A series of 5 exam questions that challenge students to work out the actual size of a section as seen under a microscope or the magnification. These questions will test their ability to convert between measurements and give answers in micrometers. These questions are suitable for GCSE and A-level students

This fully-resourced lesson describes the relationship between the structure and the function of the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. The engaging and detailed PowerPoint and accompanying resources have been designed to cover point 4.1 (i) as detailed in the Edexcel A-level Biology Bspecification. The structure of the heart is a topic which was covered in part at GCSE so this lesson has been written to build on that prior knowledge. The main task of the first half of the lesson involves students labelling the different structures as they are recalled. Time is taken at appropriate points to look at some of the structures and concepts in further detail. For example, students will learn that humans have a double circulatory system, which will prepare them for the next lesson, and are challenged to explain why a hole in the septum would cause health issues for an affected individual By the end of the first part of the lesson, the students will be able to identify the following structures and describe their individual functions: • right and left atria • right and left ventricles • septum • tricuspid and bicuspid valve • semi-lunar valves • pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein • vena cava • aorta Moving forwards, the lesson focuses on the link between the structure of a particular type of blood vessel and its function. Students will be able to make the connection between the narrow lumen and elastic tissue in the walls of arteries and the need to maintain the high pressure of the blood. A quick version of the GUESS WHO game is used to introduce smooth muscle and collagen in the tunica media and externa and again the reason for their presence is explored and explained. Moving forwards, the lesson considers the structure of the veins and students are challenged to explain how the differences to those observed in arteries is due to the lower blood pressure found in these vessels. The final part of the lesson looks at the role of the capillaries in exchange. Links are made to diffusion to ensure that students can explain how the red blood cells pressing against the endothelium results in a short diffusion distance. It is estimated that it will take in excess of 2 hours of allocated A-level Biology teaching time to cover the detail included in this lesson

This fully-resourced lesson has been designed to cover the content of specification point 5.3.3 (Maintaining water and nitrogen balance in the body) as found in topic 5 of the AQA GCSE Biology specification. This resource contains an engaging and detailed PowerPoint (59 slides) and accompanying worksheets, which have been differentiated so that students of different abilities can access the work. The detail of the content and this resource means that it is likely to take more than 1 lesson to go through the tasks. The resource is filled with a wide range of activities, each of which has been designed to engage and motivate the students whilst ensuring that the key Biological content is covered in good detail. Understanding checks are included throughout so that the students can assess their grasp of the content. In addition, prior knowledge checks make links to content from earlier topics such as homeostasis, osmosis and active transport. The following content is covered in this lesson: The importance of controlled water levels for cellular function The ways that water is lost and removed from the body The formation of urea by deamination Filtration of the blood by the kidney Selective reabsorption of useful molecules from the kidney to the blood The effect of ADH on the permeability of the tubules of the kidney Dialysis and transplant as possible treatment options for kidney failure As stated at the top, this lesson has been designed for GCSE-aged students who are studying the AQA GCSE Biology course, but it can be used with A-level students who need to go back over the key points before looking at the function of the nephron in more detail

This is a fully-resourced revision lesson that uses a combination of exam questions, understanding checks, quick tasks and quiz competitions to enable students to assess their understanding of the content found within Topic 6 (Organisms respond to the changes in the internal and external environment) of the AQA A-level Biology specification. The sub-topics and specification points that are tested within the lesson include: Nerve impulses Synaptic transmission Skeletal muscles are stimulated to contract by nerves and act as effectors The principles of homeostasis and negative feedback Control of blood glucose concentration Students will be engaged through the numerous quiz rounds such as “Communicate the word” and “Only CONNECT” whilst crucially being able to recognise those areas which require their further attention during general revision or during the lead up to the actual A-level terminal exams

This is a fully-resourced revision lesson that uses a combination of exam questions, understanding checks, quick tasks and quiz competitions to enable students to assess their understanding of the content found within Topic 2 (Cells) of the AQA A-level Biology specification. The sub-topics and specification points that are tested within the lesson include: Structure of eukaryotic cells Structure of prokaryotic cells and of viruses All cells arise from other cells Transport across cell membranes Cell recognition and the immune response Students will be engaged through the numerous quiz rounds such as “Make sure you are very SPECIFIC” and “Can I have a P please Bob” whilst crucially being able to recognise those areas which require their further attention during general revision or during the lead up to the actual A-level terminal exams

