This great activity is designed to help students studying how the Homesteaders survived on the Great Plains as part of a course on the American West. It can be used as either a revision, consolidation exercise or even as a plenary or starter. If you are looking for an accompany resource to cover this topic then please do check out my TES shop. The two page word document contains 14 problems with the solutions that the Homesteaders came up with mixed up. Students cut out the cards and match the problems and solutions under the two headings. Once they have peer reviewed or checked them during a class feedback session, students can then stick them into their books. Alternatively, you could create a class set that are kept in envelops and quickly matched and then put back as a quick starter or plenary. The aims and objectives for this activity are: Theme: How successful were the Homesteaders at settling on the Great Plains? Know: What problems did they have to overcome? Understand: How did the Homesteaders survive and build successful farms on the Great Plains? Evaluate: What impact did these solutions have on the Homesteaders, the environment and the Native Americans? Skills: Cause, Consequence, Change, Continuity & Source Evaluation. WILF – What Am I Looking For? Identify and describe: What problems did the Homesteaders have to overcome in order to survive? Explain: Did they try and solve these problems? Analyse: begin to make an overall judgement on how successful the Homesteaders were at settling on the Great Plains and at what cost? If you like this resource then why not check out my other resources on this topic in my TES shop. You can also follow 'The History Academy' on Twitter, Google Plus, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates or even to get in touch and chat about how you have used this resource or to ask questions. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee or a happy meal so that you can spend more time doing the things that you want. Anyway, have fun and stay in touch via social media for the latest updates. Kind Regards Roy

This great activity is designed to help students studying how the Homesteaders survived on the Great Plains as part of a course on the American West. It can be used as either a revision, consolidation exercise or even as a plenary or starter. If you are looking for an accompany resource to cover this topic then please do check out my TES shop. The two page word document contains 14 problems with the solutions that the Homesteaders came up with mixed up. Students cut out the cards and match the problems and solutions under the two headings. Once they have peer reviewed or checked them during a class feedback session, students can then stick them into their books. Alternatively, you could create a class set that are kept in envelops and quickly matched and then put back as a quick starter or plenary. The aims and objectives for this activity are: Theme: How successful were the Homesteaders at settling on the Great Plains? Know: What problems did they have to overcome? Understand: How did the Homesteaders survive and build successful farms on the Great Plains? Evaluate: What impact did these solutions have on the Homesteaders, the environment and the Native Americans? Skills: Cause, Consequence, Change, Continuity & Source Evaluation. WILF – What Am I Looking For? Identify and describe: What problems did the Homesteaders have to overcome in order to survive? Explain: Did they try and solve these problems? Analyze: begin to make an overall judgement on how successful the Homesteaders were at settling on the Great Plains and at what cost? If you like this resource then why not check out my other resources on this topic in my TES shop. You can also follow ‘The History Academy’ on Twitter, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates or even to get in touch and chat about how you have used this resource or to ask questions. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee or a happy meal so that you can spend more time doing the things that you want. Anyway, have fun and stay in touch via social media for the latest updates. Kind Regards Roy

This outstanding card sort is designed to be used as a starter or plenary. Students cut out the cards and match the cowboy’s equipment with the correct names or labels. This shouldn’t take more than 15 minutes from beginning to end. When you purchase this resource you will be able to download a two page Microsoft Word Document which includes a learning objective, instructions and nine key words mixed up with their correct labels to be sorted. On the second page, you have a photograph of a cowboy with arrows pointing to the appropriate pieces of equipment. These can be used along with the correctly sorted cards to label the cowboy. This activity can also be purchased with an accompanying PowerPoint under a similar title or as part of a bundle of resources on the American West. The aims and objectives of this activity are: Theme: The American West Know: What equipment did a cowboy use to do his job? Understand: How did cowboys use their equipment? Evaluate: How successfully did cowboys adapt to their environment? WILF: What Am I Looking For? Identify and describe: The equipment carried by cowboys Explain: How was each piece of equipment used? Analyze: Begin to come to a judgement on how cowboys adapted to their environment? If you like this resource then why not check out my other resources on this topic in my TES shop, where many have been bundled together to provide you with further savings. You can also follow ‘The History Academy’ on Twitter, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates or even to get in touch and chat about how you have used this resource or to ask questions. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee or a happy meal so that you can spend more time doing the things that you want. Anyway, have fun and stay in touch via social media for the latest updates. Kind Regards Roy

