Native American Heritage Month Reading Comprehension Passages and Questions | Indigenous Peoples Celebrate Native American Heritage Month with these engaging Native American Reading Comprehension Passages and Questions! Perfect for classroom or homeschool use, these passages highlight the rich history, culture, and achievements of Indigenous peoples. Each passage is designed to spark interest in Native American activities while improving reading comprehension. With thought-provoking questions that encourage critical thinking, students will deepen their understanding of Native American traditions, historical figures, and contributions to society. This resource makes learning about Native American heritage both educational and enjoyable! The characters are included Ben Nighthorse Campbell Black Hawk Buffalo Calf Road Woman Carlos Montezuma Charlene Teters Crazy Horse Dahteste Dave Anderson Deb Haaland Geronimo Hiawatha Jim Thorpe John Eastman John Herrington Lozen Maria Tallchief Mary Bottineau Baldwin Mary Brave Bird Mary Youngblood Pine Leaf Pocahontas Pontiac Robbie Hood Running Eagle Sacajawea Sarah Winnemucca Sequoyah Sharice Davids Shoni Schimmel Sitting Bear Sitting Bull Sonny Sixkiller Squanto Susan La Flesche Picotte Tecumseh Will Rogers Wilma Mankiller Features: Formats: PDF and PNG Page Size:8.5x11 Page Count: 111 pages. TERMS OF USE The teaching resources provided by Playful Path Learning are strictly for personal use and may not be utilized in any products, given away for free, or disseminated in any manner.

French Native American Heritage Month Reading Comprehension Passages and Questions | Indigenous Peoples Celebrate Native American Heritage Month with these engaging Native American Reading Comprehension Passages and Questions in French! Perfect for classroom or homeschool use, these passages highlight the rich history, culture, and achievements of Indigenous peoples. Each passage is designed to spark interest in Native American activities while improving reading comprehension. With thought-provoking questions that encourage critical thinking, students will deepen their understanding of Native American traditions, historical figures, and contributions to society. This resource makes learning about Native American heritage both educational and enjoyable! The characters are included Ben Nighthorse Campbell Black Hawk Buffalo Calf Road Woman Carlos Montezuma Charlene Teters Crazy Horse Dahteste Dave Anderson Deb Haaland Geronimo Hiawatha Jim Thorpe John Eastman John Herrington Lozen Maria Tallchief Mary Bottineau Baldwin Mary Brave Bird Mary Youngblood Pine Leaf Pocahontas Pontiac Robbie Hood Running Eagle Sacajawea Sarah Winnemucca Sequoyah Sharice Davids Shoni Schimmel Sitting Bear Sitting Bull Sonny Sixkiller Squanto Susan La Flesche Picotte Tecumseh Will Rogers Wilma Mankiller Features: Formats: PDF and PNG Page Size:8.5x11 Page Count: 111 pages. TERMS OF USE The teaching resources provided by Playful Path Learning are strictly for personal use and may not be utilized in any products, given away for free, or disseminated in any manner.

Spanish Native American Heritage Month Reading Comprehension Passages and Questions | Indigenous Peoples Celebrate Native American Heritage Month with these engaging Native American Reading Comprehension Passages and Questions in Spanish! Perfect for classroom or homeschool use, these passages highlight the rich history, culture, and achievements of Indigenous peoples. Each passage is designed to spark interest in Native American activities while improving reading comprehension. With thought-provoking questions that encourage critical thinking, students will deepen their understanding of Native American traditions, historical figures, and contributions to society. This resource makes learning about Native American heritage both educational and enjoyable! The characters are included Ben Nighthorse Campbell Black Hawk Buffalo Calf Road Woman Carlos Montezuma Charlene Teters Crazy Horse Dahteste Dave Anderson Deb Haaland Geronimo Hiawatha Jim Thorpe John Eastman John Herrington Lozen Maria Tallchief Mary Bottineau Baldwin Mary Brave Bird Mary Youngblood Pine Leaf Pocahontas Pontiac Robbie Hood Running Eagle Sacajawea Sarah Winnemucca Sequoyah Sharice Davids Shoni Schimmel Sitting Bear Sitting Bull Sonny Sixkiller Squanto Susan La Flesche Picotte Tecumseh Will Rogers Wilma Mankiller Features: Formats: PDF and PNG Page Size:8.5x11 Page Count: 111 pages. TERMS OF USE The teaching resources provided by Playful Path Learning are strictly for personal use and may not be utilized in any products, given away for free, or disseminated in any manner.

