Saint Ignatius was bishop of Antioch when he was sentenced to death in the arena of Trajan. For some reason instead of being executed in his home town of Antioch he was escorted to Rome, in chains, by a company of 10 Roman soldiers. The ship taking him to Rome hugged the coast and Saint Ignatius, in chains, was received with honour by Christians at each port of call. He wrote 7 letters on his route to Rome to various committees containing instructions on marriage and theology. It is from these letters, which still exist, that we know what happened to him. Saint Polycarp befriended Saint Ignatius and collected the letters together and sent them to the church of Philippi. At some point a single Latin version , based on the original text, was made in England in the 13th century. Saint Ignatius fate was that he was eaten, by lions, in the Colosseum in Rome. He was probably alive during Jesus’ life time. There was a tradition in the early church that when he was a boy sat at the feet of Jesus. Whoso shall receive one such a little child in my name receiveth me Saint Ignatius is considered to be one of the three most important Apostolic Fathers. Sources used The Church’s Year by Charles Alexander wikipedia Britannica Online Encyclopedia The Encyclopedia of Saints Howard Loxton*

According to apocryphal texts Saint Lucy was a virgin who came from a wealthy Sicilian Family. A suitor who she refused to marry told the Roman authorities she was a Christian. The authorities first of all sentenced her to be placed in a brothel and forced into prostitution. This order, according to legend, was thwarted by divine intervention She was next condemned to death by fire - but she proved impervious to flames. Finally her neck was pierced by a sword and she died. Lots of images show her with a sword in her neck. Other images focus on her eyes. There are two legends. The first she was tortured by having her eyes torn out. Secondly she removed her own eyes and sent them to her suitor. There are many images showing her eyes on a dish.When she was buried her sight is restored. Saint Lucy is the patron saint of Syracuse (Sicily), for virgins and sight. She was one of the earliest Christian saints to achieve popularity. In Sweden St. Lucy’s day marks the beginning of the Christmas celebrations. The eldest daughter wears a white gown and a crown wreath studded with candles. Source Britannica Online Encyclopedia

Saint Vibia Perpetua was a married noblewoman, 22 years of age with an infant. Felicity was a slave and pregnant . Together with three men they were imprisoned. Perpetua, in prison, is said to have had a dream. She saw a ladder which led from her cell up to heaven. A dragon guarded the foot of it. She spoke to the dragon and he moved his head so she could climb. On reaching the top she found a shepherd with his flock and 1000s of people dressed in white. When she woke up she realized the day of her martyrdom was close, but unafraid, because she would soon be with the shepherd, Jesus in heaven. They were taken to the amphitheatre in Carthage. Perpetua was tossed and gored by a wild cow and afterwards beheaded. The Passion of Perpetua and Felicity tells of their deaths. Perpetua was a catechumen - a Christian instructed in the faith but not yet baptised. The group were executed at the military games in celebration of Emperor Septimius Severus’s birthday. Sources wikipedia The Church’s Year Charles Alexander

Clarence Edward Noble Macartney was born in Pennsylvania, USA in 1879. His father, John, was a pastor of the Reformed Presbyterian Church. Clarence went to the university of Denver (1897-1901) and majored in English Literature. He spent a year in Europe visiting England, Scotland and France. He enrolled at Yale Divinity School but after a term moved on to Princeton Theological Seminary. he graduated in 1905 and opted to seek ordination in the Presbyterian Church USA. He became the pastor at Paterson, New Jersey (1905-1914). In this struggling downtown congregation he breathed new life. He next became the pastor at Arch Street Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia (1914-1927). He soon began to broadcast his sermons on the radio and eventually became Philadelphia’s foremost preacher. He also began to give a weekly lecture on homiletics ( creating and delivering sermons) at his former college. In 1919 Clarence crossed swords with Harry Emerson Fosdick over how the soldiers, when they returned from war, would not be able to accept traditional doctrine Clarence argued that Christian truth was unchanging. A more famous exchange happened in 1922 between Clarence and Fosdick. Fosdick preached and published * Shall the Fundamentalists Win?* Clarence responded with Shall Unbelief Win? ( Read relevant paragraph (1914-17)) He next became pastor at the First Presbyterian Church of Pittsburgh (1927-1953). Here here the congregation was regularly 1200-1600 in the morning, 900 in the evening on the Sunday, plus a Wednesday evening service. Clarence regularly preached five times weekly. His sermons were turned into books - Things Most Surley Believed -1930 and *What Jesus Really Taught - 1958. He wrote a vast number of books -see bibliography. Clarence was a frequent preacher on college campuses and delivered a number of important lectures. His sermons were painstakingly prepared and delivered with directness and evangelical fervor. He was noted for his imaginative illustrations and his keen insights into the human heart. He was committed to preaching without notes. Clarence died on 19th February, 1957 at Geneva College. Michael Duduit refers to Clarence as being a * true homiletical giant . It is little wonder he puts Clarence in his top 10 of the greatest preachers of the 20th century. Sources used wikipedia The 10 Greatest Preachers of the 20th century. Michael Duduit - The Preacher