This lesson is designed to help students understand the lives of American cowboys. It focuses on the clothes and equipment that they used to help them survive their everyday challenges. The PowerPoint includes the aims, objectives, differentiated outcomes, a snowballing starter of the key words, a labeling exercise to test students prior knowledge, information slides and instructions on how to complete the accompanying card sort and peer assess it. I have also embedded several video clips to illustrate how the equipment was used. The word document includes all the cards with both the names and the descriptions of the clothes and equipment worn by cowboys to be correctly sorted. The aims and objectives of the lesson are: Theme: The American West Know: What equipment did a cowboy use to do his job? Understand: How did cowboys use their equipment? Evaluate: How successfully did cowboys adapt to their environment? WILF: What Am I Looking For? Identify & describe: The equipment carried by cowboys Explain: How was each piece of equipment used? Analyse: Begin to come to a judgement on how successfully cowboys adapted to their environment? If you like this resource then why not check out my other resources on this topic in my TES shop, where many have been bundled together to provide you with further savings. You can also follow ‘The History Academy’ on Twitter, Google Plus, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates or even to get in touch and chat about how you have used this resource or to ask questions. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee or a happy meal so that you can spend more time doing the things that you want. Anyway, have fun and stay in touch via social media for the latest updates. Kind Regards Roy

This lesson is designed to help students understand the lives of American cowboys. It focuses on the clothes and equipment that they used to help them survive their everyday challenges. The PowerPoint includes the aims, objectives, differentiated outcomes, a snowballing starter of the key words, a labelling exercise to test students prior knowledge, information slides and instructions on how to complete the accompanying card sort and peer assess it. I have also embedded several video clips to illustrate how the equipment was used. The word document includes all the cards with both the names and the descriptions of the clothes and equipment worn by cowboys to be correctly sorted. The aims and objectives of the lesson are: Theme: The American West Know: What equipment did a cowboy use to do his job? Understand: How did cowboys use their equipment? Evaluate: How successfully did cowboys adapt to their environment? WILF: What Am I Looking For? Identify & describe: The equipment carried by cowboys Explain: How was each piece of equipment used? Analyse: Begin to come to a judgement on how successfully cowboys adapted to their environment? If you like this resource then why not check out my other resources on this topic in my TES shop, where many have been bundled together to provide you with further savings. You can also follow ‘The History Academy’ on Twitter, Google Plus, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates or even to get in touch and chat about how you have used this resource or to ask questions. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee or a happy meal so that you can spend more time doing the things that you want. Anyway, have fun and stay in touch via social media for the latest updates. Kind Regards Roy

This great resource looks at the development of cattle ranching and the key exam question on why cattlemen decided to drive their herds north? I've pitched the text level at lower to middle ability but the challenge of the final thinking skills review triangle is sufficient to stretch the more able. The PowerPoint includes information slides on the background to cattle ranching and the long drives as well as information on: The Impact of the American Civil War 1861-1865 Increased demand for beef in the East The actions of Goodnight and Loving The building of the railroads The actions of Joseph McCoy There are two core activities, a snowballing starter of the key words for the lesson and a thinking skills review triangle activity linked to a past paper question. As always, this resource can be easily edited and is designed to be used along side any main stream text book on this topic. The resource can also be uploaded to a virtual learning environment and set as a homework The learning objectives are: Theme: The American West Know: How did cattle ranching develop in the American West? Understand: Why did cattlemen drive their herds north? Evaluate: Which factor was the most important? WILF: What Am I Looking For? Identify & describe: Why cattle ranching developed in the American West? Explain: Why cattlemen drove their herds north? Analyse: Begin to come to a judgement on which factor was the most important? If you like this resource, then please check out some of my others in this series. Kind Regards Roy

