An engaging, practical-based lesson presentation (22 slides), accompanied by a practical worksheet and application questions which together explore how the extension of a spring is related to force according to Hooke’s Law. The lesson begins by introducing the name of the law and looking at the equation which connects the force, extension and spring constant. As spring constant is likely to be a new term to students, time is taken to look at the definition of this key term. Students are given hints throughout the lesson about potential issues to look out for, including the unit of spring constant being N/m when the majority of springs are small enough that their extension will be measured in cm or mm. Moving forwards, students will follow the provided experimental method to carry out the investigation and produce a set of results which can be used to plot the line. The two distinct sections of the line are discussed and the actual words of Hooke’s Law are given and again discussed and considered. The final part of the lesson involves the students being challenged to apply their knowledge of the law to a range of application questions and assessing against the displayed mark scheme. This lesson has been written for GCSE students but can be used with KS3 students who are studying the extension of a spring

This engaging lesson looks at the role of haemoglobin in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide and compares the dissociation curves for foetal and adult haemoglobin. The detailed PowerPoint has been designed to cover points 3.1.2 (i & j) of the OCR A-level Biology A specification and includes references to the role of carbonic anhydrase and the formation of haemoglobinic acid and carbaminohaemoglobin. The lesson begins with a version of the quiz show Pointless to introduce haemotology as the study of the blood conditions. Students are told that haemoglobin has a quaternary structure and are challenged to use their prior knowledge of biological molecules to determine what this means for the protein. They will learn that each of the 4 polypeptide chains contains a haem group with an iron ion attached and that it is this group which has a high affinity for oxygen. Time is taken to discuss how this protein must be able to load (and unload) oxygen as well as transport the molecules to the respiring tissues. Students will plot the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve and the S-shaped curve is used to encourage discussions about the ease with which haemoglobin loads each molecule. At this point, foetal haemoglobin and its differing affinity of oxygen is introduced and students are challenged to predict whether this affinity will be higher or lower than adult haemoglobin and to represent this on their dissociation curve. The remainder of the lesson looks at the different ways that carbon dioxide is transported around the body that involve haemoglobin. Time is taken to look at the dissociation of carbonic acid into hydrogen ions so that students can understand how this will affect the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen in an upcoming lesson on the Bohr effect. It is estimated that it will take in excess of 2 hours of A-level teaching time to cover the detail of these two specification points as covered in this lesson

This is a fully-resourced revision lesson that uses a combination of exam questions, understanding checks, quick tasks and quiz competitions to enable students to assess their understanding of the content found within Module P6 (Radioactivity) of the OCR Gateway A GCSE Physics specification. The sub-topics and specification points that are tested within the lesson include: The atomic nuclei Recognising and representing isotopes Unstable nuclei and the emission of radiation Writing balanced equations to represent radioactive decay Explain the concept of half-life and carry out calculations to determine the half-life or time taken for decay Recall the different penetrating powers of alpha, beta and gamma Be able to describe the processes of nuclear fission and fusion Students will be engaged through the numerous quiz rounds whilst crucially being able to recognise those areas which require their further attention during general revision or during the lead up to the actual GCSE terminal exams

This lesson has been designed to cover the higher tier content of specification points 7.4 & 7.5 (The hormones involved in the stages of the menstrual cycle) which is found in topic 7 of the Edexcel GCSE Biology & Combined Science specifications. A wide range of activities will engage and motivate the students whilst the content is covered in detail and understanding checks are included at regular points to enable the students to self-assess their new found knowledge. Students will learn about the different stages of the menstrual cycle including menstruation and ovulation and will see how FSH, oestrogen, LH and progesterone interact to control these stages. This lesson has been designed for GCSE-aged students who are taking the Edexcel GCSE Biology or Combined Science course but it is also suitable for younger students who are looking into this topic as part of the reproduction module