Robert Green Lee was born in a South Carolina sharecropper’s cabin. he grew up working on a farm. His school, a primitive one room, was a 3 mile walk away. Brought up in a Christian home and through regular Sunday school and church he came to know the Lord. He briefly worked on the Panama canal. he entered Furman University and graduated with honours in 1913. He married Bula Gentry. He was offered a teaching post but selected the pastorate instead. *That’s good! God never meant you to dig around Latin roots. He meant you to be a preacher * - Bula His first ministry was in Lima S.C… As he became widely known larger opportunities arose. After 3 more ministries he end up in 1927 at Believue Baptist Church of Memphis, Tennessee and stayed for the next 33 years. In 1960 he became pastor emeritus. In his ‘retirement’ he travelled the world - 100,000 miles a year, Robert’s sermons/messages were written in longhand on legal pads. He special attention to his opening statement to make it as effective as possible. His secretary would type out these pages. He would then read the manuscript frequently to master the content. He preached extemporaneously for up to 90 minutes in a white suit. His most famous sermon PayDay, some Day he preached 1,275 times (See included extract) He was offered a number of ’ jobs’- presidency of a seminary and a university-he stayed at Believue. He did do 4 terms as President of the Tennessee Baptist convention and 3 as head of the South Baptist convention. On his last day, 20 th July 1978 his friends sang hymns as he died. ( read R,G, Lee’s ascent to Glory). During his memorial service outstanding leaders paid tribute to the* peerless pulpiteer / Mr Southern Baptist*.

Peter was the preeminent philosopher of the 12th century and perhaps the greatest logician of the middle ages. In his life time he was equally famous as a poet and a composer, and might have ranked as the preeminent theologian had his ideas earned more converts and less condemnation. In all areas He was brilliant, innovative and controversial. He was a genius and he knew it and made no apologies. His vast knowledge , wit, charm, and even arrogance, drew a generation of Europe’s finest minds to Paris to learn from him. Peter was originally called ‘Pierre le Pallet’ . He belonged to a minor noble family. He decided to give up a career in the military and his inheritance to become an academic. He wandered throughout France to learn and seek knowledge.He studied under Roscellinus Compiegne, a famous French theologian and philosopher. Peter was determined to bring a fresh approach to theology. His teaching career began in Melun and Corbeil to the south of Paris. He return to Paris to teach at Notre-Dame and at Mont-Sainte-Genevieve. It was about this time he met Heloise, the niece of Fulbert, a canon of Notre-Dame. Peter was 37, Helloise 17. He became her tutor, friend, lover and finally husband.Much of their early relationship - the love affair, the elopement to Brittany, the birth of their son Astrolable, a secret marriage followed by the punitive castration of Peter ordered by Fulbert -is recorded in *The Story of My Misfortunes . He lost his prestige as a teacher and left Paris. Heloise entered the convent of Argentuil (1119). The baby, Astrolable, went to his sister’s.He went to the Saint- Denis monastery for 4 years. There he wrote ‘Sic et non’ -Yes or No - 158 questions - arranging conflicting patristic opinions around key doctrinal issues- students were eager to resolve. His second theological work ’ Theologia’Summi Boni’ condemned and burnt following a public trial (1121). Peter briefly confined to Abbey of Saint-Medard. Returned to Saint-Denis and in 1212 released from residency. Humiliated he sought solitude. Given land he built an oratory at Quincy. Students joined him at his retreat. He modified his teaching and wrote ‘Christian Theology’. He accepted election as abbot of Saint-Guildas but unsuccessful at monastic reform. He gave his oratory to the convent where Heloise lived .Together they setup a foundation, confirmed by Innocent 11, with Heloise as its first prioress. Peter as co-founder became involved. He wrote down a number of recommendations - *On the Origin of Nuns and the Rule of Life, Problemata Heloissae, and Expostio in hexaemeron. He prepared a collection of sermons, prayers, a breviary-a book of psalms and 143 hymns. Peter’s approach to theology was part of a new mode of thought that brought questions, debate and order to the fore as the science of scared doctrine. Peter and Heloise are buried together in Paris Sources Facts for Kids Encyclopedia.com Britannica Online Encyclopedia .

