University - Taxation
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UK
Origins of taxation
Tax development
Defining taxation
Why does the government impose tax
Elements of tax - base
Elements of tax - rate
Elements of tax - taxpayer
Desirable characteristics of a tax system
UK tax revenue
Government spending
Your money and how they spend it
Differences in taxing the rich & poor
Incomprehensible and complex tax system
Public spending
Financial transaction taxes - advantages, disadvantages, solution
30 calculation exam style questions & answers for personal and business taxation
University - Organisation Behaviour - Revision Notes
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Taylor and scientific management
Ritzer’s McDonaldization Thesis
Ford and The Assembly Line
Taylorism
Fordism
Marxist critique
Weber and Bureaucracy
Authority
Instrumental vs value rationality
Hawthorne experiments
Unitarist perspective
Human relations
Schein’s Types of Man
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
McGregor’s Theory X and Y
Pluralist perspective
Integrationist
Interactionist
Radical
Marxism
Marxist theory and perspective
Marx’s labour theory of value
Deskilling thesis
New technology and organisational behaviour
Groups and team working
Leadership
Motivation and job design
To what extent, if at all, does pay motivation - illustrative and exemplar answer
Information Systems - Revision Notes
Exam Style Questions and Illustrative & Exemplar Answers
256 pages
Ideal for students
Ideal for teachers and private tutors
Ideal for university
Importance and fundamental concepts of information systems in organisations
Data, information, knowledge
information systems
Technology infrastructure
Adding value
Stakeholders
Social, economic, political, legal, cultural and ethical contexts
Protecting personal data
Data privacy
Data protection act
Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Intellectual property
Information economy
Semiotics
Enterprise wide systems
ERP systems
Knowledge management
Knowledge management systems
Customer relationship management (CRM) systems
E-business models
Corporate strategy
Cultures
Outsourcing
In-house
IT governance
Managing change and implementation
Information systems security and evaluation
Risk management
Information security standards
Costs
Business cases
Knowledge - managing knowledge effectively to leverage strategic potential, different characteristics and types of knowledge, addressing difficulties and challenges in relation to managing knowledge.
Accounting Theory - Revision Notes
Exam Style Question and Illustrative & Exemplar Answer
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Ideal for university
Types of theory
Epistemological positions
Positivism
Anti-positivism
Objectivism
Interpretivist
Normative accounting
Regulation and legitimacy theory
Free market perspective
Private economic based incentives
Market for managers
Market for corporate takeovers
Pro-regulation perspective
Public interest theory
Capture theory
Economic interest group theory
Systems oriented theories
Political economy theory
Classical political economy theory
Bourgeois political economy theory
Legitimacy theory
Social contract
Accounting profession, regulation and ethics
UK regulation
IASB
Risk audit
Ownership and governance of audit firms
Stewardship
Accrual accounting
Standard setting
Fair value
Prudence
Positive accounting theory
Agency relationship
Political costs hypothesis
Management costs hypothesis
Compliance hypothesis
Debt hypothesis
Anti-regulation
Regulation and co-ordination of internal organisational performance
Business in Social and Political Context - Revision Notes
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Ideal for university
Clusters
Networks
Tacit knowledge
Network theory
Institutions
Networks and markets
Governance
Government
General governance
Corporate governance
Markets, law
Markets without law - the shadow economy
The informal economy
Taxation
Standards
Accounts and accountability
Government involvement
Market failure
Barriers to entry and exit
Firms as governance makers as well as takers
De-regulation
Corporate responsibility
Corporate citizenship
Globalisation
Global supply chains
Codes of conduct
Corruption
United Nations Global Compact
To what extent could emigration impact on Poland’s national competitiveness and attractiveness?