This great resource is designed to help students understand the reasons for the development and then decline of Cattle Ranching in the American West. The aims and objectives are: Theme: The American West Know: How did cattle ranching decline in the American West? Understand: What factors contributed to cattle ranching success and decline? Evaluate: Why did cattle ranching decline in the American West? WILF: What Am I Looking For? Identify and describe: Why cattle ranching developed and then declined? Explain: What factors helped cattle ranching to develop and then decline? Analyse: Begin to come to a judgement on which factors were the most important? The resources come in the form of a PowerPoint and a card sort with a separate answer sheet. There are five activities in this lesson which are aimed for students of all abilities. Activity 1 is a snowballing starter using the keywords. Full instructions included. Activity 2 is a review activity designed to test students prior knowledge. They are given 5 factors why the cattle industry developed and are then expected to write a sentence explaining why they think it would help it to develop. Activity 3, builds upon Activity 2 by getting students to improve their answers in (purple pen) after having reviewed 5 slides explaining why the cattle industry developed. I have built some additional discussion questions into these slides to help students connect their learning with some of the reasons why the industry later declines. Activities 4 - 7, deal with the decline of the industry. Activity 4 is a summary exercise, whilst Activity 5 is a card sort. Once students have reviewed the information, they are expected to sort the cards to create 5 PEE's paragraphs explaining why Cattle Ranching declined. I have supplied a colour coded answer sheet to display onto the IWB to help students review their answers. Activity 6, is a past paper question with built in structure and support on 'The disastrous winter of 1886-87 was the most important reason for the end of the open range’. How far do you agree with this statement? The final activity provides students with an AFL student mark scheme to help them peer assess their answers. As with all my resources, they are produced to a high standard and are designed to be interactive. Have fun and if you like this lesson, check out some of my other resource bundles. Kind Regards Roy

This great resource looks at the development of cattle ranching and the key exam question on why cattlemen decided to drive their herds north? I’ve pitched the text level at lower to middle ability but the challenge of the final thinking skills review triangle is sufficient to stretch the more able. The PowerPoint includes information slides on the background to cattle ranching and the long drives as well as information on: The Impact of the American Civil War 1861-1865 Increased demand for beef in the East The actions of Goodnight and Loving The building of the railroads The actions of Joseph McCoy There are two core activities, a snowballing starter of the key words for the lesson and a thinking skills review triangle activity linked to a past paper question. As always, this resource can be easily edited and is designed to be used along side any main stream text book on this topic. The resource can also be uploaded to a virtual learning environment and set as a homework The learning objectives are: Theme: The American West Know: How did cattle ranching develop in the American West? Understand: Why did cattlemen drive their herds north? Evaluate: Which factor was the most important? WILF: What Am I Looking For? Identify & describe: Why cattle ranching developed in the American West? Explain: Why cattlemen drove their herds north? Analyse: Begin to come to a judgement on which factor was the most important? If you like this resource, then please check out some of my others in this series. Kind Regards Roy

This outstanding resource is an old favourite of mine and was downloaded over 70,000 times on the schoolhistory.co.uk website. This new and updated versions comes with some great new activities. The aims and objectives of this lesson are: Theme: What were the consequences of the break with Rome? Know: What did people believe about how to get to Heaven or Hell? Understand: Why were people prepared to die for their beliefs? Evaluate: What was the most important reason? WILF: What Am I Looking For? Identify & describe: What did people believe about Heaven & Hell? Explain: Why people were prepared to die for their beliefs? Analyse: Begin to come to a judgement on the consequences of the Break with Rome on religious beliefs in Britain? This resource includes six activities and one assessment task with a pupil friendly assessment for learning mark scheme with next steps feedback. Activity 1 is designed a snowballing starter using all the key words. Full instructions included. The first part of the lesson looks at what people believed in the 16th Century and explains the different Catholic and Protestant views of how they believed Christians could get their souls cleaned in the 16th Century. This part of the lesson links in well with my lesson on the reformation or why was there religious conflict in the 16th & 17th Centuries. Activity 2 is designed to build upon what students have learnt in the first two slides through a source analysis of image of Hell / Purgatory, which can be completed in groups / pairs. Activity 3 is a feedback activity linked to Activity 2 with an opportunity to mark / improve their answers with purple pen. This is followed up the class discussion in Activity 4 around with a predictive discussion around why people were prepared to die for their beliefs linked to their ideas of Heave and Hell. Activity 5 focuses around the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in Paris in 1572 to provide students with a comparison with what was happening in England at this time. I have included some great sound effects to accompany these slides - please see the instructions at the end for unzipping the presentation. Activity 6 is a consolidation exercise which asks the question who was the bloodiest Tudor. I have included statistics and links to video clips to help extend the learning here. The final task is an extended piece of writing and includes an AFL blooms pupil mark scheme on the question 'Why were people willing to die for their beliefs in the 16th Century? ' I've also included some advice for students on how to structure their answers. These slides could be printed of for the less able students. I have uploaded the same lesson twice. The zipped version includes all the sound effects. Kind Regards Roy