An engaging lesson presentation (67 slides) and associated worksheets that uses a combination of exam questions, quick tasks and quiz competitions to help the students to assess their understanding of the topics found within Topic 1 (Key concepts in Biology) of the EDEXCEL GCSE Combined Science specification The topics that are tested within the lesson include: Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells Microscopes The relationship between quantitative units Enzyme activity The effect of temperature on enzyme activity Digestive enzymes as biological catalysts Transporting substances in and out of cells Calculating gain and loss of mass in osmosis Students will be engaged through the numerous activities including quiz rounds like “Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic" and “ORDER, ORDER” whilst crucially being able to recognise those areas which need further attention

This detailed and engaging lesson describes how the roles of hydrogen, iron, sodium and phosphate ions are based on their properties. The PowerPoint and accompanying worksheet have been designed to cover point 1.8 of the AQA A-level Biology specification. The lesson begins with a made-up round of POINTLESS where students have to use their prior knowledge of topic 1 to identify four biological molecules. All four of these molecules are connected by a phosphate group and this acts to remind students that phosphate ions are a component of both DNA and ATP. Moving forwards, the rest of the lesson explores the role of hydrogen ions in pH, iron in haemoglobin and sodium in the co-transport of glucose and amino acids. The lesson has been written so that links can be made to upcoming topics including the regulation of heart rate, transport of oxygen and selective reabsorption in the nephron of the kidney.

This fully-resourced lesson explains the meaning of gross and net primary production and net production and describes how they are calculated. The PowerPoint and accompanying resources are part of the second lesson in a series of 3 lessons which have been designed to cover the detail in point 5.3 of the AQA A-level Biology specification. Due to the fact that the productivity of plants is dependent on photosynthesis, a series of exam-style questions have been written into the lesson which challenge the students to explain how the structure of the leaf as well as the light-dependent and light-independent reactions are linked to GPP. All of the exam questions have displayed mark schemes which are included in the PowerPoint to allow students to immediately assess their understanding. A number of quick quiz competitions as well as guided discussion points are used to introduce the formulae to calculate NPP and N and to recognise the meaning of the components. Once again, this is immediately followed by the opportunity to apply their understanding to selected questions. As well as linking to photosynthesis from earlier in topic 5, this lesson has been specifically planned to challenge students on their understanding of ecosystem terminology from the previous lesson as well as preparing them for the next lesson on the efficiency of energy transfer

This extensive and fully-resourced lesson describes the steps in the production of recombinant DNA in genetic technology. Both the engaging PowerPoint and accompanying resources have been written to cover all of the detailed content of topic 19.1 of the CIE International A-level Biology specification apart from the polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis as these are found in other uploaded lessons. The lesson begins with a definition of recombinant DNA to allow students to begin to understand how this process involves the transfer of DNA fragments from one species to another. Links are made to the genetic code and transcription and translation mechanisms, which were met in topic 6, in order to explain how the transferred gene can be translated in the transgenic organism. Moving forwards, the method involving reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase is introduced and their knowledge of the structure of the polynucleotides and the roles of enzymes is challenged through questions and discussion points. Restriction enzymes are then introduced and time is taken to look at the structure of a restriction site as well as the production of sticky ends due to the staggered cut on the DNA. A series of exam-style questions with displayed mark schemes are used to allow the students to assess their current understanding. The second half of the lesson looks at the culture of transformed host cells as an in vivo method to amplify DNA fragments. Students will learn that bacterial cells are the most commonly transformed cells so the next task challenges their recall of the structures of these cells so that plasmid DNA can be examined from that point onwards. The following key steps are described and explained: • Remove and prepare the plasmid to act as a vector • Insert the DNA fragment into the vector • Transfer the recombinant plasmid into the host cell • Identify the cells which have taken up the recombinant plasmid • Allow the transformed host cells to replicate and express the novel gene Time is taken to explore the finer details of each step such as the addition of the promoter and terminator regions, use of the same restriction enzyme to cut the plasmid as was used to cut the gene and the different types of marker genes. As well as understanding and prior knowledge checks, quick quiz competitions are used throughout the lesson to introduce key terms such as cDNA and EcoR1 in a memorable way. Due to the detail that is included in this lesson, it is estimated that it will take in excess of 3 hours to cover the points

