This is a 6-page Handout/Worksheet (1669 words) for the EDEXCEL Politics Specification written by an experienced Examiner in Politics. The document provides a comprehensive analysis of Margaret Thatcher’s time as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990. It covers her significant economic, social, and political transformations, focusing on key policies, achievements, and controversies. The analysis delves into her economic reforms, including monetarism and privatization, and their impacts on inflation, unemployment, and public accountability. It also examines her social policies, particularly her contentious relationship with trade unions and the “Right to Buy” housing scheme. Additionally, the document discusses her foreign policy, highlighting the Falklands War and her role in the Cold War. The legacy and controversy section evaluates the long-term effects of her policies on the UK’s economy, society, and political landscape, noting the ongoing debates about her impact. It also contains 6 differentiated questions on Margaret Thatcher and her legacy which could also form the basis of a debate on her record in office.

This is a 9-page student handout or worksheet on the topic of the reform of the law on murder and voluntary manslaughter. It is designed for the AQA Specification but can be used with any Specification requiring a knowledge of reform of the law. The handout discusses the need for reform in the laws governing murder and voluntary manslaughter, highlighting criticisms and proposed changes. Criticisms of Current Murder Law: The current law on murder is criticised for its handling of intent, self-defence, and the mandatory life sentence. Issues with Intent: Establishing intent can be problematic, especially when the primary intent was not to kill but to cause serious bodily harm. Proposals for Intent: A draft criminal code proposed in 1989 aimed to clarify the definition of murder by including awareness of causing death as part of the intent. Self-Defence Concerns: The all-or-nothing approach in self-defence cases is seen as unjust, with defendants either acquitted or sentenced to life imprisonment. Mandatory Life Sentence Issues: The mandatory life sentence for murder is criticized for not allowing judges to consider the seriousness of the killing and for leading to inappropriate manslaughter verdicts. Reform Suggestions for Sentencing: Suggestions include making life sentences discretionary or introducing different degrees of murder with varying sentences.

This is a 10-page student handout or worksheet on the topic of the reform of the law on non-fatal offences. It includes review questions at the end and will take around 75 minutes to teach. It is designed for the AQA Specification but can be used with any Specification requiring a knowledge of reform of the law. The Handout is structured as follows: The law on non-fatal offences is widely criticized and in need of reform. Academics, judges, and practitioners have highlighted issues such as outdated language, complex structure, and inconsistent sentencing. The Law Commission has proposed reforms to simplify and modernize the law, including clearer definitions and a more logical hierarchy of offences. Despite these proposals, significant changes have yet to be implemented. Review questions at end of Handout.

This is a 10-page student Handout written by an experienced A Level Law Examiner, which has been tried and tested with many groups and across many years. The Handout covers the topic of how morality has influenced the law. It covers such topics as the different theories of law and the ideas of legal theorists and looks at how practical examples from recent times, such as the Discrimination Act, was influenced by morality. An essential aid to the topic for any students/teachers of morality and law.

This is a 9-page student Handout, written by an experienced Law Examiner, which provides a guide as to what to include when answering questions on law and morality. The Handout discusses legal cases involving the intersection of law and morality, focusing on battered women who kill violent partners and the withdrawal of life support from comatose patients. Sara Thornton’s Case: Sara Thornton’s murder conviction was quashed after arguments that her violent husband provoked her, highlighting the recognition of “battered women’s syndrome” in legal defenses. Law and Morality: The document explores the relationship between law and morality, referencing debates and cases such as R v R, which questioned the legality of marital rape, and the evolving legal perspectives on moral issues. Tony Bland’s Case: Tony Bland’s case involved the withdrawal of life support for a Hillsborough disaster victim in a persistent vegetative state, marking a significant legal decision on medical treatment and end-of-life issues. This is designed for the AQA Specification but could be used with any students studying the topic of law and morality.

