This great activity is designed to help students studying how the Homesteaders survived on the Great Plains as part of a course on the American West. It can be used as either a revision, consolidation exercise or even as a plenary or starter. If you are looking for an accompany resource to cover this topic then please do check out my TES shop. The two page word document contains 14 problems with the solutions that the Homesteaders came up with mixed up. Students cut out the cards and match the problems and solutions under the two headings. Once they have peer reviewed or checked them during a class feedback session, students can then stick them into their books. Alternatively, you could create a class set that are kept in envelops and quickly matched and then put back as a quick starter or plenary. The aims and objectives for this activity are: Theme: How successful were the Homesteaders at settling on the Great Plains? Know: What problems did they have to overcome? Understand: How did the Homesteaders survive and build successful farms on the Great Plains? Evaluate: What impact did these solutions have on the Homesteaders, the environment and the Native Americans? Skills: Cause, Consequence, Change, Continuity & Source Evaluation. WILF – What Am I Looking For? Identify and describe: What problems did the Homesteaders have to overcome in order to survive? Explain: Did they try and solve these problems? Analyze: begin to make an overall judgement on how successful the Homesteaders were at settling on the Great Plains and at what cost? If you like this resource then why not check out my other resources on this topic in my TES shop. You can also follow ‘The History Academy’ on Twitter, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates or even to get in touch and chat about how you have used this resource or to ask questions. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee or a happy meal so that you can spend more time doing the things that you want. Anyway, have fun and stay in touch via social media for the latest updates. Kind Regards Roy

This great activity is designed to help students studying how the Homesteaders survived on the Great Plains as part of a course on the American West. It can be used as either a revision, consolidation exercise or even as a plenary or starter. If you are looking for an accompany resource to cover this topic then please do check out my TES shop. The two page word document contains 14 problems with the solutions that the Homesteaders came up with mixed up. Students cut out the cards and match the problems and solutions under the two headings. Once they have peer reviewed or checked them during a class feedback session, students can then stick them into their books. Alternatively, you could create a class set that are kept in envelops and quickly matched and then put back as a quick starter or plenary. The aims and objectives for this activity are: Theme: How successful were the Homesteaders at settling on the Great Plains? Know: What problems did they have to overcome? Understand: How did the Homesteaders survive and build successful farms on the Great Plains? Evaluate: What impact did these solutions have on the Homesteaders, the environment and the Native Americans? Skills: Cause, Consequence, Change, Continuity & Source Evaluation. WILF – What Am I Looking For? Identify and describe: What problems did the Homesteaders have to overcome in order to survive? Explain: Did they try and solve these problems? Analyse: begin to make an overall judgement on how successful the Homesteaders were at settling on the Great Plains and at what cost? If you like this resource then why not check out my other resources on this topic in my TES shop. You can also follow 'The History Academy' on Twitter, Google Plus, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates or even to get in touch and chat about how you have used this resource or to ask questions. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee or a happy meal so that you can spend more time doing the things that you want. Anyway, have fun and stay in touch via social media for the latest updates. Kind Regards Roy

This great little resource has never failed to help my students understand the social, economic and political effects of the Great Depression on the USA, 1929 - 1932. It makes a great little starter or mini plenary to a lesson on this topic. I’ve provided it in word so you can easily adapt it to suit the needs of your students. Aims and Objectives Theme: Why did FDR defeat HH in the Presidential Election in 1932? Know: What effects did the Great Depression have on the USA? Understand: what were the social, economic and political effects of the depression? Evaluate: Why did President Hoover become increasingly unpopular? WILF - What Am I Looking For? Identify and describe: What were the effects of the Great Depression? Explain: Which effects were economic, social or political? Analyse: Link the effects of the Great Depression together to help explain why HH became more unpopular with the American people? If you like this resource then why not check out my other resources on this topic in my TES shop. You can also follow ‘The History Academy’ on Twitter, Google Plus, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates or even to get in touch and chat about how you have used this resource or to ask questions. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee or a happy meal so that you can spend more time doing the things that you want. Anyway, have fun and stay in touch via social media for the latest updates. Kind Regards Roy

