Gardner was the grandson of emancipated slaves. His father Rev. Washington M. Taylor was a Baptist pastor. He grew up in the segregated South of the early 20th century. He was admired for his eloquence of speech -hence his nickname ‘dean’. Gardner wanted to be a lawyer. He received a football scholarship to Leland College. He served as as a chauffeur for the president of Leland, Dr. James A. Bacoats, a friend of his father’s. At the time he was struggling with the call to the ministry - he just received an acceptance to the University of Michigan Law School. A car accident changed his mind. He was driving Dr. Bacoats car when another car veered across the highway. He slammed on the brakes and steered towards a ditch. One man was dead or dying. At the inquest two white witnesses said Gardner was not responsible for the fatal accident. This near brush with death turned Gardner’s mind. That summer he acknowledged his call to the ministry. Before going to college he had already been the pastor of Bethany Baptist Church in Elyria, Ohio (1938-41). He graduated from Oberlin College School of Theology in 1940 and began a lifetime of preaching and civil rights activism. He was only the third, of African- American decent, to graduate from Oberlin. In May he married laura Bell Scott. He ministered at two more churches ,Beulah Baptist(1943) and his father’s former congregation at Mount Zion Baptist Church, before becoming the pastor at Concord Baptist Church of Christ (CBCC) in March,1948. He was just 29. It had the second largest membership in America- 5,000 ; under Gardner’s leadership it grew to 10,000. In 1952 the beloved edifice of Concorde fire. They were without a facility for 4 years. ** 13** years later, 1965 they entered their new 2,200 sanctuary at a cost of 1,7 million $. Gardner retired as pastor of CBCC in 1990 after 42 years, The congregation gave him the title of senior pastor emeritus, He lived for another 15 years. He died on 5th April, 2015 , aged 96, he ‘crossed the Jordan’. In 1958 he became only the second black member of the New York City Board of education -on board for 3 years - he attacked segregation in the city schools. Gardner was a close friend and mentor of Martin Luther King Jr. and played a prominent role in the Civil rights Movement in the 1960s. In 1961 he founded the Progressive National Baptist Convention (PNBC) - a new national fellowship for Black baptists., with Martin L.K.Jr… He was president for (1967/9). Gardner gave lectures and sermons at universities and churches all over the USA. as well as in the U.K. Denmark , Australia , China and Japan. During his life time he received 15 honorary degrees. On August 9th, 2000 he received from Bill Clinton the Presidential medal of Freedom. (To understand Garner’s method of preaching you need to read* *Preaching **- the last page and a half of the notes I have included). Sources used wikipedia Martin Luther King research

Wallie Amos Criswell was an American pastor, author and a twice elected president of the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC) from 1968-1970. He became widely known for his expository biblical preaching. He is regarded as a key figure in the late 1970s’ Conservative Resurgence’ within the S BC. W. A. Criswell only gained his first names until some years later. He was registered at birth as W.A.Criswell. Government officials wanted first names for his passport-he was given his father’s names of Wallie Amos… He grew up in poverty. His father was a cowboy -barber and barely earned a living. After learning to read books and ideas came to interest and excite him. Aged 10 he was converted and became an evangelical Baptist. Aged 12 he was ‘called’ to the ministry. He studied at Baylor University in Waco, Texas He continued his ministry training at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, Kentucky. He earned a master’s degree and a doctorate in theology. While studying he ministered at 4 churches. He took his first ministry roll, at Chickasha, Oklahoma (1937). He moved on to Muskogee in1941. He moved on to the First Baptist Church (FBC) in Dallas ( 1944 -1993) to replace George Washington Truett. In the next 50 years the membership grew from 7,800 to 26,000. Sunday School attendance was 5,000+. The church expanded to multiple buildings- it became the largest Southern Baptist church in the world. Billy Graham joined the church in 1953. W.A. was an early pioneer of the modern mega church phenomenon. ( See First Baptist Church of Dallas paragraphs). The most significant impact of W.A/ preaching was to foster expositional preaching within the SBC and beyond. In 1946 he began an expository preaching tour through the whole Bible beginning with Genisis and ending with Revelation- it took 17 i/2 years. When he announced his intention there were many ‘nay sayers’ but the church expanded and the ministries flourished. ( See Preaching para 2) W.A. published 54 books ( See ‘Selected works’) In 1988 W.A. requested a search party to find his replacement- he was approaching 80. In 1900 Joel C. Gregory became pastor, W.A. took the title ‘Senior Pastor’. It did not work out - Gregory resigned in 1992. In 1993 O.S. Hawkins was appointed and W.R. entered semi-retirement. He kept himself busy around the church for the next 7 years. He died at the home of a long time friend, Jack Pogue on January 10th 2002, aged 92. His death made national headlines -the city of Dallas closed off the U.S. -75 for the celebrated pastor’s funeral cortege. In his book The Purpose Driven Church , pastor and author, Rick Warren describes Wallie Amos Criswell as the greatest American pastor of the twentieth century. ( See ’ Influence’) Sources used Preaching Baptist History Homepage wikipedia