This detailed lesson describes the formation of polypeptides as well as the different levels of protein structures and links this to function. Both the engaging PowerPoint and accompanying resources have been designed to cover points 2.9 (ii) & (iii) of the Pearson Edexcel A-level Biology A specification but also makes specific reference to genes and therefore covers the details of point 2.8 too. The start of the lesson focuses on the formation of a peptide bond during a condensation reaction so that students can understand how a dipeptide is formed and therefore how a polypeptide forms when multiple reactions occur. The main part of the lesson describes the different levels of protein structure. A step by step guide is used to demonstrate how the sequences of bases in a gene acts as a template to form a sequence of codons on a mRNA strand and how this is translated into a particular sequence of amino acids known as the primary structure. The students are then challenged to apply their understanding of this process by using three more gene sequences to work out three primary structures and recognise how different genes lead to different sequences. Moving forwards, students will learn how the order of amino acids in the primary structure determines the shape of the protein molecule, through its secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure and time is taken to consider the details of each of these. There is a particular focus on the different bonds that hold the 3D shape firmly in place and a quick quiz round then introduces the importance of this shape as exemplified by enzymes, antibodies and hormones. The lesson concludes with one final task where the students have to identify three errors in a passage about the hydrolysis of a dipeptide or polypeptide.

This fully-resourced lesson describes how DNA is replicated during interphase of the cell cycle and explains why it is known as semi-conservative replication. Both the detailed PowerPoint and accompanying resources have been designed to cover the details of point 2.1.3 (e) of the OCR A-level Biology A specification and the occurrence of spontaneous mutations is also discussed in the latter part of the lesson. As detailed in the specification, the focus of this lesson is the role of the enzymes DNA helicase and polymerase and students are also introduced to DNA ligase to enable them to understand how this enzyme functions to join the nucleic acid fragments. Time is taken to explain key details such as the assembly of strands in the 5’-to-3’ direction so that the continuous manner in which the leading strand is synthesised can be compared against that of the lagging strand. The students are constantly challenged to make links to previous topics such as DNA structure, phosphorylated nucleotides and hydrolysis reactions through a range of exam questions and answers are displayed so any misconceptions are quickly addressed. The final part of the lesson focuses on the occurrence of mistakes by DNA polymerase and also on the quantity of DNA in the cell following replication so that future links can be made to the cell cycle (as covered in module 2.1.6)

This is a fully-resourced revision lesson that uses a combination of exam questions, understanding checks, quick tasks and quiz competitions to help the students to assess their understanding of the sub-topics found within Topic C7 (Rates of reaction and energy changes) of the Edexcel GCSE Combined Science specification. The sub-topics and specification points that are tested within the lesson include: Explain the effects on rates of reaction of changes in temperature, concentration and pressure Be able to define a catalyst and explain how this reduces the activation energy Describe an endothermic and exothermic reactions Calculate the energy change in a reaction Draw reaction profiles for endothermic and exothermic reactions, identifying activation energy Students will be engaged through the numerous quiz rounds whilst crucially being able to recognise those areas which require their further attention during general revision or during the lead up to the actual GCSE terminal exams

The range of exam questions, understanding checks and quiz competitions that have been written into this revision lesson will help to motivate and engage the students whilst they assess their understanding of the content found in topic 1.3 (Digestion and the digestive system in humans) of the WJEC GCSE Biology specification. The resource includes a detailed and engaging Powerpoint (51 slides) and an associated worksheet, which has been differentiated to help differing abilities to access the work. The range of activities have been designed to cover as much of the content as possible but the following sub-topics have been given particular attention: The movement of food by peristalsis The role of carbohydrase, protease and lipase enzymes in digestion The tests for the presence of starch and glucose The roles of the stomach and small intestine in digestion The function of bile in the break down of fats The need for a balanced diet and implication for health of excess sugar and salt in foods

