This lesson describes how molecular evidence can be used to reveal similarities between closely-related organisms. The PowerPoint and accompanying resources have been primarily designed to cover point 17.3 (b) of the CIE A-level Biology specification and focus on the comparison of protein structure and mitochondrial DNA but can also be used as a revision of related topics that include protein synthesis and gene mutations.
The lesson begins with the introduction of convergent evolution, a process where organisms independently evolve to have similar features due to theeir habitation of similar environments. This allows the importance of molecular evidence to be considered to ensure that organisms which are closely related (in terms of evolution) are recognised. The comparison of the primary structure of a protein involved in respiration (cytochrome c) is used to demonstrate how protein sequence data can be useful. At this point, a series of exam-style questions are used to challenge the students on their knowledge of protein synthesis and gene mutations from topics 6 and 16. The remainder of the lesson considers the use of mitochondrial DNA and a study of the mtDNA genomes of 51 gibbons demonstrates how this can provide evidence of relationships, even in organisms that show high taxonomic diversity like these lesser apes.
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Topics 17 & 18: Selection, evolution, biodiversity & classification (CIE A-level Biology)
The topics of selection, evolution, biodiversity, classification and conservation are key concepts in Biology, that are regularly assessed in the exams, but are not always that well understood by the students. With this at the forefront of the lesson design, these 16 lesson PowerPoints and their accompanying resources have been intricately planned to cover the detailed content of topics 17 & 18 of the CIE A-level Biology specification through the use of a wide range of tasks to engage and motivate the students. There are plenty of opportunities for the students to assess their current understanding through the completion of exam-style questions and also to check on their prior knowledge by making links to earlier topics. The following specification points are covered by these lessons: Topic 17.1: Variation * The differences between continuous and discontinuous variation * Using the t-test to compare the variation of two different populations * The importance of genetic variation in selection Topic 17.2: Natural and artificial selection * Natural selection * Explain how environmental factors can act as stabilising, disruptive and directional forces of natural selection * Explain how the founder effect and genetic drift may affect allele frequencies in populations * Use the Hardy-Weinberg principle Topic 17.3: Evolution * The molecular evidence that reveals similarities between closely related organisms * Explain how speciation may occur Topic 18.1: Biodiversity * Define the terms species, ecosystem and niche * Explain that biodiversity is considered at three levels * Explain the importance of random sampling in determining the biodiversity of an area * Use suitable methods to assess the distribution and abundance of organisms in a local area * Use the Spearman's rank correlation to analyse relationships between data * Use Simpson's index of diversity Topic 18.2: Classification * The classification of species into taxonomic hierarchy * The characteristic features of the three domains * The characteristic features of the kingdoms * Explain why viruses are not included in the three domain classification Topic 18.3: Conservation * The reasons for the need to maintain biodiversity * Methods of protecting endangered species * The roles of organisations like the WWF and CITES in local and global conservation If you would like to sample the quality of the lessons that are included in this bundle then download the following as these have been shared for free: * Continuous and discontinuous variation * Molecular evidence & evolution * Spearman's rank correlation * WWF, CITES and conservation It is estimated that it will take up to 2 months of A-level Biology teaching time to cover the detail included in these lessons
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Topic 17: Selection and evolution (CIE A-level Biology)
This bundle contains 8 detailed and engaging lessons, and together they cover a lot of the key content of topic 17 in the CIE A-level Biology specification. Selection and evolution are key processes in Biology but are not always well understood or well explained by students. With this in mind, these lessons have been designed to support students in making links between the different concepts. The following specification points are covered by these lessons: * The differences between continuous and discontinuous variation * Using the t-test to compare the variation of two different populations * The importance of genetic variation in selection * Natural selection * Environmental factors can act as stabilising, disruptive and directional forces in natural selection * Selection, the founder effect and genetic drift affect allele frequencies in populations * Using the Hardy-Weinberg principle * The molecular evidence that reveals similarities between closely related organisms * Allopatric and sympatric speciation If you would like to sample the quality of lessons in this bundle then download the following lessons as these have been shared for free * continuous and discontinuous variation * molecule evidence and evolution
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Excellent powerpoint and worksheets which really help break down the topic with exam style questions. V useful!
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