This great little resource has never failed to help my students understand the social, economic and political effects of the Great Depression on the USA, 1929 - 1932. It makes a great little starter or mini plenary to a lesson on this topic. I've provided it in word so you can easily adapt it to suit the needs of your students. Aims and Objectives Theme: Why did FDR defeat HH in the Presidential Election in 1932? Know: What effects did the Great Depression have on the USA? Understand: what were the social, economic and political effects of the depression? Evaluate: Why did President Hoover become increasingly unpopular? WILF - What Am I Looking For? Identify and describe: What were the effects of the Great Depression? Explain: Which effects were economic, social or political? Analyse: Link the effects of the Great Depression together to help explain why HH became more unpopular with the American people? If you like this resource then why not check out my other resources on this topic in my TES shop. You can also follow 'The History Academy' on Twitter, Google Plus, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates or even to get in touch and chat about how you have used this resource or to ask questions. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee or a happy meal so that you can spend more time doing the things that you want. Anyway, have fun and stay in touch via social media for the latest updates. Kind Regards Roy

This card sort gets students to sort through a series of statements to help them assess the achievements and limitations of the Homestead Act of 1862. It can be used as either starter or plenary for a lesson on this topic and is a great way to activate the learning an appeal to multiple learning styles. I would recommend getting your students to peer and self assess their answers before sticking them into their books. When you purchase this resource you will receive a single page Microsoft Office Word document, which contains instructions, a learning objective, two heading cards and 16 statements on the Homestead Act of 1862. Once students have cut out the statements and sorted them, they can extend their understanding by reorganising the statements on both sides into their order of importance. I usually use this resource in preparation for an extended answer on ‘how far was the Homestead Act a success?’ It can also be used to stimulate a debate on the topic as well. The aims and objectives of this lesson are: Theme: The American West Know: What were the terms of the Homestead Act of 1862? Understand: What were the achievements and limitations of the act? Evaluate: How far was the Homestead Act a success? WILF - What Am I Looking For? Identify and describe: What were the terms of the Homestead Act of 1862? Explain: What either the limitations or achievements of the Homestead Act of 1862? Analyze: Come to a balanced judgement on how far the Homestead Act of 1862 was a success? If you like this resource then why not check out my other resources on this topic in my TES shop. You can also follow ‘The History Academy’ on Twitter, Google Plus, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates or even to get in touch and chat about how you have used this resource or to ask questions. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee or a happy meal so that you can spend more time doing the things that you want. Anyway, have fun and stay in touch via social media for the latest updates. Kind Regards Roy

This outstanding card sort is designed to help students studying the impact of the Gold Rush on the American West by looking at the positive and negative consequences affecting both Native Americans and the early settlers. It can be used as a revision activity, preparation for an essay on this topic or as a starter or plenary. It can be used alongside any of the main stream text books on the American West or even my PowerPoint on this topic which can be downloaded via The History Academy TES shop. The aims and objectives are: Theme: The American West Know: What impact did the gold rush have on the West? Understand: What impact did the gold rush have on both Native Americans and settlers. Evaluate: What were the most significant negative and positive consequences? Skills: Cause, Consequence, Significance and Interpretation WILF: What Am I Looking For: Identify & describe the impact of the gold rush on the USA & the West. Explain the positive and negative impact on both the Native Americans and settlers. Analyse and come to a judgement on who benefitted from the gold rush? Task 1: Sort the consequences under the two headings Task 2: Number the positive and negative changes to show the level of their importance for each column. Task 3: Create a color code using a pen or a highlighter to show which consequences were negative for Native Americans If you like this resource then why not check out my other resources on this topic in my TES shop. You can also follow ‘The History Academy’ on Twitter, Google Plus, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates or even to get in touch and chat about how you have used this resource or to ask questions. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee so that you can spend more time doing the things that you want. Anyway, have fun and stay in touch via social media for the latest updates. Kind Regards Roy