The Time Magazine ™ in 1961 said that Ralph was generally acknowledged as the best Protestant preacher in the USA. He had gained considerable prominence in the USA as the featured speaker on the weekly NBC radio program National Radio Pulpit (1928-1962) and as a writer of several best selling books… Back in 1946 the ™ pointed out that his radio program received 4,000 letters weekly ’ the number one protestant radio pastor of the US … rated by volume fan mail. ’ In 1950 the ™ listed a typical Sunday routine for then 60 year old Ralph. (Read marked margin). Ralph graduated from Ohio Wesleyan University and studied for the ministry at Union Theological Seminary in New York City. He was initially called to be an associate minister (1916), but became the senior pastor (1917) at Madison Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church. Later it was called Christ Church, in New York City. He stayed there for the next 44 years (1916-1961) and had a membership of 5,000. In Preaching it says he was called the 20th century 'circuit rider. He combined being a pastor, a radio pastor and a seminary lecturer. Why all 3? Ralph explained - For many years I have been convinced that the greatest need of the contemporary church is the strengthening of the local pulpit. Public speaking was his specialty. The article in Preaching goes into great detail about his style of preaching. Briefly -preparation began in the summer vocation. He wrote the sermon out in full. The preached sermon he spoke extemporaneously. (Read last para. of page 1 then pages 2,3 & 4 for full detail) He published 23 books G. Paul Butler called him the preacher’s preacher. To hear him preach is a spiritual event. Dr Sockman is one of the greatest preachers of our day Sources used Facebook Preaching.com The New York Times Wikipedia

Harry was an American pastor who became a central figure in the Fundamentalist - Modernist-controversy within American Protestantism in the 1920s and 1930s. He was one of the most prominent liberal ministers in the early 20th century. He graduated from Colgate University in 1900. He became an ordained Baptist minister in 1903 and left Union Theological Seminary in 1904. First Baptist Church, Montclair, New Jersey was his first ministry (1904-1915). In 1917 he volunteered as an Army chaplain serving in France. He also taught at Union Theological Seminary (1908-1946). In 1918 he moved to the First Presbyterian Church. On May 21st, 1922, he delivered his famous sermon Shall the Fundamentalists Win?. He presented the Bible as a record of the unfolding of God;s will not as the literal ‘Word of God’. This caused an uproar. Fundamentalists regarded it as rank apostasy and a investigation followed. At a formal trial in 1924 he escaped censure. Harry resigned and was immediately called to Park Avenue Baptist, later renamed Riverside Church. (1925-30, 1930-1946). John D.Rockefeller Jr. funded the building of the famed ecumenical Riverside Church in Morningside heights, Manhattan. Harry opposed racism and injustice. His sermons won him wide recognition.His 1933 anti-war sermon The Unknown Soldierultimately led to the founding of the Peace Pledge Union His radio addresses were broadcast nationally. Many of his sermon collections are still in print and he wrote many books. (See ‘Works’) He had a major influence on Martin Luther King Jr. who said Harry was the greatest preacher of the century.

Norman graduated from Ohio Wesleyan University and became one of the most influential ministers of the 20th century. In 1922 Norman was ordained into the Methodist Episcopal Church (MEC). He was pastor in 3 churches over the next 10 years… He then left MEC in 1932 and joined the Dutch Reform Church (DFC). He became the minister at Marble Collegiate Church, a Reformed Church of America, in New York City (1932-1984). In those 52 years the congregation increased from 600 to 5,000. He became known for his dynamic and energetic sermons. he preached an optimist message that many Americans accepted during such trying events as the Great Depression, WW11, the Cold War and the Civil Rights Movment. At the height of his popularity 750, 000 received his sermons through the post once a month. In 1935 he started a radio programme The Art of Living which lasted for 54 years and was one of the most popular broadcasts in the USA for nearly 50 years. Under sponsorship of the National Council of Churches he moved into television. Both were broadcast across the USA. In 1945 he began to publish a weekly magazine Guideposts. It was founded by Norman. his wife Ruth and Raymond Thornburg. The magazine printed positive stories of people achieving their dreams. In 2005, 4 million subscribed to the magazine. It was ranked 13th most popular journal in the USA He published 46 books. His most popular book was The Power of Positive Thinking (1952) was bought by 2+million, stayed on the best seller list for 186 consecutive weeks, but It also brought controversy. ( Read American Foundation of Religion and Psychiatry and Theological critique) Norman founded a number of organizations.- The Horatio Alger Association --with Kenneth Beebe, the Peale Center, The Positive Thinking foundation and the Guidepost Publications. In 1968 he married Julie Nixon and David Eisenhower. In 1984 President Reagan awarded Norman the Presidential Medal for Freedom for his contribution to Theology. Growing up Donald Trump attended his church. Donald married his first wife Ivana there. Norman died of a stroke on 24th December 1993, aged 95, in Pawling , New York. Through the media of radio and television broadcasts Norman preached the Gospel of Jesus Christ across the USA for 50 years. He also put pen to paper - 46 books - to explain his ideas. Through Guideposts he encouraged others to think positively about themselves. Sources used Ohio History Central wikipedia

