The materials used for civil engineering structures have changed over time. Early structures were constructed of stone and wood. These materials were in ready supply and could be cut and shaped with available tools. Later, cast iron was used, because mills were capable of crudely refining iron ore. As the industrial revolution took hold, quality steel could be produced in the quantities required for large structures.
In addition, portland cement, developed in the mid-1800s, provided civil engineers with a durable inexpensive material with broad applications.
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