The aim of these bundled resource is explain what problems US farmers faced to get students to assess why they didn't share in the prosperity in the 1920s, The aims and objects are as follows: Theme: Dark side of the US boom in the 1920s Know: What problems faced farmers in the 1920s? Understand: What impact did Republican policies & mass production have on farmers? Evaluate: How far were the problems of US farmers caused by government policies? WILF: What Am I Looking For? Identify / describe: What problems faced farmers in 20s? Explain: The impact of government policies and mass production on the price of farming produce? Analyse: Which was the most significant problem? Both resources contain activities for core and able students as well as past paper questions for the OCR examination board (Oxford & Cambridge). These can be easily adapted to suit your own assessment criteria. If you like this resource then why not check out my other resources on this topic in my TES shop. You can also follow 'The History Academy' on Twitter, Google Plus, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates or even to get in touch and chat about how you have used this resource or to ask questions. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee or a happy meal so that you can spend more time doing the things that you want. Anyway, have fun and stay in touch via social media for the latest updates. Kind Regards Roy

The aim of these bundled resource is explain what problems US farmers faced to get students to assess why they didn't share in the prosperity in the 1920s, The aims and objects are as follows: Theme: Dark side of the US boom in the 1920s Know: What problems faced farmers in the 1920s? Understand: What impact did Republican policies & mass production have on farmers? Evaluate: How far were the problems of US farmers caused by government policies? WILF: What Am I Looking For? Identify / describe: What problems faced farmers in 20s? Explain: The impact of government policies and mass production on the price of farming produce? Analyse: Which was the most significant problem? Both resources contain activities for core and able students as well as past paper questions for the OCR examination board (Oxford & Cambridge). These can be easily adapted to suit your own assessment criteria. If you like this resource then why not check out my other resources on this topic in my TES shop. You can also follow 'The History Academy' on Twitter, Google Plus, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates or even to get in touch and chat about how you have used this resource or to ask questions. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee or a happy meal so that you can spend more time doing the things that you want. Anyway, have fun and stay in touch via social media for the latest updates. Kind Regards Roy

The aim of this resource is explain what problems US farmers faced to get students to assess why they didn't share in the prosperity in the 1920s, The aims and objects are as follows: Theme: Dark side of the US boom in the 1920s Know: What problems faced farmers in the 1920s? Understand: What impact did Republican policies & mass production have on farmers? Evaluate: How far were the problems of US farmers caused by government policies? WILF: What Am I Looking For? Identify / describe: What problems faced farmers in 20s? Explain: The impact of government policies and mass production on the price of farming produce? Analyse: Which was the most significant problem? The resource begins by setting out the aims and objects. The starter is a snowballing activity, instructions included. The first part of the presentation then looks at the impact of the First World War and mass production on the plight of the farmers. It then looks at the impact on their income and spiraling debt problems. The next part of the presentation then looks at the impact of overproduction on the environment and minority groups such as Alack people and Hispanic Americans. The avatar then introduces an alternative interpretation of why farmers didn't share in the prosperity of the boom by looking at the roles played by Republican policies such as tariffs, prohibition and laisse faire attitudes that resulted in the problems of the farmers being furtherer compounded. The plenary activity focuses on a thinking skills review triangle, which aims to get students to decide which factors were the most important in preventing farmers from sharing in the prosperity of the boom. This slide could be printed off. It should be pointed out that their is no definitive answer, but the group or pair work around this task is designed to promote discussion and class debate to later help students with their assessment questions. The assessment section includes 4 questions from OCR or the Oxford and Cambridge exam board. The first is a describe, the second is an explain and the third is an essay question. The final question is a source based question which could be used as either a starter or a plenary. I have also included pupil mark schemes which could be used to get students to either mark or peer assess their work. This resource really well alongside my worksheet on why didn't farmers benefit from the Boom which you can download and buy separately or as a bundle with this presentation. If you like this resource then you can also follow 'The History Academy' on Twitter, Google Plus, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee or a happy meal so that you can spend more Kind Regards Roy