Peter was a Scots-American preacher who was elected to be the 57th Chaplain of the United States Senate in 1947. He died young (46) in 1949. He is remember because his widow Catherine wrote a moving, biography of his life A Man Called Peter (1951), it rose to the top of the best selling list and turned into a film Peter’s father died when he was 4. His step-father was an alcoholic so he tried to run away to sea at the age of 14. He was inspired by David Livingstone. When his step-father kicked him out he offered himself for mission work in China. He had already made a definite commitment to work full time in the Lord’s service. He started night classes but he sometimes failed courses. A cousin suggested going to the USA and he would pay the fare. He prayed for 3 weeks- God meant him to go. Peter Marshall left Scotland, with a ticket but no money, to emigrate to the USA in 1927. In the beginning he had to dig ditches, no friends and no church. God sent him an offer to work in Alabama. In a matter of weeks he had a church - the First Presbyterian, recommended as ministry candidate, spoken at a prayer meeting, elected president of the young peoples league, involved with Boy Scouts and the teacher of the men’s Bible class.etc. He graduated from Columbia Theological seminary in 1931 and became pastor at a church in Covington, Georgia. In 1933 accepted a call to Atlanta’s Westminster Presbyterian Church. Married Catherine Wood ,aged 23 when he was 35, on 4th November 1936. 1937 became pastor at New York Avenue Presbyterian Church ( also known as Abraham Lincoln’s church) in Washington DC. He launched a new ministry at the historic congregation, a ministry that would reach around the world. He demonstrated to young and old alike that Christianity can be fun. His sermons, many written with anonymous research by his wife, revealed a rock-ribbed faith, clarity of conviction and a poet’s pen. During WW11 he drew 1000s each week to the church to listen to his prophetic voice with the soft Scottish burr. Despite 3 services the sanctuary overflowed leaving 100s waiting in long lines hoping for a seat He painted word pictures to convey the gospel message stories. He spoke of his personnel experiences His goal in preaching was always to make Jesus real to people. Peter never thought his sermons were good enough to publish. Catherine was persuaded by parishioners and publishers to publish them. In 1949 * Mr. Jones, Meets the Master came out with 12 sermons and became a best seller. To Live again tells of her life after Peter’s and more details about the church. Catherine married Leodard LeSound, then editor of the 'Guideposts Magazine ’ in 1959. In total she wrote 21 inspirational books. She died in 1983 but her books, carrying Peter and Catherine’s outreach, have sold over 20 million copies. Sunday, May 29th, 2016 their church celebrated that 80 years earlier Dr. Peter Marshall and Catherine Marshall had joined them.