This is a 16-page student Handout and activity sheet which covers a vital topic in A2 Law. Written by an experienced Examiner and used with his classes over the years. Here’s a summary of the document: The Handoutt discusses the relationship between law and morality, focusing on the Sexual Offences Act (1967) and the case of DPP v Knuller (1972). It explores how legal decisions reflect societal changes and moral debates. Sexual Offences Act (1967): The Sexual Offences Act (1967) partially decriminalized homosexual acts between consenting adults over 21 in private, following the recommendations of the Wolfenden Report (1957). Wolfenden Report: The Wolfenden Report recommended decriminalizing private homosexual acts between consenting adults over 21, sparking significant public debate and influencing the Sexual Offences Act. Homosexual Law Reform Society: The Homosexual Law Reform Society, founded in 1958, aimed to persuade Parliament to reform laws on homosexuality, highlighting the societal shift in moral values. Law Lords’ Decision: In DPP v Knuller, the Law Lords upheld the conviction for conspiracy to corrupt public morals but quashed the conviction for outrage public decency, citing the need to consider contemporary standards. Case of Re A (Children): The case of Re A (Children) involved the separation of conjoined twins, with the Court of Appeal deciding based on the lesser of two evils, emphasizing the moral complexities in legal decisions. Pretty and Purdy Cases: The cases of Pretty and Purdy addressed the issue of assisted suicide, with courts emphasizing that changes to the law are a matter for Parliament, not the judiciary.

An 8-slide Powerpoint presentation which introduces students to the rituals and traditions of Bonfire Night in the UK. Invaluable as an aid to teachers delivering an assembly or perhaps an history lesson or even citizenship or a tutorial. Includes Speakers’ Notes and a 10-question quiz at the end. The Powerpoint includes: Gunpowder Plot: The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was a failed assassination attempt against King James I by a group of conspirators led by Guy Fawkes. Bonfire Night: Bonfire Night is celebrated on November 5th to commemorate the failure of the Gunpowder Plot. Traditions: Key traditions include lighting bonfires, setting off fireworks, and burning effigies of Guy Fawkes. Food and Drink: Traditional foods and drinks include toffee apples, roasted chestnuts, and mulled wine. Taught to many groups of students across a range of years. An invaluable guide to Bonfire Night in the UK!

One lesson of around 60 minutes duration. Use as an Introduction to the play OR as a revision aid when the play has been studied. 6 pages. This Guide is designed for students and teachers of the play and has been written by an experienced Examiner. Used with many students across the years. Here’s a summary of the document: This study guide for AQA English Literature GCSE covers William Shakespeare’s “Romeo and Juliet,” providing an overview of the plot, characters, themes, and potential examination questions. Main Characters: The main characters include Romeo Montague, Juliet Capulet, Friar Laurence, Mercutio, Tybalt Capulet, the Nurse, Paris, Prince Escalus, Lord and Lady Capulet, and Lord and Lady Montague. Character Development Questions: Potential examination questions explore the development of characters such as Romeo, Juliet, and Friar Laurence, focusing on their growth, decisions, and impacts on the plot. Themes and Motifs: Key themes include fate versus free will, light and darkness, and conflict. Examination questions may ask students to analyze these themes and their significance. Context and Interpretation: Questions may address the social and historical context of Verona, gender and societal expectations, and the significance of the play’s ending. Literary Devices: Students might be asked to identify and analyze dramatic irony, foreshadowing, and poetic language used in the play. Conclusion of Study Guide: The guide emphasizes understanding the plot, characters, and themes for a deeper analysis and appreciation of “Romeo and Juliet”. *** Example Examination Question: An example question provided in the guide discusses the development of Romeo’s character, with a detailed plan on how to structure the answer.**