French Native American Icons Colorful Bookmarks|Indigenous Peoples Day Celebrate Indigenous Peoples Day with our Native American Icons Colorful Bookmarks in French, designed to inspire and educate! Each bookmark features a beautifully illustrated icon from Native American history, accompanied by inspirational quotes that reflect their wisdom and values. Perfect for Native American activities, these bookmarks encourage students and readers to engage with the rich heritage of Indigenous cultures while promoting a deeper understanding of their contributions. Ideal for classrooms, libraries, and personal use, these bookmarks not only serve as practical reading tools but also as motivational reminders of the strength and resilience of Native American communities. Bring inspiration to your reading experience with these vibrant bookmarks! The characters are included Ben Nighthorse Campbell Black Hawk Buffalo Calf Road Woman Carlos Montezuma Charlene Teters Crazy Horse Dahteste Dave Anderson Deb Haaland Geronimo Hiawatha Jim Thorpe John Eastman John Herrington Lozen Maria Tallchief Mary Bottineau Baldwin Mary Brave Bird Mary Youngblood Pine Leaf Pocahontas Pontiac Robbie Hood Running Eagle Sacajawea Sarah Winnemucca Sequoyah Sharice Davids Shoni Schimmel Sitting Bear Sitting Bull Sonny Sixkiller Squanto Susan La Flesche Picotte Tecumseh Will Rogers Wilma Mankiller Features: Formats: PDF and PNG Page Size:11x8.5 Page Count: 47 pages. TERMS OF USE The teaching resources provided by Playful Path Learning are strictly for personal use and may not be utilized in any products, given away for free, or disseminated in any manner.

Native American Icons Colorful Bookmarks|Indigenous Peoples Day Celebrate Indigenous Peoples Day with our Native American Icons Colorful Bookmarks, designed to inspire and educate! Each bookmark features a beautifully illustrated icon from Native American history, accompanied by inspirational quotes that reflect their wisdom and values. Perfect for Native American activities, these bookmarks encourage students and readers to engage with the rich heritage of Indigenous cultures while promoting a deeper understanding of their contributions. Ideal for classrooms, libraries, and personal use, these bookmarks not only serve as practical reading tools but also as motivational reminders of the strength and resilience of Native American communities. Bring inspiration to your reading experience with these vibrant bookmarks! The characters are included Ben Nighthorse Campbell Black Hawk Buffalo Calf Road Woman Carlos Montezuma Charlene Teters Crazy Horse Dahteste Dave Anderson Deb Haaland Geronimo Hiawatha Jim Thorpe John Eastman John Herrington Lozen Maria Tallchief Mary Bottineau Baldwin Mary Brave Bird Mary Youngblood Pine Leaf Pocahontas Pontiac Robbie Hood Running Eagle Sacajawea Sarah Winnemucca Sequoyah Sharice Davids Shoni Schimmel Sitting Bear Sitting Bull Sonny Sixkiller Squanto Susan La Flesche Picotte Tecumseh Will Rogers Wilma Mankiller Features: Formats: PDF and PNG Page Size:11x8.5 Page Count: 47 pages. TERMS OF USE The teaching resources provided by Playful Path Learning are strictly for personal use and may not be utilized in any products, given away for free, or disseminated in any manner.

Native American Icons Coloring Bookmarks| Indigenous People Day Celebrate Indigenous Peoples Day with our Native American Icons Coloring Bookmarks, designed to inspire and educate! Each bookmark features a beautifully illustrated icon from Native American history, accompanied by inspirational quotes that reflect their wisdom and values. Perfect for Native American activities, these bookmarks encourage students and readers to engage with the rich heritage of Indigenous cultures while promoting a deeper understanding of their contributions. Ideal for classrooms, libraries, and personal use, these bookmarks not only serve as practical reading tools but also as motivational reminders of the strength and resilience of Native American communities. Bring inspiration to your reading experience with these vibrant bookmarks! The characters are included Ben Nighthorse Campbell Black Hawk Buffalo Calf Road Woman Carlos Montezuma Charlene Teters Crazy Horse Dahteste Dave Anderson Deb Haaland Geronimo Hiawatha Jim Thorpe John Eastman John Herrington Lozen Maria Tallchief Mary Bottineau Baldwin Mary Brave Bird Mary Youngblood Pine Leaf Pocahontas Pontiac Robbie Hood Running Eagle Sacajawea Sarah Winnemucca Sequoyah Sharice Davids Shoni Schimmel Sitting Bear Sitting Bull Sonny Sixkiller Squanto Susan La Flesche Picotte Tecumseh Will Rogers Wilma Mankiller Features: Formats: PDF and PNG Page Size:11x8.5 Page Count: 47 pages. TERMS OF USE The teaching resources provided by Playful Path Learning are strictly for personal use and may not be utilized in any products, given away for free, or disseminated in any manner.

