This detailed lesson describes the role of the mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes and start and stop codons during the second stage of protein synthesis - translation. This lesson is the second in a series of two, which have been designed together to cover point 2.13 of the Edexcel International A-level Biology specification. The first lesson in this series describes transcription.
Translation is a topic which is often poorly understood and so this lesson has been written to enable the students to understand how to answer the different types of questions by knowing and including the key details of the structures involved. The lesson begins by challenging the students to consider why it is so important that the amino acids are assembled in the correct order during the formation of the chain. Moving forwards, a quick quiz round called “LOST IN TRANSLATION” is used to check on their prior knowledge of the mRNA strand, the tRNA molecules, the genetic code and the ribosomes. The next task involves a very detailed description of translation that has been divided into 14 statements which the students have to put into the correct order. By giving them a passage that consists of this considerable detail, they can pick out the important parts to use in the next task where they have to answer shorter questions worth between 3 and 4 marks. These types of questions are common in the assessments and by building up through the lesson, their confidence to answer this type should increase. The final two tasks of the lesson involve another quiz, where the teams compete to transcribe and translate in the quickest time before using all that they have learnt to answer some exam-style questions which involve the genetic code and the mRNA codon table.
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Edexcel Int. A-level Biology Topic 2: Membranes, Proteins, DNA and Gene expression
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DNA, RNA, Genetics and Inheritance (Edexcel Int. A-level Biology)
This lesson bundle contains 16 lessons which have been designed to cover the Edexcel International A-level Biology specification points which focus on the structure of DNA and RNA, their roles in replication and protein synthesis, and genetics and inheritance. The lesson PowerPoints are highly detailed, and along with their accompanying worksheets, they have been planned at length to contain a wide range of engaging tasks which cover the following A-level Biology content found in topics 2, 3 and 6 of the course: 2.9 (i): Know the basic structure of mononucleotides (deoxyribose or ribose linked to a phosphate and a base, including thymine, uracil, adenine, cytosine or guanine) and the structures of DNA and RNA (polynucleotides composed of mononucleotides linked by condensation reactions to form phosphodiester bonds) 2.9 (ii): Know how complementary base pairing and the hydrogen bonding between two complementary strands are involved in the formation of the DNA double helix 2.10 (i): Understand the process of DNA replication, including the role of DNA polymerase 2.11: Understand the nature of the genetic code 2.12: Know that a gene is a sequence of bases on a DNA molecule that codes for a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain 2.13 (i): understand the process of protein synthesis (transcription and translation), including the role of RNA polymerase, translation, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomes and the role of start and stop codons 2.13 (ii): Understand the roles of the DNA template (antisense) strand in transcription, codons on messenger RNA and anticodons on transfer RNA 2.14 (i): Understand how errors in DNA replication can give rise to mutations (substitution, insertion and deletion of bases) 2.14 (ii): Know that some mutations will give rise to cancer or genetic disorders, but that many mutations will have no observable effect 2.15 (i): Know the meaning of the terms: gene, allele, genotype, phenotype, recessive, dominant, codominance, homozygote and heterozygote 2.15 (ii): Understand patterns of inheritance, including the interpretation of genetic pedigree diagrams, in the context of monohybrid inheritance 2.15 (iii): Understand sex linkage on the X chromosome, including red-green colour blindness in humans 2.16: Understand how the expression of a gene mutation in people with cystic fibrosis impairs the functioning of the gaseous exchange, digestive and reproductive systems 2.17 (i): Understand the uses of genetic screening, including the identification of carriers, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and prenatal testing, including amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling 2.17 (ii): Understand the implications of prenatal genetic screening 3.9 (i): Know that a locus is the location of genes on a chromosome 3.9 (ii): Understand the linkage of genes on a chromosome 3.18: Understand how cells become specialised through differential gene expression, producing active mRNA, leading to the synthesis of proteins which, in turn, control cell processes or determine cell structure in animals and plants 3.19: Understand how one gene can give rise to more than one protein through posttranscriptional changes to messenger RNA (mRNA). 3.20 (i): Phenotype is an interaction between genotype and the environment 3.21: Understand how some phenotypes are affected by multiple alleles for the same gene at many loci (polygenic inheritance) as well as the environment and how this can give rise to phenotypes that show continuous variation 6.17: Know how DNA can be amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
£18.00
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