This resource contains everything students and teachers alike need to learn or teach the “Indirect Realism” area of the AQA A-Level Philosophy specification. It contains the following information:
The Kalām argument (an argument from temporal causation).
Aquinas’ 1st Way (argument from motion), 2nd Way (argument from atemporal causation) and 3rd way (an argument from contingency).
Descartes’ argument based on his continuing existence (an argument from causation).
Leibniz’s argument from the principle of sufficient reason (an argument from contingency).
Issues that may arise for the arguments above, including:
the possibility of an infinite series
Hume’s objection to the ‘causal principle’
the argument commits the fallacy of composition (Russell)
the impossibility of a necessary being (Hume and Russell).
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