Dr. Eli Stanley Jones was an American 20th century Methodist missionary and theologian. For more than 50 years he proclaimed the Gospel of Christ. He was probably the world’s best known and longest tested Christian missionary and evangelist. In 1959 he was named Missionary Extraordinary by World Outlook. Eli was educated in Baltimore schools and studied law at City College before graduating from Asbury College, Wilmore, Kentucky. in 1907. He was on the Asbury faculty when he was called to the missionary service in India in 1907. He was ordained in 1908 as both a deacon and elder. He worked as district missionary superintendent and revival preacher In India he worked with the lowest castes , including Dalits. He also made friends with many of the leaders and became known for his inter faith work. He spent time with Mohandas K. Gandhi and the Nehru family.He is remembered for his 1000s of inter-religious lectures to the educated classes. In 1925, while home on furlough, he wrote a report of his years of service - what he had taught and learned in India. The published result was The Christ of the Indian Road - sales reached over one million copies world wide.He wrote other books which became ‘required’ reading at theological colleges.( See long list) He helped to reconstruct the Indian 'Ashram ’ - forest retreat using the Christian principle of indigenization. He founded a Christian Ashram at Sat Tal in the Himalayas (1930). He went on to preach and hold them in almost every country in the world. 1n 1941 he was a confidant of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Japanese leaders trying to avert war. After WW11 he launched in the USA the Crusade for a Federal Union of Churches. He held mass meetings from coast to coast and spoke in nearly 500 cities, towns and churches In 1950 he provided funds for India’s first Christian psychiatric centre and clinic. He pre-dated the United Nations by 30 years, by his Round Table of Nations. He was nominated for the Nobel Peace Peace Prize. for his reconciliation work in Asia, Africa and between Japan and the USA. In 1963 he received the Gandhi Peace award. He travelled among the people’s of the earth, speaking 3 times a day. The years did not weary him, for he was blessed with physical stamina, mental vigor, and God’s grace to sustain him for the rugged schedule he imposed on himself. December 1971, aged 88, and leading the Oklahoma Christian Ashram he suffered a stroke which seriously impaired him physically but not mentally. He dictated onto tape his last book The Divine Yes. June,1972 he gave from his wheel chair, in Jerusalem, a moving message to the First Christian Ashram World Congress. He died in India on 25th January 1973. He was truly a* Missionary Extraordinary* I hope reading about Eli Stanley Jones -,’ Brother Stanley’ to his friends, will inspire and encourage you to go the extra mile for our Lord. Sources used History of Missiology United Christian Ashrams wikipedia

Peter was a Scots-American preacher who was elected to be the 57th Chaplain of the United States Senate in 1947. He died young (46) in 1949. He is remember because his widow Catherine wrote a moving, biography of his life A Man Called Peter (1951), it rose to the top of the best selling list and turned into a film Peter’s father died when he was 4. His step-father was an alcoholic so he tried to run away to sea at the age of 14. He was inspired by David Livingstone. When his step-father kicked him out he offered himself for mission work in China. He had already made a definite commitment to work full time in the Lord’s service. He started night classes but he sometimes failed courses. A cousin suggested going to the USA and he would pay the fare. He prayed for 3 weeks- God meant him to go. Peter Marshall left Scotland, with a ticket but no money, to emigrate to the USA in 1927. In the beginning he had to dig ditches, no friends and no church. God sent him an offer to work in Alabama. In a matter of weeks he had a church - the First Presbyterian, recommended as ministry candidate, spoken at a prayer meeting, elected president of the young peoples league, involved with Boy Scouts and the teacher of the men’s Bible class.etc. He graduated from Columbia Theological seminary in 1931 and became pastor at a church in Covington, Georgia. In 1933 accepted a call to Atlanta’s Westminster Presbyterian Church. Married Catherine Wood ,aged 23 when he was 35, on 4th November 1936. 1937 became pastor at New York Avenue Presbyterian Church ( also known as Abraham Lincoln’s church) in Washington DC. He launched a new ministry at the historic congregation, a ministry that would reach around the world. He demonstrated to young and old alike that Christianity can be fun. His sermons, many written with anonymous research by his wife, revealed a rock-ribbed faith, clarity of conviction and a poet’s pen. During WW11 he drew 1000s each week to the church to listen to his prophetic voice with the soft Scottish burr. Despite 3 services the sanctuary overflowed leaving 100s waiting in long lines hoping for a seat He painted word pictures to convey the gospel message stories. He spoke of his personnel experiences His goal in preaching was always to make Jesus real to people. Peter never thought his sermons were good enough to publish. Catherine was persuaded by parishioners and publishers to publish them. In 1949 * Mr. Jones, Meets the Master came out with 12 sermons and became a best seller. To Live again tells of her life after Peter’s and more details about the church. Catherine married Leodard LeSound, then editor of the 'Guideposts Magazine ’ in 1959. In total she wrote 21 inspirational books. She died in 1983 but her books, carrying Peter and Catherine’s outreach, have sold over 20 million copies. Sunday, May 29th, 2016 their church celebrated that 80 years earlier Dr. Peter Marshall and Catherine Marshall had joined them.