The aim of this resource is explain what problems US farmers faced to get students to assess why they didn't share in the prosperity in the 1920s, The aims and objects are as follows: Theme: Dark side of the US boom in the 1920s Know: What problems faced farmers in the 1920s? Understand: What impact did Republican policies & mass production have on farmers? Evaluate: How far were the problems of US farmers caused by government policies? WILF: What Am I Looking For? Identify / describe: What problems faced farmers in 20s? Explain: The impact of government policies and mass production on the price of farming produce? Analyse: Which was the most significant problem? The resource begins by setting out the aims and objects. The starter is a snowballing activity, instructions included. The first part of the presentation then looks at the impact of the First World War and mass production on the plight of the farmers. It then looks at the impact on their income and spiraling debt problems. The next part of the presentation then looks at the impact of overproduction on the environment and minority groups such as Alack people and Hispanic Americans. The avatar then introduces an alternative interpretation of why farmers didn't share in the prosperity of the boom by looking at the roles played by Republican policies such as tariffs, prohibition and laisse faire attitudes that resulted in the problems of the farmers being furtherer compounded. The plenary activity focuses on a thinking skills review triangle, which aims to get students to decide which factors were the most important in preventing farmers from sharing in the prosperity of the boom. This slide could be printed off. It should be pointed out that their is no definitive answer, but the group or pair work around this task is designed to promote discussion and class debate to later help students with their assessment questions. The assessment section includes 4 questions from OCR or the Oxford and Cambridge exam board. The first is a describe, the second is an explain and the third is an essay question. The final question is a source based question which could be used as either a starter or a plenary. I have also included pupil mark schemes which could be used to get students to either mark or peer assess their work. If you like this resource then why not follow 'The History Academy' on Twitter, Google Plus, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates or even to get in touch and chat about how you have used this resource or to ask questions. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee or a happy meal so that you can spend more time doing the things that matter. Kind Regards Roy

This outstanding study guide, worksheet or assessment for learning pack has stood me in good stead over the years and looks at the problems facing US farmers in the 1920s. As you can see in the preview panel, the information is broken down into carefully crafted bullet points to aid the learner both in lesson and during revision. Each section is consolidated with an activity which is suitable for the full range of foundation, core and advanced students. I usually read the study guide with my students who are suitably equipped with highlighters to help them summarise and pick out the key facts. On page 2 of the guide I have included a flow chart to show the vicious cycle of debt and poverty that the farmers got caught up introducing the new mass production technologies to agriculture as a spider graph created by my own students summarising the key facts. The consolidation task is a thinking skills review diagram that is designed to promote discussion and debate in groups before feeding back to a class discussion on the IWB. Page 3 of the booklet has two past paper questions from OCR. I always get my students to work there way through them to build up their confidence, but you could always direct certain learners to particular questions as part of your differentiation. The first question is a describe, whilst the second is an explain question. On page 4, there is a full OCR essay question which requires an introduction, main body and conclusion. In the next section, I have also included a n Oxford and Cambridge source analysis question 'on what is the message of this cartoon.' In the final section of the booklet, I have included self help guides for each question to help students write their answers as well as pupil mark schemes which can be used to peer and self assess their work. I always use my visualizer to demonstrate and model mark on my IWB. If you like this resource then why not check out my other resources on this topic in my TES shop. You can also follow 'The History Academy' on Twitter, Google Plus, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates or even to get in touch and chat about how you have used this resource or to ask questions. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee or a happy meal so that you can spend more time doing the things that you want. Anyway, have fun and stay in touch via social media for the latest updates. Kind Regards Roy Kind Regards Roy

