Powerpoint lecture covering the following in a modern, concise format: Specification Point 2.22C - Know that most metals are extracted from ores found in the Earth’s crust and that unreactive metals are often found as the uncombined element. Specification Point 2.23C - Explain how the method of extraction of a metal is related to its position in the reactivity series, illustrated by carbon extraction for iron and electrolysis for aluminium. Specification Point 2.24C - Be able to comment on a metal extraction process, given appropriate information. Specification Point 2.25C - Explain the uses of aluminium, copper, iron and steel in terms of their properties. Specification Point 2.26C - Know that an alloy is a mixture of a metal and one or more elements, usually other metals or carbon. Specification Point 2.27C - Explain why alloys are harder than pure metals. Complete set of Chapter 4 Lectures are available.

Powerpoint lecture covering the following in a modern, concise format: Specification Point 1.25 - Understand how to write word equations and balanced chemical equations (including state symbols). Specification Point 1.26 - Calculate relative formula masses (including relative molecular masses) from relative atomic masses. Specification Point 1.27 - Know that the mole is the unit for the amount of a substance. Specification Point 1.28 - Understand how to carry out calculations involving amount of substance, relative atomic mass and relative formula mass. Complete set of Chapter 2 Lectures are available.

Powerpoint lecture covering the following in a modern, concise format: Specification Point 2.28 - Describe the use of litmus, phenolphthalein and methyl orange to distinguish between acidic and alkaline solutions. Specification Point 2.29 - Understand how the pH scale can be used to classify solutions as strongly acidic, weakly acidic, neutral, weakly alkaline and strongly alkaline. Specification Point 2.30 - Describe the use of universal indicator to measure the approximate pH value of an aqueous solution. Specification Point 2.31 - Know that acids in aqueous solution are a source of hydrogen ions and alkalis in a aqueous solution are a source of hydroxide ions. Specification Point 2.32 - Know that alkalis can neutralise acids. Complete set of Chapter 5 Lectures are available.

Powerpoint lecture covering the following in a modern, concise format: Specification Point 3.9 - Describe experiments to investigate the effects of changes in surface area of a solid, concentration of a solution, temperature and the use of a catalyst on the rate of a reaction. Specification Point 3.10 - Describe the effects of changes in surface area of a solid, concentration of a solution, pressure of a gas, temperature and the use of a catalyst on the rate of a reaction. Specification Point 3.11 - Explain the effects of changes in surface area of a solid, concentration of a solution, pressure of a gas and temperature on the rate of a reaction in terms of particle collision theory. Specification Point 3.12 - Know that a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction, but is chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction. Specification Point 3.13 - Know that a catalyst works by providing an alternative pathway with lower activation energy. Specification Point 3.15 - Practical: investigate the effect of changing the surface area of marble chips and of changing the concentration of hydrochloric acid on the rate of reaction between marble chips and dilute hydrochloric acid. Specification Point 3.16 - Practical: investigate the effect of different solids on the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution. Complete set of Chapter 6 Lectures are available.

Powerpoint lecture covering the following in a modern, concise format: Specification Point 3.19C - Know that a reversible reaction can reach dynamic equilibrium in a sealed container. Specification Point 3.20C - Know that at dynamic equilibrium the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate and the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant. Specification Point 3.21C - Understand why a catalyst does not affect the position of equilibrium in a reversible reaction. Specification Point 3.22C - Know the effect of changing either temperature or pressure on the position of equilibrium in a reversible reaction. Complete set of Chapter 6 Lectures are available.

Powerpoint lecture covering the following in a modern, concise format: Specification Point 2.15 - Understand how metals can be arranged in a reactivity series based on their reactions with water or dilute acid. Specification Point 2.16 - Understand how metals can be arranged in a reactivity series based on displacement reactions. Specification Point 2.17 - Know the order of reactivity of these metals: potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, zinc, iron, copper, silver, and gold. Specification Point 2.18 - Know the conditions under which iron rusts. Specification Point 2.19 - Understand how the rusting of iron may be prevented by barrier methods, galvanising and sacrificial protection. Specification Point 2.20 - Understand the terms oxidation, reduction, redox, oxidising agent and reducing agent in terms of the gain or loss of oxygen and the loss or gain of electrons. Specification Point 2.21 - Practical: investigate reactions between dilute hydrochloric and sulfuric acids and metals (e.g. magnesium, zinc and iron). Complete set of Chapter 4 Lectures are available.