George was an Americcan clergyman who was pastor of the First CHurch of Dallas , Texas from 1897- 1944 - nearly half a century. He was the president of both the Southern Baptist Convention ( 1927-9) and the Baptist World Alliance (1934-9) . He had a sudden conversion at a revival camp meeting in 1886. His dream was to be a lawyer In 1887, aged just 20, he founded the Hiawassee Academy - a rural mountain school where he served as principal. In 1889 he moved with his parents to Whitewright in Texas. He joined the Baptist church there and attended Grayson College. George began to get involved - he taught Sunday School and ‘filled in’ when the pastor was away. The church recognized his talent and made the decision for him. (Read * I was thrown into the stream and just had to swim. ) What over welling support from the congregation! By 1890 he had already gained a reputation for being able to speak like the famous preacher Charles Spurgeon according to the Reverend Fernando C. McConnell. His remarkable voice made him audible to large crowds without the aid of an amplifying system. 1890 he was ordained into the Baptist ministry at Whitewright. In nearby Sherman he preached his first sermon. In 1891 Baylor University were looking for a financial agent to help correct a debt. George’s pastor, R.F. Jenkins, wrote a letter recommending him to B.H.Carroll - a Baylor trustee- and George was called for an interview. The trustees thought he was too young. Before they could dismiss him George stood up and demanded that they at least let him make his case. They listened; the job was his. (Read A preacher on the Rise) In 1893 he enrolled as a freshman at Baylor. He served as a student-pastor of the East Waco Baptist church to pay for his tuition. He graduated in June 1897 with an A.B. degree and became pastor at First Baptist Church in Dallas. He stayed for 47 years - until he death . His preaching made him famous. The church rebuilt 3 times - membership rose from 715 to 7,804. George was 1 of 20 preachers chosen by President Woodrow-Wilson to go to Europe for 6 months during WW1. He delivered as many as 6 sermons a day. During his 47 year pastorate he published 10 volumes of sermons, 2 volumes of addresses and 2 Volumes of Christmas messages. George’s famous sermons* Baptists and Religious Liberty* were delivered on the steps of Washington May 16, 1920. For 37 years he made trips to preach to cattle drives in the Davis Mountains- concerned cowboys were too isolated. He was involved with the Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. He chaired the committee seeking to find a location. Fort Worth, Texas was chosen. 1910 - 1944 he remained on the board of trustees and president from 1931-1944. There is a biography to buy-see Amazon advert. The George W. Truett Theological Seminary was founded in his memory in 1993. He was one of the most famous Southern baptist preacher and writer of his era. Sources wikipedia SBTS

Robert Green Lee was born in a South Carolina sharecropper’s cabin. he grew up working on a farm. His school, a primitive one room, was a 3 mile walk away. Brought up in a Christian home and through regular Sunday school and church he came to know the Lord. He briefly worked on the Panama canal. he entered Furman University and graduated with honours in 1913. He married Bula Gentry. He was offered a teaching post but selected the pastorate instead. *That’s good! God never meant you to dig around Latin roots. He meant you to be a preacher * - Bula His first ministry was in Lima S.C… As he became widely known larger opportunities arose. After 3 more ministries he end up in 1927 at Believue Baptist Church of Memphis, Tennessee and stayed for the next 33 years. In 1960 he became pastor emeritus. In his ‘retirement’ he travelled the world - 100,000 miles a year, Robert’s sermons/messages were written in longhand on legal pads. He special attention to his opening statement to make it as effective as possible. His secretary would type out these pages. He would then read the manuscript frequently to master the content. He preached extemporaneously for up to 90 minutes in a white suit. His most famous sermon PayDay, some Day he preached 1,275 times (See included extract) He was offered a number of ’ jobs’- presidency of a seminary and a university-he stayed at Believue. He did do 4 terms as President of the Tennessee Baptist convention and 3 as head of the South Baptist convention. On his last day, 20 th July 1978 his friends sang hymns as he died. ( read R,G, Lee’s ascent to Glory). During his memorial service outstanding leaders paid tribute to the* peerless pulpiteer / Mr Southern Baptist*.