Spanish Native American Icons Colorful Bookmarks|Indigenous Peoples Day Celebrate Indigenous Peoples Day with our Native American Icons Colorful Bookmarks in Spanish, designed to inspire and educate! Each bookmark features a beautifully illustrated icon from Native American history, accompanied by inspirational quotes that reflect their wisdom and values. Perfect for Native American activities, these bookmarks encourage students and readers to engage with the rich heritage of Indigenous cultures while promoting a deeper understanding of their contributions. Ideal for classrooms, libraries, and personal use, these bookmarks not only serve as practical reading tools but also as motivational reminders of the strength and resilience of Native American communities. Bring inspiration to your reading experience with these vibrant bookmarks! The characters are included Ben Nighthorse Campbell Black Hawk Buffalo Calf Road Woman Carlos Montezuma Charlene Teters Crazy Horse Dahteste Dave Anderson Deb Haaland Geronimo Hiawatha Jim Thorpe John Eastman John Herrington Lozen Maria Tallchief Mary Bottineau Baldwin Mary Brave Bird Mary Youngblood Pine Leaf Pocahontas Pontiac Robbie Hood Running Eagle Sacajawea Sarah Winnemucca Sequoyah Sharice Davids Shoni Schimmel Sitting Bear Sitting Bull Sonny Sixkiller Squanto Susan La Flesche Picotte Tecumseh Will Rogers Wilma Mankiller Features: Formats: PDF and PNG Page Size:11x8.5 Page Count: 47 pages. TERMS OF USE The teaching resources provided by Playful Path Learning are strictly for personal use and may not be utilized in any products, given away for free, or disseminated in any manner.

French Native American Icons Coloring Bookmarks| Indigenous People Day Celebrate Indigenous Peoples Day with our Native American Icons Coloring Bookmarks in French, designed to inspire and educate! Each bookmark features a beautifully illustrated icon from Native American history, accompanied by inspirational quotes that reflect their wisdom and values. Perfect for Native American activities, these bookmarks encourage students and readers to engage with the rich heritage of Indigenous cultures while promoting a deeper understanding of their contributions. Ideal for classrooms, libraries, and personal use, these bookmarks not only serve as practical reading tools but also as motivational reminders of the strength and resilience of Native American communities. Bring inspiration to your reading experience with these vibrant bookmarks! The characters are included Ben Nighthorse Campbell Black Hawk Buffalo Calf Road Woman Carlos Montezuma Charlene Teters Crazy Horse Dahteste Dave Anderson Deb Haaland Geronimo Hiawatha Jim Thorpe John Eastman John Herrington Lozen Maria Tallchief Mary Bottineau Baldwin Mary Brave Bird Mary Youngblood Pine Leaf Pocahontas Pontiac Robbie Hood Running Eagle Sacajawea Sarah Winnemucca Sequoyah Sharice Davids Shoni Schimmel Sitting Bear Sitting Bull Sonny Sixkiller Squanto Susan La Flesche Picotte Tecumseh Will Rogers Wilma Mankiller Features: Formats: PDF and PNG Page Size:11x8.5 Page Count: 47 pages. TERMS OF USE The teaching resources provided by Playful Path Learning are strictly for personal use and may not be utilized in any products, given away for free, or disseminated in any manner.