Dr. Eli Stanley Jones was an American 20th century Methodist missionary and theologian. For more than 50 years he proclaimed the Gospel of Christ. He was probably the world’s best known and longest tested Christian missionary and evangelist. In 1959 he was named Missionary Extraordinary by World Outlook. Eli was educated in Baltimore schools and studied law at City College before graduating from Asbury College, Wilmore, Kentucky. in 1907. He was on the Asbury faculty when he was called to the missionary service in India in 1907. He was ordained in 1908 as both a deacon and elder. He worked as district missionary superintendent and revival preacher In India he worked with the lowest castes , including Dalits. He also made friends with many of the leaders and became known for his inter faith work. He spent time with Mohandas K. Gandhi and the Nehru family.He is remembered for his 1000s of inter-religious lectures to the educated classes. In 1925, while home on furlough, he wrote a report of his years of service - what he had taught and learned in India. The published result was The Christ of the Indian Road - sales reached over one million copies world wide.He wrote other books which became ‘required’ reading at theological colleges.( See long list) He helped to reconstruct the Indian 'Ashram ’ - forest retreat using the Christian principle of indigenization. He founded a Christian Ashram at Sat Tal in the Himalayas (1930). He went on to preach and hold them in almost every country in the world. 1n 1941 he was a confidant of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Japanese leaders trying to avert war. After WW11 he launched in the USA the Crusade for a Federal Union of Churches. He held mass meetings from coast to coast and spoke in nearly 500 cities, towns and churches In 1950 he provided funds for India’s first Christian psychiatric centre and clinic. He pre-dated the United Nations by 30 years, by his Round Table of Nations. He was nominated for the Nobel Peace Peace Prize. for his reconciliation work in Asia, Africa and between Japan and the USA. In 1963 he received the Gandhi Peace award. He travelled among the people’s of the earth, speaking 3 times a day. The years did not weary him, for he was blessed with physical stamina, mental vigor, and God’s grace to sustain him for the rugged schedule he imposed on himself. December 1971, aged 88, and leading the Oklahoma Christian Ashram he suffered a stroke which seriously impaired him physically but not mentally. He dictated onto tape his last book The Divine Yes. June,1972 he gave from his wheel chair, in Jerusalem, a moving message to the First Christian Ashram World Congress. He died in India on 25th January 1973. He was truly a* Missionary Extraordinary* I hope reading about Eli Stanley Jones -,’ Brother Stanley’ to his friends, will inspire and encourage you to go the extra mile for our Lord. Sources used History of Missiology United Christian Ashrams wikipedia

Norman graduated from Ohio Wesleyan University and became one of the most influential ministers of the 20th century. In 1922 Norman was ordained into the Methodist Episcopal Church (MEC). He was pastor in 3 churches over the next 10 years… He then left MEC in 1932 and joined the Dutch Reform Church (DFC). He became the minister at Marble Collegiate Church, a Reformed Church of America, in New York City (1932-1984). In those 52 years the congregation increased from 600 to 5,000. He became known for his dynamic and energetic sermons. he preached an optimist message that many Americans accepted during such trying events as the Great Depression, WW11, the Cold War and the Civil Rights Movment. At the height of his popularity 750, 000 received his sermons through the post once a month. In 1935 he started a radio programme The Art of Living which lasted for 54 years and was one of the most popular broadcasts in the USA for nearly 50 years. Under sponsorship of the National Council of Churches he moved into television. Both were broadcast across the USA. In 1945 he began to publish a weekly magazine Guideposts. It was founded by Norman. his wife Ruth and Raymond Thornburg. The magazine printed positive stories of people achieving their dreams. In 2005, 4 million subscribed to the magazine. It was ranked 13th most popular journal in the USA He published 46 books. His most popular book was The Power of Positive Thinking (1952) was bought by 2+million, stayed on the best seller list for 186 consecutive weeks, but It also brought controversy. ( Read American Foundation of Religion and Psychiatry and Theological critique) Norman founded a number of organizations.- The Horatio Alger Association --with Kenneth Beebe, the Peale Center, The Positive Thinking foundation and the Guidepost Publications. In 1968 he married Julie Nixon and David Eisenhower. In 1984 President Reagan awarded Norman the Presidential Medal for Freedom for his contribution to Theology. Growing up Donald Trump attended his church. Donald married his first wife Ivana there. Norman died of a stroke on 24th December 1993, aged 95, in Pawling , New York. Through the media of radio and television broadcasts Norman preached the Gospel of Jesus Christ across the USA for 50 years. He also put pen to paper - 46 books - to explain his ideas. Through Guideposts he encouraged others to think positively about themselves. Sources used Ohio History Central wikipedia