This great graphic organiser can be used with your A Level and GCSE students to help them assess two different interpretations of history. The headings that I have included are Accepted View / Revisionist View. So for example, I might give my students two books or articles to look at on why the slave trade was abolished. One might argue that it was down to the role of white abolitionists, whilst the other might look at black resistance. The Judgement box at the bottom is designed to get students to evaluate which interpretation they agree with. This resource is best printed off on A3. Its simple, but it delivers great results. Kind Regards Roy

This simple but effective graphic organiser is critical tool for teachers struggling to get their students to understand the difference between the low level narrative (story telling) and higher level analysis note taking and ultimately essay writing. I would recommend modelling how to use this resource on the IWB or to help weaker students by putting in sub headings. So for example, if I was looking at why women got the vote, I might have the different stages in the narrative section where students could record the key facts. I would then challenge them to explain why these events / facts were important and to write them up in the analysis section. Another good use of this amazing tool is to get students to review another students essay or a journal article. Very quickly those students who are stuck at the borderline between a 'D' and a 'C' will quickly understand the difference between narrative and analysis and so aid them in making more effective notes and writing better essays. Kind Regards Roy

This outstanding resource is an old favourite of mine and was downloaded over 70,000 times on the schoolhistory.co.uk website. This new and updated versions comes with some great new activities. The aims and objectives of this lesson are: Theme: What were the consequences of the break with Rome? Know: What did people believe about how to get to Heaven or Hell? Understand: Why were people prepared to die for their beliefs? Evaluate: What was the most important reason? WILF: What Am I Looking For? Identify & describe: What did people believe about Heaven & Hell? Explain: Why people were prepared to die for their beliefs? Analyse: Begin to come to a judgement on the consequences of the Break with Rome on religious beliefs in Britain? This resource includes six activities and one assessment task with a pupil friendly assessment for learning mark scheme with next steps feedback. Activity 1 is designed a snowballing starter using all the key words. Full instructions included. The first part of the lesson looks at what people believed in the 16th Century and explains the different Catholic and Protestant views of how they believed Christians could get their souls cleaned in the 16th Century. This part of the lesson links in well with my lesson on the reformation or why was there religious conflict in the 16th & 17th Centuries. Activity 2 is designed to build upon what students have learnt in the first two slides through a source analysis of image of Hell / Purgatory, which can be completed in groups / pairs. Activity 3 is a feedback activity linked to Activity 2 with an opportunity to mark / improve their answers with purple pen. This is followed up the class discussion in Activity 4 around with a predictive discussion around why people were prepared to die for their beliefs linked to their ideas of Heave and Hell. Activity 5 focuses around the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in Paris in 1572 to provide students with a comparison with what was happening in England at this time. I have included some great sound effects to accompany these slides - please see the instructions at the end for unzipping the presentation. Activity 6 is a consolidation exercise which asks the question who was the bloodiest Tudor. I have included statistics and links to video clips to help extend the learning here. The final task is an extended piece of writing and includes an AFL blooms pupil mark scheme on the question 'Why were people willing to die for their beliefs in the 16th Century? ' I've also included some advice for students on how to structure their answers. These slides could be printed of for the less able students. I have uploaded the same lesson twice. The zipped version includes all the sound effects. Kind Regards Roy