Powerpoint lecture covering the following in a modern, concise format: Specification Point 4.5.4.1 - Control and coordination regarding plant hormones. Required Practical 8 - Investigating the effect of light on the growth of newly germinated seedlings. Specification Point 4.5.4.2 - Use of plant hormones. Complete set of Chapter 5 Lectures are available.

Powerpoint lecture covering the following in a modern, concise format: Specification Point 2.40B - Understand the role of diffusion in gas exchange. Specification Point 2.41B - Understand gas exchange in relation to respiration and photosynthesis. Specification Point 2.42B - Understand how the structure of the leaf is adapted for gas exchange. Specification Point 2.43B - Describe the role of stomata in gas exchange. Complete set of Chapter 3 Lectures are available.

Powerpoint lecture covering the following in a modern, concise format: Specification Point 4.38C - Know that esters contain the functional group -COO-. Specification Point 4.39C - Know that ethyl ethanoate is the ester produced when ethanol and ethanoic acid react in the presence of an acid catalyst. Specification Point 4.40C - Understand how to write the structural and displayed formulae of ethyl ethanoate. Specification Point 4.41C - Understand how to write the structural and displayed formulae of an ester, given the name or formula of the alcohol and carboxylic acid from which it is formed and vice versa. Specification Point 4.42C - Know that esters are volatile compounds with distinctive smells and are used as food flavourings and in perfumes. Specification Point 4.43C - Practical: prepare a sample of an ester such as ethyl ethanoate. Complete set of Chapter 7 Lectures are available.

Powerpoint lecture covering the following in a modern, concise format: Specification Point 4.7 - Know that crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. Specification Point 4.8 - Describe how the industrial process of fractional distillation separates crude oil into fractions. Specification Point 4.9 - Know the names and uses of the main fractions obtained from crude oil. Specification Point 4.10 - Know the trend in colour, boiling point and viscosity of the main fractions. Complete set of Chapter 7 Lectures are available.

Powerpoint lecture covering the following in a modern, concise format: Specification Point 4.19 - Know the general formula for alkanes. Specification Point 4.20 - Explain why alkanes are classified as saturated hydrocarbons. Specification Point 4.21 - Understand how to draw the structural and displayed formulae for alkanes with up to five carbon atoms in the molecule, and to name the unbranched-chain isomers. Specification Point 4.22 - Describe the reactions of alkanes with halogens in the presence of ultraviolet radiation, limited to mono-substitution. Specification Point 4.23 - Know that alkenes contain a particular functional group (C=C). Specification Point 4.24 - Know the general formula for alkenes. Specification Point 4.25 - Explain why alkenes are classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons. Specification Point 4.26 - Understand how to draw the structural and displayed formulae for alkenes with up to four carbon atoms in the molecule, and name the unbranched-chain isomers. Specification Point 4.27 -Describe the reactions of alkenes with bromine to produce dibromoalkanes. Specification Point 4.28 - Describe how bromine water can be used to distinguish between an alkane and an alkene. Complete set of Chapter 7 Lectures are available.

Powerpoint lecture covering the following in a modern, concise format: Specification Point 3.7 - Use the relationship between frequency and wavelength in different contexts including sound waves and electromagnetic waves. Specification Point 3.8 - Explain why there is a change in the observed frequency and wavelength of a wave when its source is moving relative to an observer, and that this is known as the Doppler effect. Specification Point 3.10 - Know that light is part of a continuous electromagnetic spectrum that includes radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray and gamma ray radiations and that all these waves travel at the same speed in free space. Specification Point 3.11 - Know the order of the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of decreasing wavelength and increasing frequency, including the colours of the visible spectrum. Specification Point 3.12 - Explain some of the uses of electromagnetic radiations. Specification Point 3.13 - Explain the detrimental effects of excessive exposure of the human body to electromagnetic waves and describe simple protective measures against the risks. Complete set of Chapter 3 Lectures are available.

Powerpoint lecture covering the following in a modern, concise format: Specification Point 4.6 - Describe how thermal energy transfer may take place by conduction, convection and radiation. Specification Point 4.7 - Explain the role of convection in everyday phenomena. Specification Point 4.8 - Explain how emission and absorption of radiation are related to surface and temperature. Specification Point 4.9 - Practical: investigate thermal energy transfer by conduction, convection and radiation. Specification Point 4.10 - Explain ways of reducing unwanted energy transfer, such as insulation. Complete set of Chapter 4 Lectures are available.