Migration trends
Workforce
Brain drain
Job creation
Role of governments
Competitive advantage of nations
Regional integration
Cultures
University - Management Accounting - Revision Notes & Questions
274 pages
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Questions & Answers throughout
Exam style questions and illustrative answers
Direct costs
Indirect costs
Overheads
Product costs
Period costs
FIxed costs
Variable costs
Stepped fixed costs
Semi-variable costs
Opportunity costs
Sunk costs
Cost-Volume-Profit analysis
Contribution
Break even point
Sensitivity analysis
Contribution margin
Target sales
Margin of safety
Operating leverage
Special price decisions
Make or buy decisions
Limiting factors
Product costing
Standard costs
Absorption costing
Apportionment
Overhead rates
Under absorption
Over absorption
Marginal costing
Activity based costing
Price elasticity
Cost plus pricing
Target costing
Planning and budgetary control frameworks
Sales budget
Production budget
Purchases budget
Labour budget
Cash budget
Zero based budgeting
Activity based budgeting
Responsibility centres
Cost centres
Revenue centres
Profit centres
Investment centres
Variance analysis - materials (price and usage), labour (rate and efficiency), fixed production overhead, variable production overhead, sales, market share, market size
Flexed budgeting
University - Accounting & Financial Reporting - Revision Notes and Questions
616 pages (various modules)
Ideal for students
Ideal for teachers and private tutors
Questions & Answers throughout
Exam style questions and illustrative answers
Organisations
Conceptual Framework
Regulatory framework
Accounting concepts
Accounting policies
Income statement
Statement of financial position
Recording financial transactions
Ledgers
Books of prime entry
Double entry
Financial accounting
Adjustments
Controls
Inventory
Dividends
Depreciation
Accruals
Prepayments
Bad and doubtful debts
Bank reconciliations
Trial balance
Control accounts
Statement of changes in equity
Cash flow statements
Interpreting and comparing financial reports/statements
Ratios
Annual report
Users of financial information
Window dressing
Creative accounting
Social Accounting
Corporate governance
Auditing
Social and environmental reporting
Working capital
Audit report opinion
UK Companies Act 2006
True and fair
Revenue recognition
IAS 33 Earnings per share (EPS)
Accounting for non-current tangible assets
IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment (PPE)
IAS 23 Borrowing Costs
Revaluation
Fair value
IAS 40 Investment Property
IAS 20 Government Grants
IAS 36 Impairment of Assets
IFRS 5 Non Current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations
IAS 38 Intangible assets
Goodwill
Business combinations
IAS 2 Inventories
Accounting for construction/long term contracts
IAS 10 Events after the reporting period
IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent liabilities and assets
Onerous contracts
IFRS 8 Operating Segments
Segment reporting
IAS 8 Accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and errors
Changes in accounting policies
Consolidated financial statements
Control
Associates
Parent
Subsidiary
Equity method of accounting
Joint ventures
Accounting for Taxation
IAS 12 Income Taxes
Deferred tax
Non-controlling interest (NCI)
Book Review - Creating a World Without Poverty: Social Business and the Future of Capitalism by Muhammad Yunus
Author’s background
Content summary
Fundamental concept
Content and evidence
Style and structure
GCSE History
AQA, EDEXCEL, OCR
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Western Front
Stalemate
Why did a stalemate develop on the Western Front?
GCSE History
AQA, EDEXCEL, OCR
Ideal for students
Ideal for teachers and private tutors
Western Front
Stalemate
The following were equally important reasons why the stalemate on the Western Front was finally broken:
• New technology like the tank
• The American entry into the war
• The blockading of German ports
• The German Offensive in March 1918
Explain how far you agree with this statement.
Economics of Strategy
Illustrative analysis of a business
Ideal for students
Ideal for teachers and private tutors
Ideal for university
Assess the relative performance of a business since 2004 compared with an industry average or a competitor. Briefly set out its vulnerability and its main exposures. Identify the key elements of its business strategy and assess its effectiveness in a) raising profits and b) mediating the impact of macroeconomic exposures.
Vulnerability
SRATC curves
Economic graphs throughout
Macro exposure
Market exposure
Supernormal profits
Price positioning
Price elasticity of demand
Product range
Differentation
Customer relationship management
Brand development
Economics for Business
Example and illustrative analysis of an economy
Example and illustrative analysis of a business
Ideal for students
Ideal for teachers and private tutors
Ideal for university
Assess the past and current performance and future prospects for the economy focusing on the key aggregates.
Assess the vulnerability of a business and its degree of exposure to macroeconomic shocks. Briefly advise the business on an appropriate strategy to manage uncontrollable macroeconomic shocks from the global recession and any recovery that takes place.