This is a teacher’s and student Handout which covers the entire topic of Involuntary Manslaughter. It is an ivaluable guide to the subject for any AS or A Level student and is also suitable for someone studying Access to Law or similar courses. It is 20 pages long with an estimated delivery time of around 4 hours. This is a summary of the document: The document provides a detailed overview of involuntary manslaughter, distinguishing between Unlawful Act Manslaughter and Gross Negligence Manslaughter, and examining various legal cases to illustrate the principles involved. Definition and Distinction: Involuntary manslaughter occurs when the defendant (D) has the actus reus for murder but lacks the necessary mens rea, meaning D did not intend to kill or cause serious harm. Types of Involuntary Manslaughter: There are two types: Unlawful Act Manslaughter and Gross Negligence Manslaughter. Unlawful Act Manslaughter: This type involves causing death while carrying out a dangerous criminal act. It must be proven that the act was unlawful, dangerous, caused the death, and that D had the mens rea for the act. Case Examples for Unlawful Act Manslaughter: Cases such as Lamb, Goodfellow, and Mitchell illustrate the principles of Unlawful Act Manslaughter, showing how the act must be unlawful and dangerous, and how causation is established. Gross Negligence Manslaughter: This type involves a breach of duty of care that causes death and is deemed ‘gross’ negligence, worthy of criminal punishment. The leading case is Adomako. Duty of Care and Breach: To establish Gross Negligence Manslaughter, it must be shown that D owed a duty of care to V, breached that duty, and that the breach caused V’s death. Key Legal Principles: Cases like Donoghue v Stevenson and Caparo v Dickman help determine the duty of care, while cases like Litchfield and Singh illustrate breaches of duty leading to liability. Gross Negligence Standard: The negligence must be so severe that it goes beyond mere compensation and shows a disregard for life, as seen in Bateman and Edwards. Scenarios and Questions: The document provides various scenarios and questions to help readers understand the application of these legal principles and determine the appropriate type of manslaughter. Summary of Legal Cases: A table summarizing the main legal principles of key cases is provided, helping to consolidate understanding of involuntary manslaughter. This Handout has been updated in light of recent cases and has been used with groups of students across many cohorts and has achieved excellent results.

This is a Handout on the Law of Murder, written by an experienced examiner and used over many years with my students. It is a short introduction to the topic and is an invaluable aid for AS and A Level students of the subject. It is 7-pages long and it is estimated that it would take about 60-minutes of teaching time. There are questions and exercises throughout. The Handout is structured as follows: Definition and Jurisdiction of Murder: Murder is defined as the unlawful killing of a reasonable person under the Queen’s peace with malice aforethought, and British citizens can be charged with murder committed in any country. Actus Reus Elements: The actus reus of murder includes four elements: D killed, a reasonable creature in being, under the Queen’s Peace, and the killing was unlawful. The document primarily focuses on the first element. Importance of Causation: For murder, it is crucial to prove that D’s act or omission caused the death of V, with examples like Gibbins v Proctor illustrating how omissions can fulfill actus reus. Reasonable Person in Being: The term refers to a human being, with complexities arising in cases involving a foetus or brain-dead individuals. Unlawful Killing: Killing is unlawful unless it is in self-defence, defence of another, or prevention of crime with reasonable force. Mens Rea for Murder: Murder requires specific intent, meaning the jury must be convinced of an intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm, as illustrated in cases like Vickers and Swift. Indirect or Oblique Intention: Issues arise when D’s primary aim is different from causing death or serious injury, but death results, requiring examination of indirect intention. An invaluable introduction to murder for any students of the subject!

A short Handout and questions on the law on Diminished Responsibility written by an experienced examiner of Law and delivered to my own students across many cohorts and students. This 7-page Handout is all that you need to teach and study Diminished Responsibility. The Handout is structured as follows: Definition and Legal Basis. Application in Trials: A defendant cannot be charged with voluntary manslaughter directly; it is a verdict the jury may reach if the defense of diminished responsibility is successfully pleaded during a murder trial. Criteria for Diminished Responsibility: To qualify for diminished responsibility, the defendant must prove an abnormality of mental functioning arising from a recognized medical condition that substantially impaired their ability to understand their conduct, form rational judgments, or exercise self-control. Impact of the Defence. Case Law Examples: Several cases illustrate the application of diminished responsibility, including BYRNE, where a sexual psychopath’s conviction was reduced to manslaughter, and LUC THIET THUAN, where a head injury did not qualify as a recognized medical condition. Substantial Impairment: The defence requires that the abnormality of mental functioning substantially impair the defendant’s abilities, such as understanding their conduct or forming rational judgments, as seen in the GITTENS case. Challenges in Application: Juries sometimes disregard the defense of diminished responsibility, as seen in the SUTCLIFFE case, where the defendant was convicted of murder despite evidence of mental abnormality. An invaluable set of notes for anyone studying this vital concept in Law.