Spanish Native American Icons Coloring Bookmarks| Indigenous People Day Celebrate Indigenous Peoples Day with our Native American Icons Coloring Bookmarks in Spanish , designed to inspire and educate! Each bookmark features a beautifully illustrated icon from Native American history, accompanied by inspirational quotes that reflect their wisdom and values. Perfect for Native American activities, these bookmarks encourage students and readers to engage with the rich heritage of Indigenous cultures while promoting a deeper understanding of their contributions. Ideal for classrooms, libraries, and personal use, these bookmarks not only serve as practical reading tools but also as motivational reminders of the strength and resilience of Native American communities. Bring inspiration to your reading experience with these vibrant bookmarks! The characters are included Ben Nighthorse Campbell Black Hawk Buffalo Calf Road Woman Carlos Montezuma Charlene Teters Crazy Horse Dahteste Dave Anderson Deb Haaland Geronimo Hiawatha Jim Thorpe John Eastman John Herrington Lozen Maria Tallchief Mary Bottineau Baldwin Mary Brave Bird Mary Youngblood Pine Leaf Pocahontas Pontiac Robbie Hood Running Eagle Sacajawea Sarah Winnemucca Sequoyah Sharice Davids Shoni Schimmel Sitting Bear Sitting Bull Sonny Sixkiller Squanto Susan La Flesche Picotte Tecumseh Will Rogers Wilma Mankiller Features: Formats: PDF and PNG Page Size:11x8.5 Page Count: 47 pages. TERMS OF USE The teaching resources provided by Playful Path Learning are strictly for personal use and may not be utilized in any products, given away for free, or disseminated in any manner.

Native American Tribes Collaborative Poster Art Coloring Pages -(Volume 1) Celebrate the diversity and heritage of Native American tribes with this Collaborative Poster Art and Coloring Pages set! Perfect for classrooms and group activities, this unique resource allows students to color and assemble individual pieces to create a large, meaningful poster representing Native American culture. Each page features intricate designs inspired by Indigenous art and symbols, promoting creativity while fostering an appreciation for Native American traditions. Ideal for Native American Heritage Month or anytime learning, this collaborative project helps students connect, learn, and honor Native American history together! Included tribes in This Collaborative Poster Apache Indian Chippewa Indians Cheyenne Indian Iroquois Indian Navajo Indian Pueblo Indian Sioux Indian Features: Formats: PDF and png Page Size:8.5x 11 Page Count: 37 pages. 36 pieces. The dimension of the poster with the margins clipped is 10x4 inch For more products, follow my store. It will always have new products that your students And your Kids will need Click Here to follow my store TERMS OF USE The teaching resources provided by Playful Path Learning are strictly for personal use and may not be utilized in any products, given away for free, or disseminated in any manner.

Native American Tribes Collaborative Poster Art Coloring Pages -(Volume 1) Celebrate the diversity and heritage of Native American tribes with this Collaborative Poster Art and Coloring Pages set! Perfect for classrooms and group activities, this unique resource allows students to color and assemble individual pieces to create a large, meaningful poster representing Native American culture. Each page features intricate designs inspired by Indigenous art and symbols, promoting creativity while fostering an appreciation for Native American traditions. Ideal for Native American Heritage Month or anytime learning, this collaborative project helps students connect, learn, and honor Native American history together! Included tribes in This Collaborative Poster Plains Indian Choctaw Indian Apache Indian Wampanoag Indian Features: Formats: PDF and png Page Size:8.5x 11 Page Count: 31 pages. 30 pieces. The dimension of the poster with the margins clipped is 34.6X24.4 inch TERMS OF USE The teaching resources provided by Playful Path Learning are strictly for personal use and may not be utilized in any products, given away for free, or disseminated in any manner.

French Native American Tribes Collaborative Poster Art Coloring Pages -(Volume 1) Celebrate the diversity and heritage of Native American tribes with this Collaborative Poster Art and Coloring Pages in French ! Perfect for classrooms and group activities, this unique resource allows students to color and assemble individual pieces to create a large, meaningful poster representing Native American culture. Each page features intricate designs inspired by Indigenous art and symbols, promoting creativity while fostering an appreciation for Native American traditions. Ideal for Native American Heritage Month or anytime learning, this collaborative project helps students connect, learn, and honor Native American history together! Included tribes in This Collaborative Poster Plains Indian Choctaw Indian Apache Indian Wampanoag Indian Features: Formats: PDF and png Page Size:8.5x 11 Page Count: 31 pages. 30 pieces. The dimension of the poster with the margins clipped is 34.6X24.4 inch TERMS OF USE The teaching resources provided by Playful Path Learning are strictly for personal use and may not be utilized in any products, given away for free, or disseminated in any manner.