This detailed and engaging lesson has been written to challenge the students on their recall and application of the 23 equations which they have to know for the AQA GCSE Physics exams. The lesson is designed to not only check that they know these equations but also on their ability to rearrange formulae when required and to convert between units. The main task of the lesson consists of 13 exam-style questions which challenge 12 of these recall equations and then an engaging quiz competition and class discussions are used to identify the other 11. Students are guided throughout the lesson in the use of the mathematical skills and are shown examples to aid their progress. This lesson has been designed to tie in with the other 8 uploaded revision lessons which cover the content of the 8 topics on the AQA GCSE Physics specification

An engaging lesson presentation (63 slides) and associated worksheets that uses a combination of exam questions, quick tasks and quiz competitions to help the students to assess their understanding of the topics found within module P2 (Forces) of the OCR Gateway A GCSE Combined Science specification. The topics that are tested within the lesson include: Distance, time and speed Acceleration Equations of motion Kinetic energy Forces and interactions Momentum Work and Power Stretching springs Students will be engaged through the numerous activities including quiz rounds like “Fill the VOID” and “Weight a minute” whilst crucially being able to recognise those areas which need further attention

This fully-resourced lesson explores how glucose as well as the other respiratory substrates, such as lipids and proteins, can enter the respiratory pathway and therefore can be respired to produce molecules of ATP. The engaging PowerPoint and accompanying resources have been designed to cover points 5.2.2 (j) and (k) of the OCR A-level Biology A specification which states that students should know the difference in the relative energy values of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins and be able to use and interpret the respiratory quotient. This lesson has been written to challenge current understanding as well as the knowledge of glycolysis, the link reaction and Krebs cycle and so contains regular prior knowledge checks which come in a range of forms. Students will learn that lipids and proteins can be used as respiratory substrates and will recognise the different ways that they enter the respiratory pathway. A quick quiz competition is used to introduce the mean energy value for carbohydrates and students are challenged to predict how the values for lipids and proteins will compare. As a result, students will recognise that a greater number of hydrogen atoms results in a greater availability of protons to form the chemiosmotic gradient to fuel the production of ATP. The rest of the lesson focuses on the calculation of the respiratory quotient and time is taken to look at how the result can be interpreted to determine which substrates were respired.

This fully-resourced lesson describes the structure of HIV, its replication inside helper T cells and EXPLAINS how it causes the symptoms of AIDS. The PowerPoint and accompanying resources are part of the 5th lesson in a series of 7 that cover the details of point 2.4 of the AQA A-level Biology specification. The structure of viruses was covered during the lessons in topic 2.1, so this lesson starts by challenging the students to recall the capsid, genetic material in the form of viral RNA and the lipid envelope. At this point, the students are introduced to gp120, the glycoprotein which is exposed on the surface of the lipid envelope, as this structure is critical for the entry of the virus into host cells. Students will annotate a basic diagram of HIV with these four structures which also has gp41 labelled. A quick quiz competition introduces the names of the enzymes found inside the capsid and the students will learn that integrase allows the viral DNA to be integrated into the host’s genome whilst reverse transcriptase catalyses the reaction to form DNA from RNA. A prior knowledge check challenges the students to identify the helper T cells from a description of their function and they are informed that these immune cells have the CD4 glycoprotein on their surface. Moving forwards, the main part of the lesson describes how HIV binds to the helper T cells, injects its capsid and integrates its DNA into the host’s genome in order to replicate to form virus particles (virions). Students are guided through the formation of a detailed answer about the mechanism of HIV and have to input key terms and structures where information is missing. Students will learn that the increase in the number of virus particles and a decrease in helper T cells and other immune cells results in infections like TB and by opportunistic pathogens and that this stage is recognised as AIDS The final part of the lesson challenges the students to explain why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses through a series of exam-style questions and the final task gets them to work as a class where they have to study the replication process once more to suggest drug actions that might be used to treat HIV