Thomas and Alexander Campbell were a father and son team. Thomas (1763-1854) Alexander (1788-1866) As a family they were going to immigrate to the USA. Thomas was going first Alexander, the son, and the rest of the family were delayed further because their ship was shipwrecked. They had to spend an extra year in Scotland. The 19 year old started to preach and study at the University of Glasgow. He was disgusted by the theological pettiness in Presbyterianism. He refused communion. His father was coming to the same conclusion. When the family finally met up in Pennsylvania they agreed there was a lack of scriptural support for infant baptism. Thomas Campbell published in 1809 the Declaration and Address off the Christian Association of Washington. He was stripped of his ministerial credentials by the Presbyterian Synod. In the declaration he set forth some of the convictions about the church as he organized the Christian Association of Washington not as a church but an association. Thomas’ son Alexander, having immigrated to the USA, joined his father in 1809 and before long assumed the leading role in the movement. 4th May 1811 saw the Christian association constituted as a congregational governed church. They be the practice baptism of adults by immersion. They constructed building at Brush Run- it became the Brush Run Church. They worked with the Redstone Baptist Association (RBA) from 1815-1824. Alexander began publishing a journal -The Christian Baptist which promoted reform which caused conflict with RBA. Those following the Campbells were called* Reforming Baptists* Alexander preferred ‘disciples’ Opponents were nicknamed ‘Campbellites.’ Merger with the Christians (Stone Movement) - read paragraph. The Stone and Campbell movements merged on 1st January, 1832. Christians or Disciples of Christ . The confusion over names still exist. Sources Christianity Today wikipedia

Richard Allen was a minister, educator, writer and one of the USAs most active and influential black leaders. He was born into slavery on February 14th 1760 in Delaware. As a child he was sold to Stokley Sturgis. He began to attend the local Methodist Society which welcomed slaves and free blacks. He taught himself to read and write. He joined the Methodist at 17 and began evangelizing which attracted criticism from local slave owners. He and his brother worked hard for Sturgis so no one could say his slaves did not do well because of their religion. The Revd. Freeborn Garrettson, who had freed his own slaves, came to preach in Delaware in 1775. Stugis became convinced slavery was wrong and gave his slaves the opportunity to buy their freedom. Richard did extra work and bought his freedom in 1780. He changed his name from ‘Negro Richard’ to’ Richard Allen’. Richard qualified as a preacher in 1784 at the Christmas Conference -the founding of the Methodist Church in North America. He was one of two black attendees - neither were allowed to vote- but Richard lead the 5 a.m. services. 1786 Richard became a preacher at St. George’s Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia bur restricted to early morning services. He attracted more black members and was ordered to met them in a separate area for worship. He preached on the commons and had meeting of nearly 50 worshippers. Richard and Absalom Jones resented the segregation so they left the church and formed the Free African Society (FAS) a non-denominational mutual aid society. Richard. In 1787 they purchased a plot of land but it was years before they had a building- now the Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church. Richard wanted to continue in the Methodist practice. on 29th July 1794 the leaders opened the doors of Bethel AME Church. White ministers still had to administer communion. Richard was ordained the first black Methodist minister by Bishop Francis Asbury in 1799. By 1809 it had 457 members, by 1813 it had 1,272. In 1816 Richard united 5 African-American congregations and founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME). 10th April 1816 Richard was elected their first bishop. September 1830 saw black representatives from 7 states convene in Philadelphia at the Bethel AME church for the first Negro Convention. Richard presided over the meeting. The 1830 meeting was the beginning of an organizational effort known as the Negro Convention Movement. From 1787 until his death in 1831 Richard, and his second wife Sarah, operated a station on the Underground Railroad for fugitive slaves. His preaching style was rarely expository or written down. Richard died at home on 26th March 1831. He was buried in the church he founded. In 2002 Molefi Kete Asante named Richard as one of the top 100 Greatest African-Americans. The AME church today (2020) has 2.5 and 3 million members. Sources used Britannica Online Encyclopedia New Georgia Encyclopedia wikipedia

Francis was born in Hamstead Bridge, Staffordshire, England. He became the the first bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the USA. After limited schooling - aged 12 he worked as a blacksmith’s apprentice. By the age of 14 he had been ‘awakened’ in he Christian faith. He attended Methodist meetings where he soon began to preach and soon became a licensed as a preacher. Aged just 21 he was admitted to the Wesleyan Conference.He served 4 years in England as an itinerant preacher. In 1771 John Wesley asked,* Our brethren in America call aloud for help. Who is willing to go over and help them?* Francis stepped forward. October 1771 John landed in Philadelphia. On landing he hit the road so hard he became ill. For the NEXT 45 years he suffered illnesses - colds, coughs ,fevers ,headaches , ulcers and eventually chronic rheumatism.Yet he continued to preach. He covered something like 8,000 km, each year, for 45 years on horseback - in later years he used a carriage. He crossed the Alleghenies mountain range - part of the Appalachian system 60 times. Ezra Tipple, his biographer summed up Francis’ style of sermons with these words Under the rush of his utterances, people sprang to their feet as if summoned to the judgment bar of God. During the Revolutionary war -the War of American Independence (1775-83) he stayed silent. After the war Wesley ordained Thomas Coke as his American Superintendent. The famous Baltimore 'Christmas Conference of 1784 gave birth to the American Methodist Episcopal Church. Coke ordained Francis as deacon, then elder. On December 27th, elected by his peers, he was consecrated as superintendent. Francis in 1785 used the term ‘bishop’. Coke 6 months later returned to England. Francis now held the reins of American Methodism. Francis was very good at organizing. He created districts which would be served by circuit riders- preachers who travelled from church to church to preach and minister. In the late 1700s 95% of Americans lived in places with less than 2,500 inhabitants. Besides preaching and administration he was also against slavery. He petitioned George Washington to enact antislavery legislation. He launched 5 schools and promoted Sunday schools. On his arrival there were 3 meeting places and 300 communicants The growth of the church was largely the result of his strenuous efforts. By the time of his death there were 412 Methodist churches with a membership of 214,235. His efforts did much to assure the continuance of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the USA. For his lasting Legacy and Honours read enclosed sheet. In 1958 his Journal and Letters were published in 3 volumes Sources Christianity Today Britannica Online Encyclopedia SMU Bridwell Library Perkins School of Theology