A 6-page student analysis of the character of Estragon from Samuel Beckett’s play, “Waiting for Godot”. The Handout would be invaluable to A Level English students or anyone studying this fascinating play. At the end of the Handout there are discussion points/questions which can be used with your class, together with suggested pointers as to how to address them. The discussion highlights: Physical and Mental State: Estragon is depicted as physically uncomfortable and mentally distressed, symbolised by his struggles with his boots and his forgetfulness, reflecting human frailty and existential burdens. Relationship with Vladimir: The interdependent relationship between Estragon and Vladimir highlights the need for companionship and mutual support in the face of life’s uncertainties. Themes of Waiting and Time: Estragon’s character embodies the themes of waiting and the cyclical nature of time, mirroring the existential struggle for meaning in an indifferent universe. Existential Struggle: Estragon’s frequent expressions of doubt and hopelessness, along with moments of resilience and humor, underscore his existential crisis and the absurdity of life. Symbolism and Imagery: Estragon’s boots and his reactions to carrots serve as metaphors for his discomfort and fluctuating outlook on life, illustrating the interplay between the mundane and the existential. Role of Memory: Estragon’s fragmented memory and reliance on Vladimir to recall past events highlight the play’s exploration of the fluid and unreliable nature of human consciousness. Philosophical Underpinnings: Estragon’s character reflects existentialist and absurdist themes, illustrating the search for meaning in a seemingly meaningless world.

Complete Handout/Worksheet on General Defences in English Law. Written by an experienced Law examiner and used many times in classes of my own, obtaining excellent results. This is a 25-page workbook which includes questions and highlighted key points and cases. There is an accompanying Worksheet of review questions in addition to this Worksheet. Here’s a summary of the document: The document provides an overview of various general defences in English law, including Automatism, Insanity, Duress, Intoxication, Consent, and Self-Defense/Prevention of Crime. Automatism: Automatism is divided into non-insane and self-induced automatism. Insanity: Insanity is governed by the M’Naghten Rules, which require proving a defect of reason caused by a disease of the mind, leading to a lack of understanding of the nature and quality of the act or its wrongfulness. Duress: Duress involves committing a crime under the threat of death or serious bodily harm. Intoxication: Intoxication can be a defense for specific intent crimes if it prevents the formation of mens rea. Consent: Consent is generally not a defense for causing actual bodily harm, except in cases of implied consent in sports or medical procedures. Self-Defense/Prevention of Crime: Self-defense allows the use of reasonable force to protect oneself, others, or property. Automatism vs. Insanity: The distinction between automatism and insanity often lies in whether the cause is external (automatism) or internal (insanity), leading to different legal outcomes. Duress by Threats vs. Duress of Circumstances: Duress by threats involves direct threats forcing D to commit a crime, while duress of circumstances involves committing a crime to avoid imminent harm. Voluntary vs. Involuntary Intoxication: Voluntary intoxication is self-induced and generally not a defense for basic intent crimes, while involuntary intoxication can be a defense if it negates mens rea. Proportionality in Self-Defence: The use of force in self-defense must be reasonable and proportional to the threat; excessive force invalidates the defence. An excellent resource for any AS or A Level Law student.

An excellent Handout for students of AS and A Level Law which revises General Defences in English Law. The Worksheets are best used with the accompanying resource: General Defences in English Law. This 9-page Handout consists of: Defences and Burden of Proof: The document includes a table to complete, showing the defences (automatism, consent, duress, insanity, intoxication, self-defense) and the burden of proof for each. Automatism and Insanity: It discusses the differences between non-insane automatism and self-induced automatism, and the principal difference between automatism and insanity. Duress and Intoxication: The document poses true or false questions about duress and intoxication, referencing various cases such as Graham, Cole, Bowen, Abdul Hussain, and others to illustrate key legal principles. Case Scenarios: Several scenarios are given for analysis, asking which defences might be appropriate and assessing the likelihood of success for each defence. An excellent resource Worksheet for any students and teachers of Law.

An 8-page discussion of the character of Romeo from Shakespeare’s enduring tragedy, “Romeo and Juliet”. The discussion includes a discussion of Romeo’s intensity and his tendency to act on impulse as well as the tragic consequences of this impulsivity. The Handout also includes 5 questions and discussion points at the end as well as a brief outline of points to consider in asking and discussing these questions. Tried and tested with many classes over the years and recently updated. Suitable for use with either GCSE or AS/A Level classes. Why not take a look at the accompanying Handout on Juliet as part of this series of resources.