A fully resourced lesson that includes a lesson presentation (27 slides) and an accompanying worksheet that guides students through the topic of the electrolysis of solutions and enables them to state the products at the electrodes from these reactions. The lesson focuses on the rules at the cathode and then the anode and regular understanding checks are used to ensure that learning has occured. This lesson has been designed for GCSE students (14 - 16 year olds)

This is a detailed and engaging REVISION lesson which is fully-resourced and uses a range of exam questions, understanding checks, quick tasks and quiz competitions to enable students to assess their understanding of the content within topic 7 (Radioactivity and particles) of the Pearson Edexcel IGCSE Physics 9-1 specification (4PH1) for first assessment in June 2019. The specification points that are covered in this revision lesson include: Use the following units: becquerel (Bq), centimetre (cm), hour (h), minute (min) and second (s) Describe the structure of an atom in terms of protons, neutrons and electrons and use symbols to represent isotopes Know the terms atomic (proton) number, mass (nucleon) number and isotope Know that alpha (α) particles, beta (β−) particles, and gamma (γ) rays are ionising radiations emitted from unstable nuclei in a random process Describe the nature of alpha (α) particles, beta (β−) particles, and gamma (γ) rays, and recall that they may be distinguished in terms of penetrating power and ability to ionise Describe the effects on the atomic and mass numbers of a nucleus of the emission of each types of radiation Understand how to balance nuclear equations in terms of mass and charge Know that the activity of a radioactive source decreases over a period of time and is measured in becquerels Know the definition of the term half-life and understand that it is different for different radioactive isotopes Use the concept of the half-life to carry out simple calculations on activity Know that nuclear reactions, including fission, fusion and radioactive decay, can be a source of energy Understand how a nucleus of U-235 can be split (the process of fission) by collision with a neutron, and that this process releases energy as kinetic energy of the fission products Know that the fission of U-235 produces two radioactive daughter nuclei and a small number of neutrons Describe how a chain reaction can be set up if the neutrons produced by one fission strike other U-235 nuclei Explain the difference between nuclear fusion and nuclear fission Describe nuclear fusion as the creation of larger nuclei resulting in a loss of mass from smaller nuclei, accompanied by a release of energy Know that fusion is the energy source for stars The students will thoroughly enjoy the range of activities, which include quiz competitions such as “It’s as easy as ABG” where they have to compete to be the 1st to form a word by using clues about the different types of radiation whilst all the time evaluating and assessing which areas of this topic will need their further attention. This lesson can be used as revision resource at the end of the topic or in the lead up to mocks or the actual International GCSE exams

An engaging lesson presentation (73 slides) and associated worksheets that uses a combination of exam questions, quick tasks and quiz competitions to help the students to assess their understanding of the topics found within unit B5 (Homeostasis and response) of the AQA GCSE Combined Science specification (specification unit B4.5). The topics that are tested within the lesson include: Structure and function of the nervous system Human endocrine system Hormones in human reproduction Contraception The use of hormones to treat infertility Negative feedback Students will be engaged through the numerous activities including quiz rounds like “Take the IVF Hotseat” whilst crucially being able to recognise those areas which need further attention

This is an engaging revision lesson which uses a range of exam questions, understanding checks, quiz tasks and quiz competitions to enable students to assess their understanding of the content within topic 4 (Stoichiometry) of the Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (0620) specification. The lesson covers the content in both the core and supplement sections of the specification and therefore can be used with students who will be taking the extended papers as well as the core papers. The specification points that are covered in this revision lesson include: CORE Use the symbols of the elements and write the formulae of simple compounds Construct word equations and simple balanced chemical equations Define relative molecular mass, Mr, as the sum of the relative atomic masses SUPPLEMENT Determine the formula of an ionic compound from the charges on the ions present Construct equations with state symbols Define the mole and the Avogadro constant Use the molar gas volume, taken as 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure Calculate stoichiometric reacting masses, volumes of gases and solutions, and concentrations of solutions expressed in mol / dm3. The students will thoroughly enjoy the range of activities, which include quiz competitions such as “In the BALANCE” where they have to compete to be the 1st to balance an equation and recognise the number of moles involved whilst crucially being able to recognise the areas of this topic which need their further attention. This lesson can be used as revision resource at the end of the topic or in the lead up to mocks or the actual GCSE exams.