Spanish Native American Tribes Collaborative Poster Art Coloring Pages -(Volume 1) Celebrate the diversity and heritage of Native American tribes with this Collaborative Poster Art and Coloring Pages in Spanish ! Perfect for classrooms and group activities, this unique resource allows students to color and assemble individual pieces to create a large, meaningful poster representing Native American culture. Each page features intricate designs inspired by Indigenous art and symbols, promoting creativity while fostering an appreciation for Native American traditions. Ideal for Native American Heritage Month or anytime learning, this collaborative project helps students connect, learn, and honor Native American history together! Included tribes in This Collaborative Poster Plains Indian Choctaw Indian Apache Indian Wampanoag Indian Features: Formats: PDF and png Page Size:8.5x 11 Page Count: 31 pages. 30 pieces. The dimension of the poster with the margins clipped is 34.6X24.4 inch TERMS OF USE The teaching resources provided by Playful Path Learning are strictly for personal use and may not be utilized in any products, given away for free, or disseminated in any manner.

French Native American Tribes Collaborative Poster Art Coloring Pages -(Volume 2) Celebrate the diversity and heritage of Native American tribes with this Collaborative Poster Art and Coloring Pages in French ! Perfect for classrooms and group activities, this unique resource allows students to color and assemble individual pieces to create a large, meaningful poster representing Native American culture. Each page features intricate designs inspired by Indigenous art and symbols, promoting creativity while fostering an appreciation for Native American traditions. Ideal for Native American Heritage Month or anytime learning, this collaborative project helps students connect, learn, and honor Native American history together! Included tribes in This Collaborative Poster Apache Indian Chippewa Indians Cheyenne Indian Iroquois Indian Navajo Indian Pueblo Indian Sioux Indian Features: Formats: PDF and png Page Size:8.5x 11 Page Count: 37 pages. 36 pieces. The dimension of the poster with the margins clipped is 10x4 inch TERMS OF USE The teaching resources provided by Playful Path Learning are strictly for personal use and may not be utilized in any products, given away for free, or disseminated in any manner.

Spanish Native American Tribes Collaborative Poster Art Coloring Pages -(Volume 2) Celebrate the diversity and heritage of Native American tribes with this Collaborative Poster Art and Coloring Pages in Spanish ! Perfect for classrooms and group activities, this unique resource allows students to color and assemble individual pieces to create a large, meaningful poster representing Native American culture. Each page features intricate designs inspired by Indigenous art and symbols, promoting creativity while fostering an appreciation for Native American traditions. Ideal for Native American Heritage Month or anytime learning, this collaborative project helps students connect, learn, and honor Native American history together! Included tribes in This Collaborative Poster Apache Indian Chippewa Indians Cheyenne Indian Iroquois Indian Navajo Indian Pueblo Indian Sioux Indian Features: Formats: PDF and png Page Size:8.5x 11 Page Count: 37 pages. 36 pieces. The dimension of the poster with the margins clipped is 10x4 inch TERMS OF USE The teaching resources provided by Playful Path Learning are strictly for personal use and may not be utilized in any products, given away for free, or disseminated in any manner.

Native American Tribes Reading Comprehension Passages and Questions | Native American Activities Celebrate Native American Heritage Month with engaging reading comprehension passages and questions that introduce students to the rich cultures and traditions of various Native American tribes. These activities provide students with a deeper understanding of tribal life, history, and values through informative passages and related questions designed to reinforce learning. Perfect for class discussions, these resources are a great addition to Native American Heritage Month activities, fostering respect and appreciation for Native American heritage and traditions. Topics Included: The Apache: Brave and Skillful People The Cheyenne: Brave Warriors of the Plains The Chippewa: Wise People of the Great Lakes The Choctaw: Skilled Farmers of the Southeast The Iroquois: United People of the Forests The Navajo: People of the Southwest The Plains Tribes: People of the Open Land The Pueblo: Builders of the Southwest The Sioux: Life on the Great Plains The Wampanoag: People of the First Light Features: Formats: PDF and PNG Page Size:8.5x11 Page Count: 30 pages. TERMS OF USE The teaching resources provided by Playful Path Learning are strictly for personal use and may not be utilized in any products, given away for free, or disseminated in any manner.

