Multi-national companies and the costs and benefits to their host and home countries. The benefits for consumers, producers and the economy in a variety of countries. Tariffs, import quotas, subsidies and embargoes. Questions and suggested solutions

Causes and impacts of differences in income; productivity; population growth; size of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors; saving and investment; education; and healthcare. Questions and suggested answers

The basis for specialisation at national level in broad terms of: superior resource allocation and/or cheaper production methods. For consumers, firms and the economy. Questions and suggested solutions

Floating and fixed systems. The demand for and supply of a currency in the foreign exchange market and the determination of the equilibrium foreign exchange rate. Including changes in demand for exports and imports, changes in the rate of interest, speculation, and the entry or departure of MNCs. The effects of foreign exchange rate fluctuations on export and import prices and spending on imports and exports via the PED. The difference between, and the advantages and disadvantages of, a floating foreign exchange rate and a fixed foreign exchange rate system. Questions and suggested solutions

Birth rate, death rate, net migration, immigration and emigration. How and why birth rates, death rates and net migration vary between countries. The concept of an optimum population. The effects of increases and decreases in population size and changes in the age and gender distribution of population. Note: interpretation of a population pyramid is required, but drawing is not. Questions and suggested answers