<p>**TES: Understanding the Impact of Mutations on Phenotype<br /> **Objectives:</p> <p>3.35B: Understand how a change in DNA can affect the phenotype by altering the sequence of amino acids in a protein.<br /> 3.36B: Understand how most genetic mutations have no effect on the phenotype, some have a small effect, and rarely do they have a significant effect.<br /> 3.37B: Understand that the incidence of mutations can be increased by exposure to ionizing radiation (e.g., gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet rays) and some chemical mutagens (e.g., chemicals in tobacco).</p> <p>**Lesson 1: Introduction to Genetics and Mutations<br /> *** Introduce the concept of genetics and how genes control the traits and characteristics of living organisms.</p> <ul> <li>Explain that mutations are rare, random changes in genetic material that can be inherited.</li> <li>Give examples of different types of mutations, such as point mutations, deletions, and insertions.</li> <li>Discuss how mutations can occur naturally or be caused by environmental factors, such as ionizing radiation and chemical mutagens.</li> </ul> <p>**Lesson 2: DNA, Proteins, and the Impact of Mutations<br /> *** Review the concept of DNA and how it codes for the production of proteins.</p> <ul> <li>Explain that a change in DNA can affect the phenotype by altering the sequence of amino acids in a protein.</li> <li>Use examples to demonstrate how a change in a single amino acid can have significant effects on the function of a protein.</li> <li>Discuss how most genetic mutations have no effect on the phenotype, but some can have small or significant effects.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Lesson 3: The Incidence and Consequences of Mutations</strong><br /> *** Review the concept of mutations and how they can affect the phenotype.</p> <ul> <li>Discuss the ways in which the incidence of mutations can be increased, such as exposure to ionizing radiation and chemical mutagens.</li> <li>Explore the potential consequences of genetic mutations, including the role they play in evolution and the potential for harmful effects on health.</li> <li>Use case studies or real-world examples to illustrate the importance of understanding mutations and their potential impacts.</li> </ul>