Spanish Native American Tribes Reading Comprehension Passages and Questions| Native American Activities Celebrate Native American Heritage Month with engaging reading comprehension passages and questions in Spanish that introduce students to the rich cultures and traditions of various Native American tribes. These activities provide students with a deeper understanding of tribal life, history, and values through informative passages and related questions designed to reinforce learning. Perfect for class discussions, these resources are a great addition to Native American Heritage Month activities, fostering respect and appreciation for Native American heritage and traditions. Topics Included: Los Apaches: Personas Valientes y Hábiles Los Cheyennes: Valientes Guerreros de las Llanuras Los Chippewa: Sabios del Área de los Grandes Lagos Los Choctaw: Hábiles Agricultores del Sureste Los Iroqueses: Pueblo Unido de los Bosques Los Navajo: Pueblo del Suroeste Las Tribus de las Llanuras: Gente de la Tierra Abierta Los Pueblo: Constructores del Suroeste Los Sioux: La Vida en las Grandes Llanuras Los Wampanoag: Gente de la Primera Luz Features: Formats: PDF and PNG Page Size:8.5x11 Page Count: 30 pages. TERMS OF USE The teaching resources provided by Playful Path Learning are strictly for personal use and may not be utilized in any products, given away for free, or disseminated in any manner.

French Native American Tribes Reading Comprehension Passages and Questions| Native American Activities Celebrate Native American Heritage Month with engaging reading comprehension passages and questions in French that introduce students to the rich cultures and traditions of various Native American tribes. These activities provide students with a deeper understanding of tribal life, history, and values through informative passages and related questions designed to reinforce learning. Perfect for class discussions, these resources are a great addition to Native American Heritage Month activities, fostering respect and appreciation for Native American heritage and traditions. Topics Included: Les Apaches : Un Peuple Courageux et Habile Les Cheyennes : Braves Guerriers des Plaines Les Chippewas : Un Peuple Sage des Grands Lacs Les Choctaws : Des Agriculteurs Habiles du Sud-Est Les Iroquois : Un Peuple Uni des Forêts Les Navajos : Peuple du Sud-Ouest Les Tribus des Plaines : Peuple de la Terre Ouverte Les Pueblos : Constructeurs du Sud-Ouest Les Sioux : La Vie dans les Grandes Plaines Les Wampanoag : Peuple de la Première Lumière Features: Formats: PDF and PNG Page Size:8.5x11 Page Count: 30 pages. TERMS OF USE The teaching resources provided by Playful Path Learning are strictly for personal use and may not be utilized in any products, given away for free, or disseminated in any manner.

French Kindness Coloring Pages with Quotes | World Kindness Day Activity Encourage empathy and compassion with these Kindness Coloring Pages in French with quotes—an excellent World Kindness Day activity for kids! Each page features meaningful quotes that inspire young learners to practice kindness in their daily lives. Perfect for Kindness Week and Unity Day activities, these coloring pages help students reflect on the power of kindness while engaging their creativity. Use them in classrooms or at home to celebrate World Kindness Day and foster an atmosphere of positivity and togetherness. These pages are ideal for promoting messages of compassion, unity, and understanding throughout Kindness Week. Features: Formats: PDF and PNG Page Size:8.5x11 Page Count: 20 pages. TERMS OF USE The teaching resources provided by Playful Path Learning are strictly for personal use and may not be utilized in any products, given away for free, or disseminated in any manner.

Spanish Kindness Coloring Pages with Quotes | World Kindness Day Activity Encourage empathy and compassion with these Kindness Coloring Pages in Spanish with quotes—an excellent World Kindness Day activity for kids! Each page features meaningful quotes that inspire young learners to practice kindness in their daily lives. Perfect for Kindness Week and Unity Day activities, these coloring pages help students reflect on the power of kindness while engaging their creativity. Use them in classrooms or at home to celebrate World Kindness Day and foster an atmosphere of positivity and togetherness. These pages are ideal for promoting messages of compassion, unity, and understanding throughout Kindness Week. Features: Formats: PDF and PNG Page Size:8.5x11 Page Count: 20 pages. TERMS OF USE The teaching resources provided by Playful Path Learning are strictly for personal use and may not be utilized in any products, given away for free, or disseminated in any manner.