This pack contains all revision resources for the factors that can influence an individual in physical activities unit in A-level PE edexcel specification (4.1). 4.1.1 Knowledge and understanding of different personality theories and their application to different sporting situations. Personality theories Trait (Innate) theory – introvert/extrovert, neurotic/stable (Eysenck, Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors) Interactionist theory Behaviour = function (personality, environment) Hollander’s and Martens personality structure. 4.1.2 Wood’s Triadic Model: ideas/cognitions, emotions/effects and actions/behaviour. Understanding how attitudes are formed and shape behaviour. Changing attitudes: negative to positive – create ‘cognitive dissonance’ – Festinger. 4.1.3 Arousal and its effect on performance. Positive/negative effects, under-/over-arousal, introverts/extroverts. Arousal and achieving optimal levels for performance – task differences, e.g. simple/gross skills, situational factors, stage of learning and personalities – Inverted-U hypothesis, Hull’s Drive Theory. Catastrophe Theory. 4.1.4 Anxiety and its effect on performance. The three dimensions of anxiety: cognitive, somatic and behavioural. Types of anxiety, state and trait anxiety. The effects of anxiety of performance: over arousal, choking and catastrophe theory. Relationship between arousal and anxiety. Stress and stressors leading to anxiety – physiological, psychological, behavioural symptoms. Cognitive/Somatic strategies: mental practice/rehearsal, use of visualisation and imagery, ‘self talk’, pre-game routines, relaxation techniques, centring, thought stopping, PMR (Progressive Muscle Relaxation). 4.1.5 Aggression v. Assertion Knowledge and understanding, in relation to the player, coach and spectator, of aggression and assertion and the difference between the two. Theories Instinct (Lorenz), Social Learning (Bandura), Aggressive-Cue Hypotheses (Berkowitz) and Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis (Dollard). Types of aggression: hostile, channelled, reactive and instrumental. Causes of aggression, e.g. over-arousal, under developed moral reasoning, bracketed morality, and application to specific sporting situations. Strategies to reduce aggression/aggressive play. 4.1.6 Knowledge and understanding of motivation Types of motivation – self-motivation characteristics, positive, negative, intrinsic and extrinsic; link to rewards – internal/external, tangible/intangible. Theories of motivation Achievement Motivation Theory (Atkinson and McClelland). NAF (Need to Avoid Failure) and NACH (Need to Achieve). Characteristics of each and how they may be reflected in the same individual but in different circumstances and/or times. An application of these theories to optimise performance. Factors that influence behaviour: situation, personality, motivation and expectation. Use of goal setting to develop and enhance motivation.

This pack contains all revision resources for the commercialisation of sport unit for A-level edexcel PE (5.3). 5.3.1 Knowledge and understanding of the commercialisation of sport and its impact on society. 5.3.2 An understanding of the concept of commercialisation and commodities. Comparisons between advertising, sponsorship, endorsement and merchandising. 5.3.3 The historical and social context of commercialisation: broken time payments; spectatorism; developments in the media. 5.3.4 The events of the 1968, 1972 and the 1976 Olympics and their impact on the 1984 games in Los Angeles. The blueprint for the commercialisation of future sport created by Peter Ueberroth at the 1984 Games. 5.3.5 Franchises in sport (USA and UK), the concept of the ‘golden triangle’. Sports stars as global stars. The Americanisation of sport. The concept of competitive sports fixtures and events being played on other continents. For example, NFL, NBA, Tour de France.

This bundle contains all sub unit sections of the Edexcel A-level PE specification for unit 1; Muscular skeletal system. These resource notes are A grade. 1.1.2 The stretch-shortening cycle, including the different types of contraction/muscular action: isotonic/eccentric, isotonic/concentric and isometric. Application of how movement or stability is produced as a result of these different contractions/muscular actions during physical activity and sporting movements. 1.1.3 The concept of agonist, prime mover, antagonist, fixator, synergist and how a muscle can take on these different roles when providing stability or movement in a variety of physical or sporting situations. 1.1.4 The components of an anatomical lever and how the body uses the lever systems (1st, 2nd and 3rd class) in physical activity and sport. This should include the mechanical advantages and disadvantages of each lever. 1.1.5 Newton’s Three Laws of Motion and how they apply to sporting contexts: Law of Inertia, Law of Acceleration and Law of Action and Reaction. 1.1.6 The principles related to the stability of the body in relation to the centre of mass and its implication in physical activities. 1.1.7 The calculation of force and resultant force: a mass of 1 kg exerts a force of 9.81 N (down). 1.1.8 How the muscular and skeletal systems respond, acutely, both structurally and functionally to the stress of warming up and immediate physical or sporting activity