This lesson describes how the primary structure determines the secondary structure, 3D structure and properties of a protein. The detailed and engaging PowerPoint and accompanying resources have been designed to cover points 2.6 (ii) & (iii) of the Edexcel International A-level Biology specification but also makes specific reference to genes and protein synthesis and therefore introduces students to processes covered later in topic 2.
The start of the lesson focuses on the formation of a peptide bond during a condensation reaction so that students can understand how a dipeptide is formed and therefore how a polypeptide forms when multiple reactions occur.
The main part of the lesson describes the different levels of protein structure. A step by step guide is used to demonstrate how the sequences of bases in a gene acts as a template to form a sequence of codons on a mRNA strand and how this is translated into a particular sequence of amino acids known as the primary structure. The students are then challenged to apply their understanding of this process by using three more gene sequences to work out three primary structures and recognise how different genes lead to different sequences. Moving forwards, students will learn how the order of amino acids in the primary structure determines the shape of the protein molecule, through its secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure and time is taken to consider the details of each of these. There is a particular focus on the different bonds that hold the 3D shape firmly in place and a quick quiz round then introduces the importance of this shape as exemplified by enzymes, antibodies and hormones. The lesson concludes with one final task where the students have to identify three errors in a passage about the hydrolysis of a dipeptide or polypeptide.
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Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and water (Edexcel Int. A-level Biology)
This lesson bundle contains 9 lessons which have been designed to cover the Edexcel International A-level Biology specification points which focus on the structure and function of the biological molecules, including water, carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. The lesson PowerPoints are highly detailed, and along with their accompanying worksheets, they have been planned at length to contain a wide range of engaging tasks which cover the following A-level Biology content that’s found in topics 1, 2 and 4 of the course: 1.1: Understand the importance of water as a solvent in transport, including its dipole nature 1.2 (i): Know the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides, including glycogen and starch (amylose and amylopectin) 1.2 (ii): Be able to relate the structures of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides to their roles in providing and storing energy 1.4: Know how monosaccharides join to form disaccharides (sucrose, lactose and maltose) and polysaccharides (glycogen and amylose) through condensation reactions forming glycosidic bonds, and how these can be split through hydrolysis reactions 1.5 (i): Know how a triglyceride is synthesised by the formation of ester bonds during condensation reactions between glycerol and three fatty acids. 1.5 (ii): Know the differences between saturated and unsaturated lipids 2.6 (i): Know the basic structure of an amino acid 2.6 (ii): Understand the formation of polypeptides and proteins (amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds in condensation reactions) 2.6 (iii): Understand the significance of a protein’s primary structure in determining its three-dimensional structure and properties (globular and fibrous proteins and the types of bonds involved in its three-dimensional structure) 4.3: Understand the structure and function of the polysaccharides starch and cellulose, including the role of hydrogen bonds between β-glucose molecules in the formation of cellulose microfibrils
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Edexcel Int. A-level Biology Topic 2: Membranes, Proteins, DNA and Gene expression
Hours and hours of planning have gone into each and every lesson that's included in this bundle to ensure that the students are engaged and motivated whilst the detailed content of topic 2 of the Edexcel International A-level Biology specification is covered. Membranes, proteins, DNA and gene expression represent some of the most important structures, molecules and processes involved in this subject and a deep understanding of their role in living organisms is important for a student's success. The 20 lesson PowerPoints and accompanying resources contain a wide range of activities which cover the following topic 2 specification points: * Know the properties of gas exchange surfaces in living organisms * Understand how the rate of diffusion can be calculated using Fick's Law of Diffusion * Understand how the structure of the mammalian lung is adapted for rapid gas exchange * The structure and properties of cell membranes * The movement of free water molecules by osmosis * The movement across membranes by passive and active transport * The role of channel and carrier proteins in membrane transport * The basic structure of an amino acid * The formation of polypeptides and proteins * The structure of proteins * The mechanism of action and specificity of enzymes * Enzymes are biological catalysts * Intracellular and extracellular enzymes * The basic structure of mononucleotides * The structure of DNA and RNA * The process of DNA replication * The nature of the genetic code * A gene as a sequence of bases on DNA that codes for a sequence of amino acids * The process of transcription and translation * Errors in DNA replication give rise to mutations * Mutations give rise to disorders but many mutations have no observable effect * The meaning of key genetic terms * Understanding the pattern of monohybrid inheritance * Sex linkage on the X chromosome * Understand how the expression of a gene mutation in people with cystic fibrosis impairs the functioning of the gaseous exchange, digestive and reproductive systems * The uses and implications of genetic screening and prenatal testing Due to the detail included in all of these lessons, it is estimated that it will take in excess of 2 months of allocated A-level teaching time to complete the teaching of the bundle If you would like to sample the quality of these lessons, then download the rapid gas exchange, osmosis, DNA & RNA, genetic code, genetic terms and cystic fibrosis lessons as these have been uploaded for free.
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