Number of Slides: 41; Teaching time: 2 hours (but videos/activities can be skipped, as appropriate). This presentation, entitled “Holocaust Memorial Day,” is an invaluable resource for teachers aiming to educate students aged 14-19 about the Holocaust. It handles the subject matter with great sensitivity, ensuring that the tragic events are presented with the respect and solemnity they deserve. The presentation begins by explaining the significance of Holocaust Memorial Day, observed on January 27th, which commemorates the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau and honors the 6 million Jews and millions of other victims of Nazi persecution. It provides a comprehensive overview of the origins of World War II and the Holocaust, detailing the rise of the Nazi Party, the impact of the Treaty of Versailles, and the economic crisis in Germany. Throughout the presentation, students will engage with various videos and activities designed to deepen their understanding. For instance, a short video explores the factors that led to the rise of the Nazi Party, followed by questions to encourage critical thinking. Another video discusses the start of World War II, prompting students to reflect on the different reactions to the war’s announcement. The core of the presentation focuses on the Holocaust itself, describing the systematic persecution and murder of 6 million Jews and other targeted groups. It includes powerful survivor testimonies, such as Irene’s story, which highlights the psychological impact of witnessing atrocities and the importance of preserving these narratives for future generations. The presentation also covers the end of the war, the liberation of concentration camps, and the ongoing significance of Holocaust Memorial Day. It emphasises the importance of human rights, tolerance, and education in preventing future genocides. In addition to the historical content, the presentation provides resources for further learning, including recommended books, websites, and museums. This ensures that students have access to a wealth of information to support their studies. Overall, this presentation is a comprehensive and sensitive educational tool that equips teachers with the resources needed to teach about the Holocaust effectively. It encourages reflection, critical thinking, and a deeper understanding of one of history’s darkest periods.

This is a 39-slide PowerPoint which covers the entire LEARNING AIM B of Unit 1 - EXPLORING BUSINESS. There are 5 Learning Aims in total and they are covered in 5 separate PowerPoints, making it easier to put together a teaching programme for the whole Unit. **Teachers will be required to do no other work. These PowerPoints include questions and activities as well as videos and they have been written by a BTEC Moderator and used with hundreds of students across the years. ** There are about 15 hours’ worth of teaching in this PowerPoint. This is a summary of the PowerPoint: Business Structure and Organisation This section delves into various organisational structures and their features, including: Hierarchical Structure: Tall and thin structures with many levels of hierarchy and narrow spans of control. Flat Structure: Few levels of hierarchy with wide spans of control. Matrix Structure: Teams from different functional areas work on specific projects. Holocratic Structure: Authority and responsibilities are shared among the workforce. It also discusses functional/operational areas within a business, such as Human Resources, Research and Development, Sales, Marketing, Purchasing, Production and Quality, Finance, Customer Service, IT, and Administration. Aims and Objectives This section focuses on the aims and objectives of businesses in different sectors: Private Sector: Objectives include making profits, profit maximisation, break-even, survival, growth, and market leadership. Public Sector: Objectives include service provision, cost control, value for money, service quality, and meeting government standards. Not-for-Profit Sector: Objectives include education, housing, alleviating poverty, and healthcare. It also explains the importance of SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-constrained) objectives and provides examples. **Please look out for the other PowerPoints which cover the whole of Unit 1. Discounted bundle: buy all PowerPoints and get a discounted rate of 33% off!**

