Describe the work of Paul Ehrlich. Explain how and why Paul Ehrlich affected the development of medicine. Lesson Objective: to what extent did Paul Ehrlich fire the first shot against treating disease? AQA GCSE History: Britain: Health and the People: c1000 to the Present Day - A Revolution in Medicine. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific component’s outcomes - Britain: Health and the People: c1000 to the Present Day - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the Public Health Act, 1875. Explain how and why the Public Health Act, 1875 was significant in the development of public health in Britain. Lesson Objective: what was the main reason everyone got clean water in 1875? AQA GCSE History: Britain: Health and the People: c1000 to the Present Day - A Revolution in Medicine. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific component’s outcomes - Britain: Health and the People: c1000 to the Present Day - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the development of Germ Theory. Explain how and why Louis Pasteur changed the world. Lesson Objective: how did a swan’s neck change the world forever? AQA GCSE History: Britain: Health and the People: c1000 to the Present Day - A Revolution in Medicine. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific component’s outcomes - Britain: Health and the People: c1000 to the Present Day - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe what Hitler’s ‘ideal’ young person was like and what the Nazi policies were on education and youth groups. Explain why millions of young people joined the Hitler Youth. Lesson Objective: to what extent did Hitler create more than child soldiers? AQA GCSE History: Germany, 1890–1945 - Democracy and Dictatorship - The Experiences of Germans under the Nazis. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe what occurred during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Explain what impact the Montgomery Bus Boycott had on the Civil Rights Movement. Lesson Objective: to what extent did a bus seat make America stand-up? AQA GCSE History: America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - Post-War America. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific component’s outcomes - America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the claimants and their reasons for their claims to the throne. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of each claim. Lesson Objective: who had the strongest claim to the English throne in 1066? AQA GCSE History: British Depth Studies: Norman England, c1066–c1100 - The Normans: Conquest and Control. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the contribution Joseph Lister made to the development of medicine. Explain how and why Joseph Lister developed medicine. Lesson Objective: what is the main reason which has led to people have a daily drink with the ‘Father of Antiseptic Surgery’? AQA GCSE History: Britain: Health and the People: c1000 to the Present Day - A Revolution in Medicine. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific component’s outcomes - Britain: Health and the People: c1000 to the Present Day - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe what happened during Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka in 1954. Explain the causes and effects of Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka in 1954. Lesson Objective: to what extent did the ruling of 1954 teach America a lesson? AQA GCSE History: America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - Post-War America. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific component’s outcomes - America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the Renaissance movement in Elizabethan England. Explain the impact of the Renaissance in Elizabethan England. Lesson Objective: how golden was the rule of Elizabeth I? AQA GCSE History: British Depth Studies: Elizabethan England, c1568–c1603 - Life in Elizabethan Times. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific component’s outcomes - Elizabethan England, c1568–c1603 - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the life of Malcom X. Explain the impact Malcolm X had on the Civil Rights Movement. Lesson Objective: to what extent did Malcolm X’s ‘chickens come home to roost’? AQA GCSE History: America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - Post-War America. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific component’s outcomes - America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the ‘Monkey Trial’. Explain how and why the ‘Monkey Trial’ represents the divisions within Twentieth Century America. Lesson Objective: to what extent did Darwin fundamentally divide America? AQA GCSE History: America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - American People and the Boom. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific component’s outcomes - America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the Civil Rights Act, 1964 Explain the successes and limitations of the Civil Rights Act, 1964. Lesson Objective: to what extent did an American tragedy become an American celebration? AQA GCSE History: America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - Post-War America. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific component’s outcomes - America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the social hierarchy of Elizabethan society. Explain why the ‘Great Chain of Being’ consolidated Elizabeth’s position. Lesson Objective: was the ‘Chain of Being’ really that great for everyone? AQA GCSE History: British Depth Studies: Elizabethan England, c1568–c1603 - Elizabeth’s Court and Parliament. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific component’s outcomes - Elizabethan England, c1568–c1603 - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the work of Andreas Vesalius. Explain how and why the work of Andreas Vesalius affected anatomical knowledge. Lesson Objective: how far did Andreas Vesalius cut Galen down to size? AQA GCSE History: Britain: Health and the People: c1000 to the Present Day - The Beginnings of Change. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific component’s outcomes - Britain: Health and the People: c1000 to the Present Day - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the Provisions of Oxford. Explain the importance of the Provisions of Oxford on King Henry III’s power and authority. Lesson Objective: to what extent did the Provisions of Oxford change the balance of power? AQA GCSE History: Britain: Power and the People: c1170 to the Present Day - Part One: Challenging Authority and Feudalism. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific specification’s outcomes - Shaping the Nation - Section A: Thematic studies - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe President Kennedy’s ‘New Frontier’. Explain the impact of the ‘New Frontier’ on American society. Lesson Objective: was what John F. Kennedy did for his country a success? AQA GCSE History: America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - Post-War America. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific component’s outcomes - America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the effects of economic prosperity in America during the 1950s. Explain how and why the lives of Americans changed during the 1950s. Lesson Objective: how far was it a dream to live the American Dream during the 1950s? AQA GCSE History: America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - Post-War America. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific component’s outcomes - America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the Black Power Movement. Explain how and why the Black Power Movement affected the Civil Rights Movement. Lesson Objective: to what extent did Black Power make the Civil Rights Movement more powerful? AQA GCSE History: America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - Post-War America. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific component’s outcomes - America, 1920–1973 - Opportunity and Inequality - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the Harrying of the North. Explain the short-term and long-term significance of the Harrying of the North. Lesson Objective: to what extent was William the Conqueror a war criminal? AQA GCSE History: British Depth Studies: Norman England, c1066–c1100 - The Normans: Conquest and Control. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©

Describe the development of medicine in history. Explain how differing factors have progressed or regressed the development of medicine in history. Lesson Objective: to what extent is medicine the same in the modern period as it was during Ancient Egypt? AQA GCSE History: Britain: Health and the People: c1000 to the Present Day - Medicine Stands Still. The resources are also suitable for Edexcel, OCR, WJEC GCSE History and iGCSE History. The resources that I have created have helped my GCSE History classes to sustain outstanding results over a period of time: 2022 P8: +0.88 and +0.81 2021 P8: +1.42 2020 P8: +0.47 2019 P8: +0.57 My GCSE History classes have also consistently attained the most Grade 9s in any subject and/or class at my current school of over 1300 students. In addition, this specific component’s outcomes - Britain: Health and the People: c1000 to the Present Day - are consistently above the national average according to AQA Enhanced Results Analysis. I have worked for the examination boards for over 10 years and considering the recent developments within education, my resources are constantly amended and updated for students studying GCSE History. I have utilised feedback from students, fellow professionals, experienced colleagues and have used my own professional judgement to ensure that each resource will help you to teach quality history lessons to ensure that each student achieves their personal best. I am proud that I am a ‘Gold’ TES Author, and this is recognised by the fact that my resources have been downloaded over half a million times by educators throughout the world. Copyright Protection ©