This revision resource includes exam questions, understanding checks and quiz competitions, all of which have been designed with the aim of motivating and engaging the students whilst they assess their understanding of the content found in topic 1.2 (Respiration and the respiratory system in humans) of the WJEC GCSE Biology specification. The range of activities have been designed to cover as much of the content as possible but the following sub-topics have been given particular attention: The need and purpose of the respiratory system The function of the mucus and cilia in the trachea and the effect of smoking on these structures The structure of the alveolus and its blood supply The mechanisms of inspiration and expiration The process of aerobic respiration and the release of energy in the form of ATP Anaerobic respiration and the production of lactic acid

This revision resource includes exam questions, understanding checks and quiz competitions, all of which have been designed with the aim of motivating and engaging the students whilst they assess their understanding of the content found in topic 2 (Organisation of the organism) of the CIE IGCSE Biology specification for examination in June and November 2020 and 2021. This revision resource contains an engaging PowerPoint (53 slides) and an associated worksheet. The range of activities have been designed to cover as much of the Core and Supplement content as possible but the following sub-topics have been given particular attention: The function of the organelles found in animal and plant cells The features of specialised cells which allow them to perform their function The mitochondria and the production of energy for use in cell activities Calculating size and magnification by converting between millimetres and micrometres Tissues, organs and organ systems

This fully-resourced lesson looks at the roles of glycolysis in aerobic and anaerobic respiration and explains how the sequence of reactions results in glucose being converted to pyruvate. The engaging PowerPoint and accompanying differentiated resources have been designed to cover point 7.4 of the Pearson Edexcel A-level Biology A (Salters Nuffield) specification. The lesson begins with the introduction of the name of the stage and then explains how the phosphorylation of the hexoses and the production of the ATP, coenzymes and pyruvate are the stages that need to be known for this specification. Time is taken to go through each of these stages and key points such as the use of ATP in phosphorylation are explained so that students can understand how this affects the net yield. A quick quiz competition is used to introduce NAD and the students will learn that the reduction of this coenzyme, which is followed by the transport of the protons and electrons to the cristae for the electron transport chain is critical for the overall production of ATP. Understanding checks, in a range of forms, are included throughout the lesson so that students can assess their progress and any misconceptions are immediately addressed. This lesson has been written to tie in with the other uploaded lessons on the Link reaction, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and the production of lactate.

This fully-resourced lesson explains how gene mutations can occur by substitution, deletion and insertion and explores how these base pair changes can affect the primary structure of the polypeptide and therefore the phenotype. The engaging and detailed PowerPoint and accompanying resources have been designed to cover point 16.2 (e) of the CIE International A-level Biology specification which states that students should understand how these mutations occur and can affect the phenotype. In order to understand how a change in the base sequence can affect the order of the amino acids, students must be confident in their understanding and application of protein synthesis which was taught in topic 6. Therefore, the start of the lesson focuses on transcription and translation and students are guided through the use of the codon table to identify amino acids. Moving forwards, a quick quiz competition is used to introduce the names of three types of gene mutation whilst challenging the students to recognise terms which are associated with the genetic code and were met in the previous lesson. The main focus of the lesson is base substitutions and how these mutations may or may not cause a change to the amino acid sequence. The students are challenged to use their knowledge of the degenerate nature of the genetic code to explain how a silent mutation can result. The rest of the lesson looks at base deletions and base insertions and students are introduced to the idea of a frameshift mutation. One particular task challenges the students to evaluate the statement that base deletions have a bigger impact on primary structure than base substitutions. This is a differentiated task and they have to compare the fact that the reading frame is shifted by a deletion against the change in a single base by a substitution

This is a fully-resourced lesson which uses exam-style questions, quiz competitions, quick tasks and discussion points to challenge students on their understanding of topics C6 - C10, that will assessed on PAPER 4. It has been specifically designed for students on the AQA GCSE Combined Science course who will be taking the FOUNDATION TIER examinations but is also suitable for students taking the higher tier who need to ensure that the fundamentals are known and understood. The lesson has been written to cover as many specification points as possible but the following sub-topics have been given particular attention: Hydrocarbons The first four members of the alkanes Fractional distillation of crude oil The properties of the different fractions The complete combustion of a hydrocarbon Detecting carbon dioxide, oxygen, hydrogen and chlorine gas Changes in the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere Deforestation Polluting gases The formation of acid rain The treatment of water The collision theory In order to maintain challenge whilst ensuring that all abilities can access the questions, the majority of the tasks have been differentiated and students can ask for extra support when they are unable to begin a question. Step-by-step guides have also been written into the lesson to walk students through some of the more difficult concepts such as the changes in the Earth’s atmosphere. Due to the extensiveness of this revision lesson, it is estimated that it will take in excess of 2/3 teaching hours to complete the tasks and therefore this can be used at different points throughout the course as well as acting as a final revision before the PAPER 4 exam.