Powerpoint lecture covering the following in a modern, concise format: Specification Point 5.8P - Explain why heating a system will change the energy stored within the system and raise its temperature or produce changes of state. Specification Point 5.9P - Describe the changes that occur when a solid melts to form a liquid, and when a liquid evaporates or boils to form a gas. Specification Point 5.10P - Describe the arrangement and motion of particles in solids, liquids and gases. Specification Point 5.11P - Practical: obtain a temperature–time graph to show the constant temperature during a change of state. Specification Point 5.12P - Know that specific heat capacity is the energy required to change the temperature of an object by one degree celsius per kg of mass. Specification Point 5.13P - Use an equation to derive the change in thermal energy in a system. Specification Point 5.14P - Practical: investigate the specific heat capacity of materials including water and some solids. Complete set of Chapter 5 Lectures are available.

Powerpoint lecture covering the following in a modern, concise format: Specification Point 5.3 - Know and use the relationship between density, mass and volume. Specification Point 5.4 - Practical: investigate density using direct measurements of mass and volume. Specification Point 5.5 - Know and use the relationship between pressure, force and area. Specification Point 5.6 - Understand how the pressure at a point in a gas or liquid at rest acts equally in all directions. Specification Point 5.7 - Know and use the relationship for pressure difference. Complete set of Chapter 5 Lectures are available.

Powerpoint lecture covering the following in a modern, concise format: Specification Point 4.11 - Know and use the relationship between work done, force and distance moved in the direction of the force. Specification Point 4.12 - Know that work done is equal to energy transferred. Specification Point 4.13 - Know and use the relationship between gravitational potential energy, mass, gravitational field strength and height. Specification Point 4.14 - Know and use the relationship between kinetic energy, mass and speed. Specification Point 4.15 - Understand how conservation of energy produces a link between gravitational potential energy, kinetic energy and work. Specification Point 4.16 - Describe power as the rate of transfer of energy or the rate of doing work. Specification Point 4.17 - Use the relationship between power, work done and time taken. Complete set of Chapter 4 Lectures are available.

Powerpoint lecture covering the following in a modern, concise format: Specification Point 5.15 - Explain how molecules in a gas have random motion and that they exert a force and hence a pressure on the walls of a container. Specification Point 5.16 - Understand why there is an absolute zero of temperature which is –273 °C. Specification Point 5.17 - Describe the Kelvin scale of temperature and be able to convert between the Kelvin and Celsius scales. Specification Point 5.18 - Understand why an increase in temperature results in an increase in the average speed of gas molecules. Specification Point 5.19 - Know that the Kelvin temperature of a gas is proportional to the average kinetic energy of its molecules. Specification Point 5.20 - Explain, for a fixed amount of gas, the qualitative relationship between: pressure and volume at constant temperature, pressure and Kelvin temperature at constant volume. Specification Point 5.21 - Use the relationship between the pressure and Kelvin temperature of a fixed mass of gas at constant volume. Specification Point 5.22 - Use the relationship between the pressure and volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature. Complete set of Chapter 5 Lectures are available.

Powerpoint lecture covering the following in a modern, concise format: Specification Point 2.4 - Know and use the relationship between power, current and voltage and apply the relationship to the selection of appropriate fuses. Specification Point 2.5 - Use the relationship between energy transferred, current, voltage and time. Specification Point 2.6 - Know the difference between mains electricity being alternating current (A.C.) and direct current (D.C.) being supplied by a cell or battery. Complete set of Chapter 2 Lectures are available.

Powerpoint lecture covering the following in a modern, concise format: Specification Point 1.30P - Know and use the relationship between the moment of a force and its perpendicular distance from the pivot. Specification Point 1.31P - Know that the weight of a body acts through its centre of gravity. Specification Point 1.32P - Use the principle of moments for a simple system of parallel forces acting in one plane. Specification Point 1.33P - Understand how the upward forces on a light beam, supported at its ends, vary with the position of a heavy object placed on the beam. Complete set of Chapter 1 Lectures are available.

Powerpoint lecture covering the following in a modern, concise format: Specification Point 2.15 - Understand the processes of diffusion, osmosis and active transport by which substances move into and out of cells. Specification Point 2.16 - Understand how factors affect the rate of movement of substances into and out of cells, including the effects of surface area to volume ratio, distance, temperature and concentration gradient. Specification Point 2.17 - Practical: Investigate diffusion and osmosis using living and non-living systems. Complete set of Chapter 1 Lectures are available.