John was born in Sturton- le Steeple, Nottinghamshire. He was educated at Gainsborough grammar schol and at Christ’s College, Cambridge where he became a fellow in 1594. In 1594 he was also ordained as an Anglican priest. Between 1600-1602 he preached in Lincoln. In 1606 he broke with the Church of England and became minister at Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, to a group of who also had abandoned the C. of E… He then spent 2 years with John Robinson where they helped organize the Separatists in Nottinghamshire. In 1608 the two Johns, with their followers,fled to Amsterdam in Holland. which was known for its religious tolerance. There they all began to study the Bible ardently. John Smyth then took it upon himself to baptize himself. He recited a confession of faith then baptized himself and then baptized all his followers.This brazen act scandalized even those who despised England’s state church. Amsterdam Separatist, Richard Bernard, nicknamed him ‘So-Baptist’ - self baptizer. His followers preferred ’ Christians Baptized on Profession of their Faith’. The derogatory ‘so-baptist’ later shortened to ‘Baptist’, stuck. John insisted that true worship was from the heart and so the liturgy was abandoned - no readings from the Bible John wanted prayer, singing and preaching to be completely spontaneous. This idea stemmed from the belief that worship should be ordered by the Holy Spirit. Church leadership would be just 2 fold- pastor and deacon. In 1609 they came to believe in believer’s baptism- rejecting infant baptism- and they came together to form one of the earliest Baptist churches. He was convinced that believer’s baptism and a free church, gathered by covenant, was foundational for the church. Before his death, in 1612, he wrote a letter of apology, regretting that he had baptized himself. By then Thomas Helwys had returned to England to form the first permanent Baptist church in 1611, I have included, from Amazon, details about *The True story of John Smyth. the Se-baptist, as Told by himself and his Contemporaries (1881) * Sources used Britannica Online Encyclopedia Christian History

Elizabeth Hooton was an English dissenter and one of the earliest preachers in the Religious Society of Friends - the Quakers. She was the first woman to become a Quaker minister. Elizabeth was born in Ollerton, Nottingham, her maiden name was Elizabeth Carrier. She married Oliver Hooten in 1628 and moved to Skegby. By 1646, when George Fox came to Skegby, she had become part of the baptist community. Meeting George was to change her whole life. Initially against the wishes of her husband, she began to organize meetings at their house where the remnants of her Baptist group could hear George’s ministry. This group became known as the Children of Light. She was one of the first to be convinced by the teachings of George Fox. Some sources suggest that Fox actually clarified some of his beliefs by being mentored by Elizabeth. She was one of the original Valiant Sixty. For her beliefs she was beaten, imprisoned, assaulted, whipped and abandoned. In 1651 she was imprisoned for reproving - talking disrespectfully about - a priest. 1652 she ended in York Castle prison for preaching to a congregation at the end of a service. Assaulted in Selston by a church minister who knew she was a Quaker. In the USA she travelled to Boston and Massachusetts. In both places she was abandoned. She petitioned King Charles 11. He gave her a letter authorizing her to settle anywhere in the American colonies and to set up a safe house for Quakers. In Boston she was expelled; in Cambridge she was whipped. Back in England she spent 5 months in jail for disturbing a congregation. Her final voyage was to the West Indies and the USA with George Fox in 1670. In 1672, a week after arriving in Jamaica she died peacefully. *Elizabeth Hooton, a woman of great age, who had travelled much in Truth’s service, and suffered much for it, departed this life. She was well the day before she died, and departed in peace, like a lamb, bearing testimony to Truth at her departure George Fox Sources used wikipedia Quakers of the World