This excellent resource looks at the history of coal mining in Britain during the 18th and 19th centuries. It focuses on several themes including the problems that the miners faced, the solutions that they came up with and the impact of the steam engine on revolutionising the coal industry. The aims and objectives are: Theme: How did the steam engine revolutionise industry? Know: What changes took place in the coal mining industry 1750 - 1850? Understand: How the new methods increased coal production? Evaluate: How did the steam engine revolutionise mining production? Skills: Cause, Consequence, Significance, Evaluation and Judgement. What Am I Looking For this lesson? L3 Identify = the changes that took place in the coal mining industry. L4 Describe = the changes that took place in the coal mining industry. L5 Explain = how the new machinery and steam engines improved coal production? L6 Analyse = form a judgement how far the steam engine revolutionized coal production? The worksheet is divided up into two lessons and includes differentiated activities designed to suit the needs of lower and middle ability students. Have fun and if you want to pay a little more you could purchase my PowerPoint and card sort that could be used to accompany this lesson. These contain additional activities and award winning oral history interviews with coal miners in Doncaster. Kind Regards Roy

These tried and tested resources look at one of the most amazing feats of the modern age, the building of the railways in Victorian Britain. The accomplishment of the navvies, often overlooked in history, rivals that of the pyramid builders and those who built the Great Wall of China. This resource is part of a series that have been written on the Transport Revolution. It follows on from the birth of the railways, but can be sued a stand alone resource. The PowerPoint is design to support the worksheet, but can be used independently. The activities are designed to appeal to a wide range of learners. There are five activities in the PowerPoint including, a snowballing starter of the key words, a class debate, heads and tails, labelling exercise and a word search. The worksheet on the other hand includes traditional questions to develop students understanding of the question along with some additional DART strategies such true and false statements and the word search activity that is in the PP. The aims and objectives are: Theme: Transport Revolution 1750 - 1900 Know: What problems faced engineers whilst building the railways? Understand: How did engineers overcome the shape of the land? Evaluate: Why did the railways rapidly grow from 1850 – 1900? Skills: Cause, Consequence, Significance and Source Analysis WILF: What Am I Looking For? Identify & describe: how railway engineers built the railways? Explain: How railway engineers overcame the shape of the land? Analyse: Begin to come to a judgement on why the railways expanded rapidly between 1850 – 1900? The PowerPoint also includes some links to some amazing videos on You Tube. Please remember that the PP must be in show mode in order for the hyperlink to work. Anyway, have fun with this lesson. My students always love it. Its fully customisable as everything in provided in Microsoft documents. You may want to include some local examples of viaducts, cuttings, embankments if you want to contextualise the learning to your local environment. Kind Regards Roy

Creative and interactive lesson has been written by experienced history teachers to help students studying understand the political, economic, military and territorial impact of the Treaty of Versailles, 1919. It can be used as a revision activity, starter or plenary and should easily work alongside any main stream resource on this topic. If you are looking for a resource that provides more challenge or promotes more discussion, then check out my diamond resource on why the Germans hated the Treaty of Versailles. When you purchase this resource you will be able to download a full editable Microsoft word document which contains a lesson objective, instructions, four heading cards and 16 cards on the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, 1919. Once students have cut out and matched the cards, they can extend their learning by trying to explain which of the terms Germany would have found the most humiliating. When you download the PowerPoint which has been designed to accompany this resource, it contains information slides, maps, diagrams, tasks and activities to help support the main card sort activity, The aims and objectives of this lesson are: Theme: The Treaty of Versailles Know: What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? Understand: What were the economic, political, territorial and military consequences for Germany? Evaluate: which of the terms would most Germans have found the most humiliating? WILF - What Am I Looking For? Identify and describe: the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, 1919? Explain: The economic, political, territorial and military consequences of the treaty for Germany? Analyse: Which consequences or terms were the most humiliating for Germany? If you like this resource then why not check out my other resources on this topic in my TES shop, where many have been bundled together to provide you with further savings. You can also follow ‘The History Academy’ on Twitter, Google Plus, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates or even to get in touch and chat about how you have used this resource or to ask questions. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee or a happy meal so that you can spend more time doing the things that you want. Anyway, have fun and stay in touch via social media for the latest updates. Kind Regards Roy

