information about the Puritans and their beliefs Slide 7: Starter Task 2 - Puritan like or dislike quiz with answers revealed. Slide 8: Why the Puritans were important to Elizabeth I Slide 9-10: Task sheets & questions plus printable resources Slide 11: Why the Puritan threat was limited Slide 12-14: Sample exam questions with prompts Slide 15-16: Learning review gap fill with answers Slide 17: Fact sheet based on the GCSE specification. All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use.

This lesson looks at the role the Church of England had in Elizabethan society as well as how the Church made sure the new rules of the Religious Settlement were being followed. This lesson has been updated in line with the 2024/25 amended specification and changes to some exam questions. Included in this resource: 1 x A4 Fact Sheet - The Influence of the Church of England in Elizabethan Society. Main PPT includes: Slide 1: Title slide Slide 2: Previous learning recap word fill activity with answers revealed Slide 3-4: Recap picture activity based on Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement with answers revealed. Slide 5-6: Background information about the role of the Church and the influence of parish priests in early Elizabethan England. Slide 7-8: Task 1 instructions and printable worksheet - the role of the Church of England in the local community. Slide 9-10: Task 2 instructions and printable worksheet - how the Religious Settlement was enforced by the Church of England. Slide 11: Follow up challenge questions Slide 12-13: A brilliant blockbusters style game which is fully animated and instructions included. Slide 14: Example exam questions Slide 15: Fact sheet All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use.

In this lesson, students will learn about the specific features of Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement. They will explain the details of the Act of Supremacy, Act of Union and the Royal Injunctions. They will also look at the short term impact of the Religious Settlement This lesson includes: 1 x Fact sheet - The Religious Settlement (PDF & PPT) The Main Power Point Lesson Includes: Slide 1: Title slide Slide 2-3: Previous learning gap fill quiz with answers (covers the religious divisions between Catholics & Protestants in England) Slide 4: Video clip link to BBC Bitesize with questions Slide 5: Starter Task - What would you do if you were in Elizabeth’s shoes? Slide 6: An outline of the main three features of the Religious Settlement Slide 7: Task 1 - An outline table task Slide 8: Printable worksheet Slide 9: Follow up challenge questions Slide 10-12: Example assessment questions with printable worksheet Slide 13: Learning Review 1 activity Slide 14-15: Learning Review 2 activity with answers Slide 16: Lesson fact sheet in line with GCSE specification All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use.

2025/6 NEW SPEC!! This lesson examines the divide between the Protestant and Catholic Church during the time of Elizabeth’s reign and how it caused tension and conflict in society and Elizabeth’s government. The lesson has been updated fully in line with the new GCSE specification and exam paper amendments. The lesson includes: 1 x A4 Fact sheet covering religious differences between Catholics & Protestants in 1558 (PDF & PPT) 1 x A4 Printable worksheet The 18 slide main Power Point includes: Title slide: The religious divisions in Elizabethan England Slide 1-3: Gap fill activity to recap the main threats Elizabeth I faced in 1558. Slide 5: Source analysis activity based on the different religious views of Elizabeth I and King Philip II of Spain Slide 6: Starter discussion activity Slide 7-10: Background information about the events of the Reformation in Europe and its impact on Elizabeth and England. Slide 11-13: Task 1 - Sorting activity to identify Catholic and Protestant beliefs & key terms Slide 14: Task 2 instructions which link to the worksheet Slide 15: Exam focus assessment questions with prompts Slide 16-17: Learning review picture quiz with answers Slide 18: Fact sheet based on the GCSE specification. All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use.

NEW SPEC - In this lesson, students examine the various threats and challenges which Queen Elizabeth faced from other countries such as Spain, France and Scotland as well as the influence of the Pope. This lesson has been updated ready for the 2025 exams onwards and is based on the recently published GCSE specification. The lesson includes: 1 x Fact Sheet/Revision Sheet - What were Elizabeth’s Threats from Abroad? 1 x Worksheet - Students outline, explain and then rate the threat of each nation. Main Power Point Lesson - 15 slides: Slide 1: Title slide Slide 2-3: Previous learning recap picture activity with answers revealed Slide 4: Starter discussion Slide 5: Starter Activity - Based on a religious map of Europe in 1558. Slide 6: Task 1 - Instructions to the table based sorting activity (links to additional worksheet) Slide 7-8: Task 2 - Outlining, explaining and rating the threats from abroad. Slide 9: Follow up challenge questions Slide 10-11: Learning Review 10 question quiz with answers revealed. Slide 12-14: Example exam questions with printable answer sheets Slide15: Lesson Fact sheet based on the GCSE specification. All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. **This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use. **