Margaret’ s maiden name was Askew. She married Thomas Fell , a barrister, Justice of the peace and member of Parliament in 1632. He died in 1658. 11 years later she then married George Fox, the founder of the Quakers, in 1669. Margaret was a founder of the Religious Society of Friends. She is popularly remembered as the mother of Quakerism. She was one of the ‘Valiant Sixty’ of the early quaker preachers and missionaries. The Fell’s lived at Swarthmoor Hall. June, 1652, George Fox visited the hall. Over the next few weeks he convinced the household to become Quakers. For the next 6 years the hall became a centre of Quaker activity. Margaret became the unofficial secretary, wrote many epistles, and collected and distributed funds for those on missions. On her husband’s death she retained control of the Hall. It remained a meeting place and haven from persecution, though sometimes raided by government forces in th 1660s. After the Stuart Restoration, as a member of the gentry, she sought to get freedom of conscience in religious matters (1660 and 1662). In 1664 she was arrested for failing to take an oath. She was sentenced to life imprisonment(?) and loss of Swarthmoor Hall. While in prison in Lancaster Castle she wrote religious pamphlets and epistles.* Women’s Speaking Justified’ was her most famous work. In total she wrote, or co-authored - at least 23 works Released in 1668 she married George Fox in 1669. She is then imprisoned for breaking Conventicle Act. George went to USA and on returning in 1673 imprisoned for 2 years. 1975 spent a year together at Swarthmoor Hall. George then spent most of the next 16 years abroad or in London. He died in 1691. Margaret spent her time at the Hall. She died aged 87 on the 23rd April 1702. She lived to see partial tolerance of Quakers in the 1690s. The first part of the novel * The Peaceable Kingdom* by Jan de Hartog looks at Margaret’s meeting with George Fox and her conversion Sources used wikipedia Quaker Tapestry

Peter was the preeminent philosopher of the 12th century and perhaps the greatest logician of the middle ages. In his life time he was equally famous as a poet and a composer, and might have ranked as the preeminent theologian had his ideas earned more converts and less condemnation. In all areas He was brilliant, innovative and controversial. He was a genius and he knew it and made no apologies. His vast knowledge , wit, charm, and even arrogance, drew a generation of Europe’s finest minds to Paris to learn from him. Peter was originally called ‘Pierre le Pallet’ . He belonged to a minor noble family. He decided to give up a career in the military and his inheritance to become an academic. He wandered throughout France to learn and seek knowledge.He studied under Roscellinus Compiegne, a famous French theologian and philosopher. Peter was determined to bring a fresh approach to theology. His teaching career began in Melun and Corbeil to the south of Paris. He return to Paris to teach at Notre-Dame and at Mont-Sainte-Genevieve. It was about this time he met Heloise, the niece of Fulbert, a canon of Notre-Dame. Peter was 37, Helloise 17. He became her tutor, friend, lover and finally husband.Much of their early relationship - the love affair, the elopement to Brittany, the birth of their son Astrolable, a secret marriage followed by the punitive castration of Peter ordered by Fulbert -is recorded in *The Story of My Misfortunes . He lost his prestige as a teacher and left Paris. Heloise entered the convent of Argentuil (1119). The baby, Astrolable, went to his sister’s.He went to the Saint- Denis monastery for 4 years. There he wrote ‘Sic et non’ -Yes or No - 158 questions - arranging conflicting patristic opinions around key doctrinal issues- students were eager to resolve. His second theological work ’ Theologia’Summi Boni’ condemned and burnt following a public trial (1121). Peter briefly confined to Abbey of Saint-Medard. Returned to Saint-Denis and in 1212 released from residency. Humiliated he sought solitude. Given land he built an oratory at Quincy. Students joined him at his retreat. He modified his teaching and wrote ‘Christian Theology’. He accepted election as abbot of Saint-Guildas but unsuccessful at monastic reform. He gave his oratory to the convent where Heloise lived .Together they setup a foundation, confirmed by Innocent 11, with Heloise as its first prioress. Peter as co-founder became involved. He wrote down a number of recommendations - *On the Origin of Nuns and the Rule of Life, Problemata Heloissae, and Expostio in hexaemeron. He prepared a collection of sermons, prayers, a breviary-a book of psalms and 143 hymns. Peter’s approach to theology was part of a new mode of thought that brought questions, debate and order to the fore as the science of scared doctrine. Peter and Heloise are buried together in Paris Sources Facts for Kids Encyclopedia.com Britannica Online Encyclopedia .

Born Lotario dei Conti Segni (Lothar of Seghi) Innocent 111 was one of the most powerful and influential of all the popes. He became pope on the death of Alexander111. He was not the first choice but after just 2 ballots, on the same day the former pope died, he became his successor. He held the post for nearly 18 years. His significance rests upon the quantity of work he accomplished and his power both inside and outside the church. Pope Innocent 111 was a careful and frequent correspondent who wrote more than 5,000 letters to bishops, abbots, kings and others. He was involved in missions, crusades ((Fourth crusade 1202-4), efforts to turn back heresy and the education of the faithful. His work brought him to a position where nearly every crown in Europe- including King John of England and Philip 11 of France - were brought into submission under him. In 1209 Francis of Assisi sought permission from the pope to found a new order. The pope had doubts but following a dream on 16th April, 1210, the Franciscan Order was founded. He was central in supporting the Catholic reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his decretals ( edits of on doctrine or church law) and the Fourth Lateran Council. 15th November 1215 he opened the council. By its conclusion it issued 77 reformatory decrees. It encouraged the creating of schools and holding clergy to a higher standard than laity. The council also reviewed the nature of the Eucharist. Having been involved with the fourth crusade he was looking forward to the fifth set to start in 1217. He died unexpectedly at Perugia on 16th June 1216. He was buried there until Pope Leo X111 transferred it to Lateran in December 1891 Pope Innocent 111 considered himself God’s representative on earth. More than an ordinary person but less than God. Source wikipedia