This great resource has is suitable for a wide range of learners. It looks at the economic, political, social and environment impact of the Railways in Britain 1840 - 1900. The resource contains four pages of information, facts and sources on this topic and one pages of questions and tasks that build up to an assessment essay on this topic. This is a tried and tested resource which will provide your students with a relatively easy opportunity to achieve the highest grades in blooms by demonstrating how different factors are interconnected. The aims and objectives are: Theme: The Transport Revolution 1750 - 1900 Know: What changes took place as a result of the railways? Understand: What economic, political, social and environmental changes took place? Evaluate: Which changes were the most significant? WILF - What Am I Looking For? Identify & Describe: The changes that took place as a result of the Railways 1750 - 1900? Explain: The impact of the Railways on the economy, society, environment and politics in Britain? Analyse: which changes were the most significant? Synthesis: Analyse & Explain how the changes were interconnected? If you like this resource you might also like my card sort and PowerPoint on this topic, which can also be bought separately or as a bundle in my TES shop. After this task, I normally get my students to write an essay or extended piece of writing explaining what the impact of the Railways on Britain 1759 - 1900, and then use it to assess to their progress grades. If you would like to discuss this resource or get the latest updates, you can follow 'The History Academy' on Twitter, Google Plus, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates or even to get in touch and chat about how you have used this resource or to ask questions. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee or a happy meal so that you can spend more time doing the things that you want. Anyway, have fun and stay in touch! Kind Regards Roy

This great little resource is suitable for students of all abilities. The card sort includes four factors,economic, social, political and environment as well as 16 cards / changes that need to be sorted under these headings. This is a great way of adding in some cooperative, pair share and kinesthetic learning into your lesson on this topic. The aims and objectives are: Theme: The Transport Revolution 1750 - 1900 Know: What changes took place as a result of the railways? Understand: What economic, political, social and environmental changes took place? Evaluate: Which changes were the most significant? WILF - What Am I Looking For? Identify & Describe: The changes that took place as a result of the Railways 1750 - 1900? Explain: The impact of the Railways on the economy, society, environment and politics in Britain? Analyse: which changes were the most significant? Synthesis: Analyse & Explain how the changes were interconnected? If you like this resource you might also like my worksheet and PowerPoint on this topic, which can also be bought separately or as a bundle in my TES shop. After this task, I normally get my students to write an essay or extended piece of writing explaining what the impact of the Railways on Britain 1759 - 1900, and then use it to assess to their progress grades. If you would like to discuss this resource or get the latest updates, you can follow ‘The History Academy’ on Twitter, Google Plus, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates or even to get in touch and chat about how you have used this resource or to ask questions. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee or a happy meal so that you can spend more time doing the things that you want. Anyway, have fun and stay in touch! Kind Regards Roy

This activity is designed to get students to compare and contrast the political beliefs and backgrounds of Herbert Hoover and Franklin D Roosevelt in the Presidential Election of 1932. It would make a great starter, plenary or mini plenary that could be used with any text book on this topic. The resource includes a Venn diagram and a information box at the bottom from which students can select key facts and political ideas about the two presidential candidates to help them complete the diagram. Once completed the activity, students could add additional information that they have learnt from the class text book or video clip. The aims and objectives of this lesson are: Theme: USA 1919 - 1945 Know: What did HH & FDR believe? Understand: How did their backgrounds influence their beliefs? Evaluate: Why did FDR win the election in 1932? WILF: What Am I Looking for? Identify & describe: What did HH & FDR political aims and beliefs? Explain: How did their backgrounds influence their beliefs? Evaluate: Why did FDR win the presidential election in 1932? If you like this resource may want to consider also buying the PP that I have created to go with this lesson as it includes this and another activity at a bargain price. At the same time you may want to check out my other resources on this topic in my TES shop. You can also follow 'The History Academy' on Twitter, Google Plus, YouTube and Facebook for the latest updates or even to get in touch and chat about how you have used this resource or to ask questions. We aim to produce cheap and affordable resources for either the price of a good cup of coffee or a happy meal so that you can spend more time doing the things that you want. Anyway, have fun and stay in touch via social media for the latest updates. Kind Regards Roy