These resources look at the key reasons why the US economy boomed in the 1920s. I've included a PowerPoint, two worksheets and some revision / dingbat cards on the key features of the USA in the 1920s. Woven into the fabric of the PowerPoint and worksheets are two past paper questions which can be easily adapted to suit your assessment criteria. Both the PowerPoint and the worksheets focus on the key role played by the car industry in stimulating demand and pioneering mass production techniques. These resources are ideal for foundation and core students and include a range of DART stratedgies including a mix of true and false statements, missing word as well as traditional digging deeper questions. The learning objectives are as follows: Theme: Why did the US Economy Boom in the 1920s? Know: Who was Henry Ford and why was he so successful? Understand: How did assembly lines, unskilled workers and standardisation help to cut production costs? Evaluate: How did car production contribute to the US Boom and the cycle of prosperity? WILF – What Am I Looking For? Identify / Describe: Who was Henry Ford and why was his ‘Tin Lizzy’ so popular? Explain: How did mass production techniques cut production cost? Analyse: Come to a judgement on how far the car industry contributed to the US Boom? If you like this resource then why not check out my other resources on this topic in my TES shop. You can also follow 'The History Academy' on Twitter, Google Plus, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates or even to get in touch and chat about how you have used this resource or to ask questions. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee or a happy meal so that you can spend more time doing the things that you want. Anyway, have fun and stay in touch via social media for the latest updates. Kind Regards Roy

These resources look at the key reasons why the US economy boomed in the 1920s. I've included a PowerPoint, two worksheets and some revision / dingbat cards on the key features of the USA in the 1920s. Woven into the fabric of the PowerPoint and worksheets are two past paper questions which can be easily adapted to suit your assessment criteria. These resources are ideal for foundation and core students and include a range of DART stratedgies including a mix of true and false statements, missing word as well as traditional digging deeper questions. Both the PowerPoint and the worksheets focus on the key role played by the car industry in stimulating demand and pioneering mass production techniques. These resources are ideal for foundation and core students. The learning objectives are as follows: Theme: Why did the US Economy Boom in the 1920s? Know: Who was Henry Ford and why was he so successful? Understand: How did assembly lines, unskilled workers and standardisation help to cut production costs? Evaluate: How did car production contribute to the US Boom and the cycle of prosperity? WILF – What Am I Looking For? Identify / Describe: Who was Henry Ford and why was his ‘Tin Lizzy’ so popular? Explain: How did mass production techniques cut production cost? Analyse: Come to a judgement on how far the car industry contributed to the US Boom? If you like this resource then why not check out my other resources on this topic in my TES shop. You can also follow 'The History Academy' on Twitter, Google Plus, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates or even to get in touch and chat about how you have used this resource or to ask questions. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee or a happy meal so that you can spend more time doing the things that you want. Anyway, have fun and stay in touch via social media for the latest updates. Kind Regards Roy

These two work sheets are great for foundation and core students. They look at the main reasosn why the economy boomed and the role played by car industry in stimulating demand and kick starting the cycle of prosperity. The tasks and activities include missing word activities, true and false statements as well as straight forward exam style questions. Before purchasing, please look at the combo of resources that I have put together including PowerPoints and Dingbats. It might save you some money! If you like this resource then why not check out my other resources on this topic in my TES shop. You can also follow 'The History Academy' on Twitter, Google Plus, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates or even to get in touch and chat about how you have used this resource or to ask questions. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee or a happy meal so that you can spend more time doing the things that you want. Anyway, have fun and stay in touch via social media for the latest updates. Kind Regards Roy Kind Regards Roy

These two work sheets are great for foundation and core students. They look at the main reasosn why the economy boomed and the role played by car industry in stimulating demand and kick starting the cycle of prosperity. The tasks and activities include missing word activities, true and false statements as well as straight forward exam style questions. Before purchasing, please look at the combo of resources that I have put together including PowerPoints and Dingbats. It might save you some money! If you like this resource then why not check out my other resources on this topic in my TES shop. You can also follow 'The History Academy' on Twitter, Google Plus, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates or even to get in touch and chat about how you have used this resource or to ask questions. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee or a happy meal so that you can spend more time doing the things that you want. Anyway, have fun and stay in touch via social media for the latest updates. Kind Regards Roy Kind Regards Roy