Teresa at the age of 21, against her father’s wishes, professed her vows as a Carmelite at the Spanish Convent of the Incarnation at Avilla. The relaxed rule of the Carmelites began to offend her. But 3 years suffering from a prolonged illness forced her to read books on the spiritual life. The ‘Letters’ of Jerome helped - his strong advocacy of the monastic life for women inspired her to begin again. By 1540 she was ready to ready to resume convent life but she was partly paraiyzed. For 12 more years she struggled to achieve that perfect love of In her autobiography* Life* she wrote ’ I voyaged on this tempestuous sea for almost 20 years with these fallings and risings’ Things began to changed when her glance fell on a statute of the wounded Christ.Jesus broke down her defences to reveal the reason for her spiritual exhaustion- her dalliance with the delights of sin. She broke from her past and under went a final conversion (1555).She dreamed of establishing convents where young women could pursue deep lives of prayer and devotion. In 1559 she had the ‘transfixion’ - a cherub pierced her heart with an arrow leaving her with a burning love of God and an unquenchable desire for his presence. This led her into reform. In 1563, with the blessing of Pope Paul 1V she opened the reformed Carmelite convent of St. Joseph in Avila. There the Discalced (shoeless) Carmelites would live under her new strict rules. Her reforms required utter withdrawal so the nuns could meditate on divine law and through a prayful life of penance, exercise what she termed ‘our vocation of reparation’ for the sins of humankind. She convinced John of the Cross to join her in the work. Her success as an administrator and reformer resulted in her founding 16 monasteries. Rest,indeed! I need no rest; what I need is crosses. She died, exhausted, on 4th October 1582 Yet it is her gift of spiritual direction, practiced personally with nuns and publicly in her writings for which she is known today. She had to be persuaded to put pen to paper- the results were ’ Life’ her autobiography, ‘Way of Perfection’ - practical advice for her nuns, and ‘Interior Castle’ - a theological treatise. Her legacy can be seen in Music, paintings, sculpture, literature , drama and film. Her life and writings restored many of the religious institutions of Spain. The Spanish parliament named her the Patroness of Spain. In 1622 Pope Gregory XV proclaimed her a saint Teresa of Avila was a major figure in the 16th century movement of Roman Catholic reform. Differences between Discaled Carmelites and Carmelites (See enclosed material for more information) Sources used Church History Britannica Online Encyclopedia wikipedia Great Leaders of the Christian Church Woodbridge contribution by Caroline T. Marshall

Saint Thomas Aquinas was recognized as the greatest theologian of his age. He was one of the most influential medieval thinkers of Scholasticism and the father of the Thomistic school of theology. Before he was born a holy hermit predicted to his mother that her son would enter the ‘Order of Friars Preachers’ and become a great learner and achieve unequaled sanctity. Aged 5 he was sent to the Abbey of Monte Cassino. Aged 13 the political climate forced him to return to Naples. He stayed 5 years at the Benedictine house. In about 1239 he went to the local university. In 1243 he secretly joined an order of Dominican monks, receiving the habit a year later. When his parents found out they were so annoyed at his betrayal they held him captive -kidnapped him- for a year in the fortress of San Giovanni at Rocca Secca. On his release in 1245 he returned to the order and stayed with them until 1252. Ordained in 1250 he then earned his doctorate in Theology. he was an exemplary scholar. On completing his education he devoted his time to travelling, writing, teaching, public speaking and preaching. Institutes yearned to benefit from the wisdom of ‘The Christian Apostle’. For his ‘Theology and Philosophy’ please read relevant paragraphs. He wrote nearly 60 known works. Handwritten copies were distributed to libraries across Europe! (Read ‘Major Works’) During the feast of Saint Nicholas in 1273 he had a mystical vision which made him think writing was unimportant. Father Reginald of Piperno urged him to write but he never wrote again. In 1274 Thomas decided to walk to the Second Council in Lyon, France. He fell ill on the way and stayed at the Cistercirn monastery of Fossanova in Italy .He died at the monastery on March 7th 1274. If the Lord wishes to take me away, it is better that I be found in a religious house than in the dwelling of a layperson. *Thomas provided the Roman church with reasoned statements of its interpretation of Christian faith. H. Dermot McDonald Thomas was canonized by Pope John XX11 in1323. Sources used Life, Philosophy & Theology- Biography Great Leaders of the Christian Faith Woodbridge contirbution by H. Dermot McDonald

Henry V111 wish to divorce Catherine of Aragon. He decided to remove the Church of England from the authority of Rome. The 1534 Act of supremacy recognized Henry as 'the only Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England.