GDP
Unemployment
Exchange rate
Inflation
Interest rates
Balance of payments
ICAEW
Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales
Financial Accounting & Reporting
Ideal for students
Ideal for teachers and private tutors
Exam questions and illustrative answers with revision notes
Consolidation
Goodwill
Joint arrangements
Joint control
Equity method of accounting
Provisions for unrealised profits
Fair value adjustments
Deferred consideration
Non-controlling interest (NCI)
Consolidated retained earnings
IFRS 5 Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations
Disposal of a subsidiary
Dividend income
Deferred income
Foreign currency
Abandonment of non-current assets
Inventory valuation
IAS 16 Property, plant and equipment
IAS 23 Borrowing costs
IAS 20 Government grants
Ethics
ICAEW
Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales
Audit and Assurance - Revision notes
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Ideal for teachers and private tutors
Integrity
Client acceptance
Audit risks - by financial statement caption/area
Audit procedures - by financial statement caption/area & by IFRS/standards
Control deficiencies - consequences and recommendations
ISA 220
ISQC1
Independence
Objectivity
Non-audit services
Ethical Standard 5
Ethical Standard 4
Business risks
Inherent risks
Acquisition risks
Controls - risks, assertions, control activities, procedures
Controls - IT environment, application controls
New audits
Ethics - principles, threats & safeguards, conflicts of interest, regulatory requirements, conflict resolution, disclosure of information, taxation, tax evasion, tax avoidance, money laundering, ethical standards, changes in appointment, fraud, duty to report misconduct, concepts
Corporate governance - corporate governance code, stewardship code, Turnbull report, Audit Committee, Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), Auditor’s responsibilities
Planning & risk assessment
Audit evidence
Audit completion
Reporting on agreed upon procedures
Directors’ loans
Assurance and related services
Insolvency
Winding up calculations
Small company audits
Business structures and global enterprises
Exam questions and illustrative answers with revision notes
ICAEW
Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales
Business Planning - Taxation - Revision notes
Ideal for students
Ideal for teachers and private tutors
Exam questions and illustrative answers with revision notes
Employment income - taxable and exempt benefits, termination payments, share schemes (unapproved)
Pensions schemes - occupational, personal
Personal tax - international aspects - domicile, residence, split year treatment, overseas aspects of income tax, overseas aspects of capital gains tax, tax planning
Associated companies
Change in ownership
Employment vs self-employment, Intermediaries
Group relief
Consortium relief
Chargeable gains groups
Overseas business
Double taxation relief (DTR)
Unrelieved foreign tax (UFT)
Ethics
Choice of business structure
Economics for Business and Strategy - Revision Notes
68 Exam Style Questions and Illustrative & Exemplar Answers
-172 pages
Ideal for students
Ideal for teachers and private tutors
Ideal for university
Economic graphs throughout
Inputs, outputs and efficiency - constant returns production function, decreasing returns to labour, increasing returns to labour, production possibility frontier,
Costs and vulnerability in the short run
Exposure - the firm and its product markets - demand, supply and equilibrium, market demand curve, price elasticity of demand, own price elasticity, elasticity and inelasticity, determinants of price elasticity, price elasticity in practice, cross price elasticity of demand
Competition, market power - supply curve, free markets and price controls, business in a perfectly competitive market, optimal output in perfect competition, profit maximising level of output, market supply curve, short run supply curve
Macroeconomics - demand side shocks, GDP (real and nominal)
Macroeconomic exposure - aggregate demand, circular flow of income, exogenous demand, endogenous demand, consumer and investment goods, consumption function, investment function, equilibrium GDP, the multiplier, savings function
Open economy and aggregate demand - net exports, GDP, exports, imports, export and import functions, balance of trade
Exchange rate - real, nominal, supply curve, demand curve
Governments - externalities, positive and negative externalities, taxation, the multiplier with tax, aggregate demand and GDP, indirect tax cuts, fiscal stimulus
Aggregate supply, aggregate demand, price inflation and balance of trade - demand, GDP and capacity, Phillips and aggregate supply curves, Aggregate Demand curve and inflation, trade balance/balance of trade
Marginal cost curve
Average Total cost curve
Opportunity cost