This is a fully-resourced lesson which uses exam-style questions, quiz competitions, quick tasks and discussion points to challenge students on their understanding of topics P5 - P7, that will assessed on PAPER 6. It has been specifically designed for students on the AQA GCSE Combined Science course who will be taking the FOUNDATION TIER examinations but is also suitable for students taking the higher tier who need to ensure that the fundamentals are known and understood. The lesson has been written to cover as many specification points as possible but the following sub-topics have been given particular attention: Factors affecting the thinking, braking and stopping distance The 7 recall and apply equations tested in PAPER 6 Using velocity-time graphs to calculate accelerations The motions represented by the different lines on a velocity-time graph Resultant forces Speed and velocity as scalar and vector quantities Converting between units Sound as an example of a longitudinal wave The EM spectrum The meaning of amplitude, wavelength, frequency and period Contact and non-contact forces Attraction and repulsion in magnets Magnetic fields The extension of a spring In order to maintain challenge whilst ensuring that all abilities can access the questions, the majority of the tasks have been differentiated and students can ask for extra support when they are unable to begin a question. Step-by-step guides have also been written into the lesson to walk students through some of the more difficult concepts such as calculating acceleration and the mathematical elements Due to the extensiveness of this revision lesson, it is estimated that it will take in excess of 2/3 teaching hours to complete the tasks and therefore this can be used at different points throughout the course as well as acting as a final revision before the PAPER 6 exam.

This is a fully-resourced lesson which uses exam-style questions, quiz competitions, quick tasks and discussion points to challenge students on their understanding of the content in topics C1 - C4, that will assessed on PAPER 3. It has been specifically designed for students on the Edexcel GCSE Combined Science course who will be taking the FOUNDATION TIER examinations but is also suitable for students taking the higher tier who need to ensure that the fundamentals are known and understood. The lesson has been written to cover as many sub-topics as possible, but the following have been given particular attention: The relative mass and charge of protons, electrons and neutrons Using the Periodic table to calculate numbers of the sub-atomic particles Writing elements and compounds in chemical symbol equations Simple and giant covalent structures Explaining the difference in conductivity of graphite and diamond Drawing dot and cross diagrams for ionic compounds The transfer of electrons during the formation of an ionic bond Writing chemical formulae for ionic compounds Conservation of mass and balancing symbol equations Calculating the relative formula mass Electrolysis of molten salts and aqueous solutions Extraction of metals In order to maintain challenge whilst ensuring that all abilities can access the questions, the majority of the tasks have been differentiated and students can ask for extra support when they are unable to begin a question. Step-by-step guides have also been written into the lesson to walk students through some of the more difficult concepts such as drawing dot and cross diagrams, diamond and graphite and writing chemical formulae. Due to the extensiveness of this revision lesson, it is estimated that it will take in excess of 3/4 teaching hours to complete the tasks and therefore this can be used at different points throughout the duration of the course as well as acting as a final revision before the PAPER 3 exam.

