This lesson describes how the recent use of similarities in biological molecules and other genetic evidence has led to new classification systems. The PowerPoint and accompanying resources have been designed to cover point 4.2.2 [c] (i) of the OCR A-level Biology A specification and focuses on the introduction of the three-domain system following Carl Woese’s detailed study of the ribosomal RNA gene.
The lesson begins with an introduction of Woese and goes on to describe how he is most famous for his definition of the Archaea as a new domain of life. Students were introduced to domains and the other classification taxa in a previous lesson, so their recall of this knowledge is continually tested and built upon as details are added. Students will discover the key differences between Archaea and Bacteria that led to the splitting of the prokaryotae kingdom and the addition of this higher classification rank. Moving forwards, the rest of the lesson considers other molecules that can be compared between species for classification purposes and the primary structure of cytochrome is described and discussed. At this point in the lesson, the students are also tested on their knowledge of the nature of the genetic code and have to explain how mutations to DNA can also be used for comparative purposes.
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Module 4: Biodiversity, evolution and disease (OCR A-level Biology A)
The detailed content, exam-style questions, guided discussion points and quiz competitions that are found in each of the 16 paid lessons that are included in this bundle (as well as the 5 free lessons which are named at the bottom) cover the following specification points in module 4 of the OCR A-level Biology A specification: Module 4.1.1 * The different types of pathogen that can cause communicable diseases in plants and animals * The means of transmission of animal and plant communicable pathogens * The primary non-specific defences against pathogens in animals * The structure and mode of action of phagocytes * The structure, different roles and modes of action of B and T lymphocytes in the specific immune response * The primary and secondary immune responses * The structure and general functions of antibodies * An outline of the action of opsonins, agglutinins and anti-toxins * The differences between active and passive immunity, and between natural and artificial immunity * Autoimmune diseases * The principles of vaccination Module 4.2.1 * How biodiversity can be considered at different levels * The random and non-random sampling strategies that are carried out to measure the biodiversity of a habitat * How to measure species richness and species evenness * The use and interpretation of Simpson's Index of Diversity * How genetic biodiversity may be assessed * The ecological, economic and aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity * In situ and ex situ methods of maintaining biodiversity * International and local conservation agreements made to protect species and habitats 4.2.2 * The biological classification of species * The binomial system of naming species and the advantage of such a system * The features used to classify organisms into the five kingdoms * The evidence that has led to new classification systems * The different types of variation * Using the standard deviation to measure the spread of a set of data * Using the Student's t-test to compare means of data values of two populations * Using the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient to consider the relationship of the data * The different types of adaptations to their environment * The mechanism by which natural selection can affect the characteristics of a population over time * How evolution in some species has an impact on human populations If you would like to get an idea of the quality of the lessons that are included in this bundle, then download the following five OCR A lessons which have been uploaded for free: Immunity & vaccinations Reasons for maintaining biodiversity Taxonomic hierarchy and the binomial naming system Adaptations and natural selection Transmission of animal and plant pathogens
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Module 4.2.2: Classification and evolution (OCR A-level Biology A)
Classification and evolution is a topic that students can find difficult, which may be for a number of reasons that include a lack of engagement during lessons or because these topics are taught quickly as exams approach at the end of year 12. However, a clear understanding is critical, as assessment questions on the content of this module are common and are often worth a significant number of marks. In line with this, the planning of each of the 7 lessons in this bundle has focused on the inclusion of a wide range of tasks that will engage and motivate the students whilst covering the following points as detailed in module 4.2.2 of the OCR A-level Biology A specification: * The biological classification of species * The taxonomic hierarchy * The binomial system of naming species and the advantages of such a system * The features used to classify organisms into the five kingdoms * The evidence that has led to new classification systems, such as the three domains of life * The different types of variation * Using standard deviation to measure the spread of a set of data * Using the Student's t-test to compare means of data values of two populations * Using the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient to consider the relationship of the data * The different types of adaptations of organisms to their environment * The mechanism by which natural selection can affect the characteristics of a population over time * How evolution in some species has implications for human populations If you would like to sample the quality of the lessons included in this bundle, then download the following lessons as these have been uploaded for free: * Taxonomic hierarchy and the binomial naming system * Adaptations & natural selection
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