This is a detailed and engaging REVISION lesson which uses a range of exam questions, understanding checks, quick tasks and quiz competitions to enable students to assess their understanding of the content within topic 1 (Forces and motion) of the Pearson Edexcel IGCSE Physics 9-1 specification (4PH1) for first assessment in June 2019. The specification points that are covered in this revision lesson include: Know and use the relationship between average speed, distance moved and time taken Know and use the relationship between acceleration, change in velocity and time taken Plot and explain velocity-time graphs Determine the distance travelled from the area between a velocity−time graph and the time axis Use the relationship between final speed, initial speed, acceleration and distance moved Understand how vector quantities differ from scalar quantities Understand that force is a vector quantity Know that friction is a force that opposes motion Know and use the relationship between unbalanced force, mass and acceleration Know and use the relationship between weight, mass and gravitational field strength Know that the stopping distance of a vehicle is made up of the sum of the thinking distance and the braking distance Describe the factors affecting vehicle stopping distance, including speed, mass, road condition and reaction time Know and use the relationship between momentum, mass and velocity Use the idea of momentum to explain safety features Use the conservation of momentum to calculate the mass, velocity or momentum of objects Use the relationship between force, change in momentum and time taken Demonstrate an understanding of Newton’s third law Know and use the relationship between the moment of a force and its perpendicular distance from the pivot The students will thoroughly enjoy the range of activities, which include quiz competitions such as “Fill the VOID” where they have to compete to be the 1st to complete one of the know and use equations whilst all the time evaluating and assessing which areas of this topic will need their further attention. This lesson can be used as revision resource at the end of the topic or in the lead up to mocks or the actual International GCSE exams

This lesson describes a range of methods that are used to conserve habitats and explains how this frequently involves the management of succession. The engaging PowerPoint and accompanying worksheets are part of the final lesson in a series of 4 lessons which have been designed to cover the content of topic 7.4 (Populations in ecosystems) of the AQA A-level Biology specification Hours of research has gone into the planning of this lesson to source interesting examples that increase the relevance of the biological content and these include the Lizard National Nature Reserve in Cornwall, the Lake Télé Community reserve in the Republic of Congo and the marine conservation zone in the waters surrounding Tristan da Cunha. Students will learn how this form of active management conserves habitats and species in their natural environment, with the aim of minimising human impact whilst maintaining biodiversity. The main issues surrounding this method are discussed, including the fact that the impact of this conservation may not be significant if the population has lost much of its genetic diversity and that despite the management, the conditions that caused the species to become endangered may still be present. To enrich their understanding of the importance of ex situ conservation, the Millennium Seed Bank Project in Wakehurst is used and time is taken to consider how seed banks can be used to ensure that endangered plant species avoid extinction and how the plants can be bred asexually to increase plant populations quickly. The final part of this lesson describes how the active management of a habitat in Downe, Kent, has allowed kidney vetch to flourish, which is critical for the small blue butterfly which feeds, lives, and lays eggs on this plant. This example has been specifically chosen to further emphasise the key point that conservation frequently manages succession.

This revision resource has been filled with a range of activities that will motivate the students whilst they assess their understanding of the content found in module 4.2.1 (Biodiversity) of the OCR A-level Biology A specification. The content of this module is regularly assessed in the exams and therefore time has been taken to design the lesson to encourage recall. The resource includes a detailed and engaging Powerpoint (80 slides) and associated worksheets, some of which are differentiated to allow students of differing abilities to access the work. The range of activities have been designed to cover as much of the content as possible but the following sub-topics have been given particular attention: Considering biodiversity at different levels including species biodiversity Calculating the biodiversity of a habitat using the Simpsons index of diversity Assessing genetic diversity by looking at polymorphic gene loci Zoos as an ex situ method of maintaining biodiversity The factors affecting biodiversity There is a real emphasis on the mathematical element of the course in this lesson as students are challenged to apply the formulae in this module as well as more general skills such as percentage change. There are also links to topics from other modules such as selection pressures and codominance so students can experience the need to make connections between modules