Unemployment and employment
Savings
Aggregate savings rate
Interest rates
Public spending
Supply shocks
Demand shocks
Trade deficit
Inflation
Monopolistic competition
Monopoly
Indifference curves
Oligopoly
Collusion
Social costs of a monopoly
Cartels
Regulators
Government failure
Capital accumulation
Quantitative Analysis - Revision Notes
133 pages
Ideal for students
Ideal for teachers and private tutors
Ideal for university
Statistics
Statistical modelling
Modelling process
Data presentation - constructing a chart, classification of data
Descriptive statistics - summation notation, averages (mean, median, mode - advantages & disadvantages), spread (variance, standard deviation, range - advantages & disadvantages), histograms
Probability, probability rules and Bayes’ Theorem - types of probability, nature of events (mutually exclusive, independent, dependent), dependent events and conditional probabilities, non-mutually exclusive events, addition rule, multiplication rule
Decision trees and expected values of perfect information and sample information - probability tree, decision tree, sensitivity analysis
Probability distributions - Binomial and Poisson - Discrete probability distributions - random variable, properties, formula, requirements, mean, variance, examples of applications
Probability distributions - Normal - continuous probability distributions, properties, standard deviation, variance, curves, z-tables, standardising normal distributions, Z-transformation
Probability distributions - Approximations
Sampling
Confidence intervals
Chi-squared test
Correlation
Regression
Optimisation - linear programming
Simulation
Network analysis/critical path analysis
Inventory management/stock control
Time series analysis
Hypothesis testing
Business and Company Law - Revision Notes
12 Exam Style Questions and Illustrative & Exemplar Answers
117 pages
Ideal for students
Ideal for teachers and private tutors
Ideal for university
The English Legal System
Classification of the law - Criminal Law, Civil Law
Reference to Acts throughout
References to historic cases/precedents throughout
Administration of the law - the court system, Magistrates Courts, Crown Courts, County Courts, High Court of Justice, Woolf Reforms, Appeal Courts, European Court of Justice, European Court of Human Rights
Sources of English Law - Judicial Precedent/Common Law, Binding and Persuasive Precedents, Hierarchy of Courts and Judicial Precedent, Overruling and Reversing, Legislation, Acts of Parliament, Procedure, Interpretation of Acts of Parliament, literal rule, invitation to treat, golden rule, mischief rule/purposive approach, aids to interpretation, extrinsic aids, European Law
Legal personnel - solicitors, barristers, suing the legal profession, immunity
Contract law - the offer, acceptance, consideration, accord and satisfaction (common law exception), promissory estoppel (equitable exception), intention to create legal relations, capacity to make a contract, purpose, Discharge of a contract
Promoters and Pre-Incorporation contracts - statutory duty
Post incorporation - power to bind and represent the company
Distributions and maintenance of capital - rule against the purchase of own shares, Rules governing distributions, Reductions of capital, Redeemable shares
Articles of association - alterations, remedies
Shareholder voting rights - resolutions
Variation of share rights- type of shares, voting rights, variation of voting rights, statutory right to object
Protection of Members against unfair prejudice - petition to wind up the company
Retention of title clauses
Fraudulent trading
Wrongful trading
Insider dealing and market manipulation - insiders, inside information, insider trading, market abuse, sanctions, defences, insider dealing, restrictions on insiders, penalties
University - Finance - Revision Notes and Questions
379 pages (various modules)
Ideal for students
Ideal for teachers and private tutors
Questions & Answers throughout
Exam style questions and illustrative answers
Formulae
Derivations
Financial management
Financial arithmetic
Financial mathematics
Financial markets and instruments
Market efficiency
Project appraisal
Cost of capital
Working capital management
Company financing
Capital structure
Dividend policy
Payout policy
Shareholder value
Valuing shares
Stock valuation
Exchange rates
Decision making under uncertainty
Inter-temporal consumption/investment
Risk and return
Diversification
Optimal asset allocation
Portfolio theory with risky assets (including a risk free asset)
Capital asset pricing model
Asset pricing
Bond pricing
Futures and forwards
Options
Corporate Finance
Capital budgeting
Derivatives pricing
Real options
Public offerings
Behavioural Finance
Derivatives and financial risk management
Continuous discounting
Binomial option pricing
Credit derivatives
Credit default swaps (CDS)
Value at risk