This is a 114-slide PowerPoint which covers the entire LEARNING AIM C of Unit 1 - EXPLORING BUSINESS. There are 5 Learning Aims in total and they are covered in 5 separate PowerPoints, making it easier to put together a teaching programme for the whole Unit. **Teachers will be required to do no other work. These PowerPoints include questions and activities as well as videos and they have been written by a BTEC Moderator and used with hundreds of students across the years. ** There are about 32 hours’ worth of teaching in this PowerPoint. This is a summary of the PowerPoint: External Environment Political Factors: Discusses government support, regulation, and the impact of trading communities like the European Union. Economic Factors: Covers topics such as GDP, inflation, exchange rates, interest rates, taxation, and government spending. Social Factors: Examines demographic changes, urbanisation, migration, and changing consumer tastes. Technological Factors: Looks at technological changes, automation, communication, and the growth of e-commerce. Environmental Factors: Discusses the environmental impact of business activities and how businesses respond with environmentally friendly policies. Ethical Factors: Explores business ethics, including treatment of workers, suppliers, and customers. Legal Environment: Covers legislation affecting businesses, such as competition law and other regulatory requirements. Internal Environment Corporate Culture: Discusses the values and standards shared within an organisation and their impact on decision-making, communication, and workforce performance. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Explores the reasons for and against CSR, including financial, HR, marketing, and operational benefits. Ethics: Looks at ethical considerations in business decisions, including environmental responsibility and treatment of workers, suppliers, and customers. Competitive Environment Competition: Examines the factors influencing competitive advantage, such as differentiation, pricing policies, market leadership, reputation, market share, cost control, and technology. Benefits of Competitive Advantage: Discusses the importance of maintaining a competitive advantage to achieve growth, brand loyalty, and innovation. This presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the various factors that influence business operations and strategies, both from external and internal perspectives. **Please look out for the other PowerPoints which cover the whole of Unit 1. Discounted bundle: buy all PowerPoints and get a discounted rate of 33% off!**

This is a 26-slide PowerPoint which covers the entire LEARNING AIM E of Unit 1 - EXPLORING BUSINESS. There are 5 Learning Aims in total and they are covered in 5 separate PowerPoints, making it easier to put together a teaching programme for the whole Unit. **Teachers will be required to do no other work. These PowerPoints include questions and activities as well as videos and they have been written by a BTEC Moderator and used with hundreds of students across the years. ** There are about 12 hours’ worth of teaching in this PowerPoint. This is a summary of the PowerPoint: Role of Innovation and Enterprise Innovation: This section explains the development of creative ideas into new products, processes, or services. It highlights different types of innovation, such as product, process, and service innovation, and discusses ways to increase business efficiency and profitability through methods like Kaizen, research and development, intrapreneurship, and benchmarking. Enterprise: This part focuses on identifying opportunities to develop business activities through creative, lateral, and ‘blue sky’ thinking, as well as chance, serendipity, and intuition. It also describes the characteristics of entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs. Benefits and Risks Associated with Innovation and Enterprise Benefits: The presentation outlines various benefits of innovation and enterprise, including improvements to products, processes, services, and customer experience, business growth, development of new niche markets, offering unique selling points, improved recognition and reputation, and smarter working. Risks: It also addresses the potential risks, such as failing to meet operational and commercial requirements, failing to achieve a return on investment, and cultural problems like resistance to change and insufficient support from leadership and management. **Please look out for the other PowerPoints which cover the whole of Unit 1. Discounted bundle: buy all PowerPoints and get a discounted rate of 33% off!**

This is a 60-slide PowerPoint which covers the entire LEARNING AIM D of Unit 1 - EXPLORING BUSINESS. There are 5 Learning Aims in total and they are covered in 5 separate PowerPoints, making it easier to put together a teaching programme for the whole Unit. **Teachers will be required to do no other work. These PowerPoints include questions and activities as well as videos and they have been written by a BTEC Moderator and used with hundreds of students across the years. ** There are about 18 hours’ worth of teaching in this PowerPoint. This is a summary of the PowerPoint: Market Structures: This section explains different types of market structures, including perfect competition, imperfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly, and monopolistic competition. It discusses the characteristics of each structure, such as the number of firms, freedom of entry and exit, nature of products, and the competitive environment. The Relationship Between Demand, Supply & Price: This part explores the factors influencing demand and supply, such as affordability, competition, availability of substitutes, GDP levels, and consumer needs. It also covers the concept of price elasticity of demand (PED) and how it affects business decisions. Pricing & Output Decisions: The final section focuses on how businesses make pricing and output decisions in different market structures. It discusses the impact of demand, price elasticity, and market structures on these decisions. It also highlights how businesses respond to competitors’ pricing and output decisions. Overall, the presentation provides a comprehensive overview of key economic concepts relevant to business students. **Please look out for the other PowerPoints which cover the whole of Unit 1. Discounted bundle: buy all PowerPoints and get a discounted rate of 33% off!**