This lesson describes the sequence of events that occur during the phagocytosis of pathogens and the subsequent destruction by lysozymes. The engaging and detailed PowerPoint and accompanying resources have been primarily designed to cover the second part of point 2.4 of the AQA A-level Biology specification but includes an introduction to antigen-presentation so that the students are prepared for upcoming lessons on the cellular and humoral responses.
At the start of the lesson, the students are challenged to recall that cytosis is a suffix associated with transport mechanisms and this introduces phagocytosis as a form of endocytosis which takes in pathogens and foreign particles. This emphasis on key terminology runs throughout the course of the lesson and students are encouraged to consider how the start or end of a word can be used to determine meaning. The process of phagocytosis is then split into 5 key steps and time is taken to discuss the role of opsonins as well as the fusion of lysosomes and the release of lysozymes. A series of application questions are used to challenge the students on their ability to make links to related topics including an understanding of how the hydrolysis of the peptidoglycan wall of a bacteria results in lysis. Students will be able to distinguish between neutrophils and monocytes from a diagram and at this point, the role of macrophages and dendritic cells as antigen-presenting cells is described so that it can be used in the next lesson. The lesson concludes with a brief introduction to lymphocytes so that initial links between phagocytosis and the specific immune responses are made.
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Topic 2: Cells (AQA A-level Biology)
This bundle contains 20 PowerPoint lessons, and all are highly-detailed and are fully-resourced with differentiated worksheets. Intricate planning means that the wide range of activities included in these lessons will engage and motivate the students, check on their current understanding and their ability to make links to previously covered topics and most importantly will deepen their understanding of the following specification points in topic 2 (Cells) of the AQA A-level Biology specification: * Structure and function of the organelles in eukaryotic cells * The specialised cells in complex, multicellular organisms * The structure of prokaryotic cells * The structure of viruses which are acellular and non-living * Measuring objects under an optical microscope * Use of the magnification formula * The principles of cell fractionation and ultracentrifugation * The behaviour of chromosomes during the stages of the cell cycle * Calculating the mitotic index * Uncontrolled cell division leads to the formation of tumours and cancer * Binary fission * The basic structure of cell membranes * The role of phospholipids, proteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids and cholesterol * Simple diffusion * Facilitated diffusion * Osmosis, explained in terms of water potential * The role of carrier proteins and the hydrolysis of ATP in active transport * Co-transport as illustrated by the absorption of sodium ions and glucose by the cells lining the mammalian ileum * Recognition of different cells by the immune system * The identification of pathogens from antigens * The phagocytosis of pathogens * The cellular response involving T lymphocytes * The humoral response involving the production of antibodies by plasma cells * The structure of an antibody * The roles of plasma cells and memory cells in the primary and secondary immune response * The use of vaccines to protect populations * The differences between active and passive immunity * The structure of the human immunodeficiency virus and its replication in helper T cells * Why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses * The use of antibodies in the ELISA test If you would like to sample the quality of these lessons, then download the eukaryotic animal cells, viruses, osmosis, lymphocytes, HIV and AIDS lessons as these have been shared for free. I have also uploaded lessons on optical microscopes and HIV and AIDS (for free) but neither are included in this bundle as the limit of 20 resources has been reached!
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Topic 2.4: Cell recognition and the immune system (AQA A-level Biology)
This bundle contains 6 lesson PowerPoints and their accompanying resources, all of which have been planned at length to contain a wide variety of tasks that will engage and motivate the students whilst the detailed content of topic 2.4 of the AQA A-level Biology specification is covered. The following specification points are covered in this lesson bundle: * The identification of cells including pathogens through use of the surface molecules * The antigen * The effect of antigen variability on disease and disease prevention * The phagocytosis of pathogens and the subsequent destruction by lysozymes * The response of T lymphocytes to a foreign antigen in the cellular response * The role of antigen-presenting cells * The role of helper T cells * The response of B lymphocytes in the humoral response * The definition and structure of an antibody * The formation of an antigen-antibody complex and the destruction by agglutination and phagocytosis * The roles of plasma cells and memory cells in the primary and secondary responses * The use of vaccinations and the concept of herd immunity * The differences between active and passive immunity * The structure of HIV and its replication in helper T cells * How HIV causes the symptoms of AIDS * Why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses * The use of antibodies in the ELISA test The variety of tasks include exam-style questions with detailed mark schemes, class discussion points of selected questions and quiz competitions to introduce values and terms in a memorable way If you would like to sample the quality of this lesson bundle, then download the roles of B and T lymphocytes lesson and the HIV and AIDS lesson as these have both been uploaded for free
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