**LATEST 2025 SPEC & EXAM FORMAT This lesson examines the problems Elizabeth I faced when she first became Queen of England in 1558 such as questions about her gender, pressure to marry, the country’s finances and threats towards her. ** Included in this resource: 1 x A4 fact sheet linked to Elizabeth’s challenges in 1558. (PDF & PPT) Main 14 slide Power Point Presentation: Slide 1: Title page - The Challenges faced by Elizabeth I in 1558 Slide 2-4: Previous lesson recap match-up about Elizabethan government and society. Includes answers and printable student worksheets. Slide 5-6: Starter Task - What challenges do you think Elizabeth faced? Slide 7-8: Task 1 - Identify the challenges Elizabeth I faced from the images. Answers provided. Slide 9-10: Task 2 - Student worksheet and instructions Slide 11: Follow up challenge questions including practice exam question Slide 12: Practice exam question Slide 13: Two learning review activities Slide 14: Fact sheet based on the GCSE specification. All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use.

This plain, black and white revision guide presents the basic answers or facts to every section of the Early Elizabeth England GCSE History specification. It is presented as a plain checklist of the specification on A4 which teachers and students have gone on to use to create their own revision resources such as flash cards and revision diagrams.

UPDATED For the new Edexcel GCSE spec. and exam question structure ready for 2025/26 This 19 slide lesson covers all the information and activities students will need to fully understand the structure of Early Elizabethan society and government. For example, it looks at the role of the Privy Council, Secretary of State and Royal Court as well as the social hierarchy of the day. This resource contains: 1 x A4 Fact Sheet/ revision sheet covering Early Elizabethan Society & Government (PPT & PDF) ** 1 x Main Updated Power Point:** Slide 1: Title slide Slide 2-3: Warm Up - What do you already know about Elizabeth I? Includes printable worksheet Slide 4-5: Warm up Tudor Society Quiz with answers revealed. Slide 6: Class discussion task Slide 7-8: Elizabeth I starter quiz with answers revealed Slide 9: Introduction to Early Elizabethan Society & Government Slide 10: What is a society, government and hierarchy? Slide 11-12: Task 1 - Elizabethan hierarchy activity with answers Slide 13-14: Task 2 - Table fill activity with printable resources Slide 16-18: Task 3 - Practice exam questions (one feature question) Slide 19: Lesson fact sheet based on the 2024/5 new specification. All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use.

**This lesson looks at the various solutions to farming such as windmills, Turkey Red Wheat, the Sulky Plough and the Timber Culture Act. ** The lesson resources include: 1 x A4 Workbook Style Fact Sheet (PDF & PPT) – Included in every American West lesson! 1 x Main Power Point Lesson This lesson includes: Clear learning aims/targets Provoking starter tasks and discussion activities Printable worksheets Engaging background information Challenge tasks Exam links Learning Review Fact Sheet linked to the GCSE specification All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use.

**This lesson examines the consequences and the importance of the construction of the transcontinental railroad for the development of the American West as well as the impact on the Indigenous Peoples of the Plains. ** The lesson resources include: 1 x A4 Workbook Style Fact Sheet (PDF & PPT) – Included in every American West lesson! ** 1 x Main Power Point Lesson This lesson includes: Clear learning aims/targets Provoking starter tasks and discussion activities Printable worksheets Engaging background information Challenge tasks Exam links Learning Review Fact Sheet linked to the GCSE specification All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use.

**This lesson examines the importance and the impact of the Gold Rush on the increased lawlessness in growing mining towns of California. ** The lesson resources include: 1 x A4 Workbook Style Fact Sheet (PDF & PPT) – Included in every American West lesson! 1 x Main Power Point Lesson ** **This lesson includes: Clear learning aims/targets Provoking starter tasks and discussion activities Printable worksheets Engaging background information Challenge tasks Exam links Learning Review Fact Sheet linked to the GCSE specification All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use.

**This lesson examines the tensions which grew between the Plains Indians and the white settlers which then resulted in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851. ** The lesson resources include: 1 x A4 Workbook Style Fact Sheet (PDF & PPT) – Included in every American West lesson! 1 x Main Power Point Lesson This lesson includes: Clear learning aims/targets Provoking starter tasks and discussion activities Printable worksheets Engaging background information Challenge tasks Exam links Learning Review Fact Sheet linked to the GCSE specification All images used in this lesson are in the public domain and are therefore copyright free at the time of publishing. Images which require attribution have been attributed in the notes section of each slide where the image appears. If you feel any errors have been made, please contact me at raschoolresources@gmail.com in the first instance to resolve any issues. My lessons are completed using PowerPoint and designed on widescreen formatting. Thank you. This resource is for personal use only and for copyright reasons should not be copied/amended for commercial use.