This fully-resourced lesson describes how the mechanisms of root pressure and transpiration pull move water upwards in the xylem to the leaves. The detailed PowerPoint and accompanying, differentiated resources have primarily been designed to cover the second part of point 7.2 [c] of the CIE International A-level Biology specification but also cover 7.2 [b] as the cohesion-tension theory and adhesion are described and explained. This lesson has been written to follow on from the end of the previous lesson, which finished with the description of the transport of the water and mineral ions from the endodermis to the xylem. Students are immediately challenged to use this knowledge to understand root pressure and the movement by mass flow down the pressure gradient. Moving forwards, time is taken to study the details of transpiration pull and the interaction between cohesion, tension and adhesion in capillary action is explained. Understanding is constantly checked through a range of tasks and prior knowledge checks are also written into the lesson to challenge the students to make links to previously covered topics such as the structure of the transport tissues. The final part of the lesson considers the journey of water through the leaf and ultimately out of the stomata in transpiration. A step by step guide using questions to discuss and answer as a class is used to support the students before the final task challenges them to summarise this movement through the leaf.

A fast-paced lesson where the main focus is the description of motion with reference to the forces involved. The lesson begins by introducing the term, terminal velocity, and then through consideration of examples in the English language, students will understand that this is the top velocity. The example of a skydiver is used and whilst the story of the dive is told, students are challenged to draw a sketch graph to show the different stages of this journey. An exemplary answer is used to visualise how the motion should be described. Related topics like free body diagrams and resultant forces are brought into the answer in an attempt to demonstrate how they are all interlinked. The next task asks the students to try to describe the remaining parts of the graph and they can assess against displayed mark schemes. The final part of the lesson looks at the two terminal velocities that they were during the skydive and explains that the increased surface area after the parachute was opened led to the second velocity being lower. The last task challenges the students to use this knowledge to answer a difficult exam question. It has been differentiated so those students who need extra assistance can still access the learning. This lesson has been written for GCSE students.

This engaging lesson presentation (48 slides) and associated worksheets uses exam questions with displayed mark schemes, quick tasks and quiz competitions to enable students to assess their understanding of the topics found within module B4 of the OCR Gateway A Combined Science specification. The topics which are specifically tested within the lesson include: Ecosystems, Competition and interdependence, The carbon cycle and Decomposers Students will enjoy the competitions such as "Number CRAZY" and "Take the HOTSEAT" whilst crucially being able to recognise those areas which need their further attention

An engaging lesson presentation (49 slides) and associated worksheets that uses a combination of exam questions, quick tasks and quiz competitions to help the students to assess their understanding of the topics found within unit C5 (Monitoring and controlling chemical reactions) of the OCR Gateway A GCSE Combined Science specification. The topics that are tested within the lesson include: Concentration of solution Rate of reaction Factors affecting the rate of reaction Reversible reactions Equilibrium position Students will be engaged through the numerous activities including quiz rounds like “Under PRESSURE” and “Number CRAZY” whilst crucially being able to recognise those areas which need further attention

This fully-resourced lesson has been designed to cover the content found in specification point 5.2.3 (The eye) of topic 5 of the AQA GCSE Biology specification. This resource contains an engaging and detailed PowerPoint (46 slides) and accompanying worksheets, some of which have been differentiated to help students of different abilities to take on the task. The lesson begins with a game of IMPOSSIBLE (shown in the picture) where students are challenged to pick out the names of the 7 structures of the eye which the specification states they have to be able to identify on a diagram. Students are given the functions of the cornea and the sclera to guide them at the start of the labelling task before they have to use their previous knowledge of the nervous system to write a function for the optic nerve. Literacy and numeracy skills are tested throughout the lesson and the next round of the quiz challenges them to use synonyms to recognise the key terms of adaptation and accommodation. Time is taken to focus on the process of accommodation so that students can see how the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments interact to change the shape of the lens and allow both near and distant objects to be seen clearly. This takes the lesson nicely into the next section where the conditions of myopia and hyperopia are considered. Again, the students are challenged on their recognition of Biology terminology to spot that these are the medical names for short and long-sightedness. Students are guided through the correction of myopia before being challenged to write a letter to the mother of a girl who suffers from hyperopia, explaining how the lens is used to correct the defect. As stated at the top, this lesson has been designed for GCSE-aged students who are studying the AQA GCSE Biology course, but can be used with younger students who are keen to learn about the eye or with A-level students who need to go back over the key points.