This lesson describes how the immune system uses molecules on the surface of a cell to identify it, focusing on the identification of pathogens by their antigens. The PowerPoint and accompanying resources which are differentiated are part of the 1st lesson in the series of 7 that cover the content detailed in topic 2.4 of the AQA A-level Biology specification. As this is the first lesson in topic 2.4, it has been specifically planned to introduce a number of key concepts which include phagocytosis, T and B cells, antibodies and memory cells so that students are prepared for upcoming lessons.
The lesson begins by challenging the students to use their knowledge of cells to recall the common internal components of a cell before they are informed that all cells also have molecules on their outer membrane. Students will recognise that these molecules are used by the immune system for identification before a quick quiz competition reveals that this allows toxins, abnormal body cells and pathogens to be identified. Moving forwards, the next part of the lesson focuses on the antigens that are found on the outside of a pathogen and links are made to upcoming lesson topics which include:
- phagocytosis following the identification of a pathogen
- antigen-presentation by macrophages and dendritic cells
- production of antibodies which are specific to the antigens
- the use of antigens in a vaccination program
The final task challenges the students to describe and explain how antigen variability will affect disease and disease prevention and this task has been differentiated two ways to allow students of differing abilities to be challenged and supported.
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Topic 2: Cells (AQA A-level Biology)
This bundle contains 20 PowerPoint lessons, and all are highly-detailed and are fully-resourced with differentiated worksheets. Intricate planning means that the wide range of activities included in these lessons will engage and motivate the students, check on their current understanding and their ability to make links to previously covered topics and most importantly will deepen their understanding of the following specification points in topic 2 (Cells) of the AQA A-level Biology specification: * Structure and function of the organelles in eukaryotic cells * The specialised cells in complex, multicellular organisms * The structure of prokaryotic cells * The structure of viruses which are acellular and non-living * Measuring objects under an optical microscope * Use of the magnification formula * The principles of cell fractionation and ultracentrifugation * The behaviour of chromosomes during the stages of the cell cycle * Calculating the mitotic index * Uncontrolled cell division leads to the formation of tumours and cancer * Binary fission * The basic structure of cell membranes * The role of phospholipids, proteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids and cholesterol * Simple diffusion * Facilitated diffusion * Osmosis, explained in terms of water potential * The role of carrier proteins and the hydrolysis of ATP in active transport * Co-transport as illustrated by the absorption of sodium ions and glucose by the cells lining the mammalian ileum * Recognition of different cells by the immune system * The identification of pathogens from antigens * The phagocytosis of pathogens * The cellular response involving T lymphocytes * The humoral response involving the production of antibodies by plasma cells * The structure of an antibody * The roles of plasma cells and memory cells in the primary and secondary immune response * The use of vaccines to protect populations * The differences between active and passive immunity * The structure of the human immunodeficiency virus and its replication in helper T cells * Why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses * The use of antibodies in the ELISA test If you would like to sample the quality of these lessons, then download the eukaryotic animal cells, viruses, osmosis, lymphocytes, HIV and AIDS lessons as these have been shared for free. I have also uploaded lessons on optical microscopes and HIV and AIDS (for free) but neither are included in this bundle as the limit of 20 resources has been reached!
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Topic 2.4: Cell recognition and the immune system (AQA A-level Biology)
This bundle contains 6 lesson PowerPoints and their accompanying resources, all of which have been planned at length to contain a wide variety of tasks that will engage and motivate the students whilst the detailed content of topic 2.4 of the AQA A-level Biology specification is covered. The following specification points are covered in this lesson bundle: * The identification of cells including pathogens through use of the surface molecules * The antigen * The effect of antigen variability on disease and disease prevention * The phagocytosis of pathogens and the subsequent destruction by lysozymes * The response of T lymphocytes to a foreign antigen in the cellular response * The role of antigen-presenting cells * The role of helper T cells * The response of B lymphocytes in the humoral response * The definition and structure of an antibody * The formation of an antigen-antibody complex and the destruction by agglutination and phagocytosis * The roles of plasma cells and memory cells in the primary and secondary responses * The use of vaccinations and the concept of herd immunity * The differences between active and passive immunity * The structure of HIV and its replication in helper T cells * How HIV causes the symptoms of AIDS * Why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses * The use of antibodies in the ELISA test The variety of tasks include exam-style questions with detailed mark schemes, class discussion points of selected questions and quiz competitions to introduce values and terms in a memorable way If you would like to sample the quality of this lesson bundle, then download the roles of B and T lymphocytes lesson and the HIV and AIDS lesson as these have both been uploaded for free
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