This PowerPoint presentation looks at the following following learning objectivives and includes a snowballing starter, a missing word activity as well as two possible past paper questions, which can be easily customised to your own assessment criteria: Theme: Why did the US Economy Boom in the 1920s? Know: Who was Henry Ford and why was he so successful? Understand: How did assembly lines, unskilled workers and standardisation help to cut production costs? Evaluate: How did car production contribute to the US Boom and the cycle of prosperity? WILF – What Am I Looking For? Identify / Describe: Who was Henry Ford and why was his ‘Tin Lizzy’ so popular? Explain: How did mass production techniques cut production cost? Analyse: Come to a judgement on how far the car industry contributed to the US Boom? If you like this resource then why not check out my other resources on this topic in my TES shop. You can also follow 'The History Academy' on Twitter, Google Plus, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates or even to get in touch and chat about how you have used this resource or to ask questions. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee or a happy meal so that you can spend more time doing the things that you want. Anyway, have fun and stay in touch via social media for the latest updates. Kind Regards Roy

This PowerPoint presentation looks at the following following learning objectivives and includes a snowballing starter, a missing word activity as well as two possible past paper questions, which can be easily customised to your own assessment criteria: Theme: Why did the US Economy Boom in the 1920s? Know: Who was Henry Ford and why was he so successful? Understand: How did assembly lines, unskilled workers and standardisation help to cut production costs? Evaluate: How did car production contribute to the US Boom and the cycle of prosperity? WILF – What Am I Looking For? Identify / Describe: Who was Henry Ford and why was his ‘Tin Lizzy’ so popular? Explain: How did mass production techniques cut production cost? Analyse: Come to a judgement on how far the car industry contributed to the US Boom? If you like this resource then why not check out my other resources on this topic in my TES shop. You can also follow 'The History Academy' on Twitter, Google Plus, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates or even to get in touch and chat about how you have used this resource or to ask questions. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee or a happy meal so that you can spend more time doing the things that you want. Anyway, have fun and stay in touch via social media for the latest updates. Kind Regards Roy

These resources / unit of work looks at why the Nazi persecution of the Jews became more extreme from 1918 - 1945? The first few chapters look at the status and position of German Jews in 1918 and then moves on to look at the Nazi rise to power and the propaganda, economic, legal, physical attacks on the Jews from 1933 - 1938. Each chapter is designed with revision and summary sections. I have also included some of my Smart Notes with aims, objectives, differentiated outcomes, starters and summary diagrams to accompany the booklet which you can adapt as you go along. T he next section then looks at the impact of the war on the next stage of the attack on the Jews by looking at the forced segregation and isolation through ghettoes, which was followed by the work of the Einsatgruppen Battalions as the German Army advanced into the USSR. My booklet then asks the question why did the Nazis then decide to move to a 'Final Solution' before moving onto the industrial methods and tactics used to murder the Jews through 'Destruction through work ' and 'special treatment.' The final section or conclusions then explores some of the historical controversy surrounding how far the German people should be blamed for the persecution of the Jews. If I have quoted from a primary or secondary source then full attribution has been given whenever possible. Please note that my resources were written for a British audience so you may want to run them through your US / local spell checker. Some of the key questions or learning outcomes, which these resources explore are listed below: • What impact did the FWW and Treaty of Versailles have on Germany? • How successful was the Weimar Government at bringing economic and political stability to Germany? • What was the status and position of German Jews in 1920? • What impact did the Great Depression have on the support for extremist parties in Weimar Germany? • Why did Hitler become Chancellor of Germany in 1932? • How did Hitler consolidate his power in 1933 – 34? • How did the status and position of Jews change from 1933 – 45? You need to know about: • What rights did German Jews have under the Weimar Constitution? • Why did hatred of the Jews increase from 1919 – 1933? • Why did the Nazis launch a propaganda attack on the Jews? • What impact did the economic attack have on the Jews 1933 – 38? • What impact did the legal attack have on the status and position of Jews living in Germany? • Why did the Nazis launch a physical attack on the Jews in 1938? • What impact did the Second World War have on the Jews in Europe? • Why did the Nazis introduce the Final Solution in 1941? • How did the Nazi regime use industrial methods to persecute the Jews in the Holocaust from 1933 -45?