John was born in Sturton- le Steeple, Nottinghamshire. He was educated at Gainsborough grammar schol and at Christ’s College, Cambridge where he became a fellow in 1594. In 1594 he was also ordained as an Anglican priest. Between 1600-1602 he preached in Lincoln. In 1606 he broke with the Church of England and became minister at Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, to a group of who also had abandoned the C. of E… He then spent 2 years with John Robinson where they helped organize the Separatists in Nottinghamshire. In 1608 the two Johns, with their followers,fled to Amsterdam in Holland. which was known for its religious tolerance. There they all began to study the Bible ardently. John Smyth then took it upon himself to baptize himself. He recited a confession of faith then baptized himself and then baptized all his followers.This brazen act scandalized even those who despised England’s state church. Amsterdam Separatist, Richard Bernard, nicknamed him ‘So-Baptist’ - self baptizer. His followers preferred ’ Christians Baptized on Profession of their Faith’. The derogatory ‘so-baptist’ later shortened to ‘Baptist’, stuck. John insisted that true worship was from the heart and so the liturgy was abandoned - no readings from the Bible John wanted prayer, singing and preaching to be completely spontaneous. This idea stemmed from the belief that worship should be ordered by the Holy Spirit. Church leadership would be just 2 fold- pastor and deacon. In 1609 they came to believe in believer’s baptism- rejecting infant baptism- and they came together to form one of the earliest Baptist churches. He was convinced that believer’s baptism and a free church, gathered by covenant, was foundational for the church. Before his death, in 1612, he wrote a letter of apology, regretting that he had baptized himself. By then Thomas Helwys had returned to England to form the first permanent Baptist church in 1611, I have included, from Amazon, details about *The True story of John Smyth. the Se-baptist, as Told by himself and his Contemporaries (1881) * Sources used Britannica Online Encyclopedia Christian History

Francis was born in Hamstead Bridge, Staffordshire, England. He became the the first bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the USA. After limited schooling - aged 12 he worked as a blacksmith’s apprentice. By the age of 14 he had been ‘awakened’ in he Christian faith. He attended Methodist meetings where he soon began to preach and soon became a licensed as a preacher. Aged just 21 he was admitted to the Wesleyan Conference.He served 4 years in England as an itinerant preacher. In 1771 John Wesley asked,* Our brethren in America call aloud for help. Who is willing to go over and help them?* Francis stepped forward. October 1771 John landed in Philadelphia. On landing he hit the road so hard he became ill. For the NEXT 45 years he suffered illnesses - colds, coughs ,fevers ,headaches , ulcers and eventually chronic rheumatism.Yet he continued to preach. He covered something like 8,000 km, each year, for 45 years on horseback - in later years he used a carriage. He crossed the Alleghenies mountain range - part of the Appalachian system 60 times. Ezra Tipple, his biographer summed up Francis’ style of sermons with these words Under the rush of his utterances, people sprang to their feet as if summoned to the judgment bar of God. During the Revolutionary war -the War of American Independence (1775-83) he stayed silent. After the war Wesley ordained Thomas Coke as his American Superintendent. The famous Baltimore 'Christmas Conference of 1784 gave birth to the American Methodist Episcopal Church. Coke ordained Francis as deacon, then elder. On December 27th, elected by his peers, he was consecrated as superintendent. Francis in 1785 used the term ‘bishop’. Coke 6 months later returned to England. Francis now held the reins of American Methodism. Francis was very good at organizing. He created districts which would be served by circuit riders- preachers who travelled from church to church to preach and minister. In the late 1700s 95% of Americans lived in places with less than 2,500 inhabitants. Besides preaching and administration he was also against slavery. He petitioned George Washington to enact antislavery legislation. He launched 5 schools and promoted Sunday schools. On his arrival there were 3 meeting places and 300 communicants The growth of the church was largely the result of his strenuous efforts. By the time of his death there were 412 Methodist churches with a membership of 214,235. His efforts did much to assure the continuance of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the USA. For his lasting Legacy and Honours read enclosed sheet. In 1958 his Journal and Letters were published in 3 volumes Sources Christianity Today Britannica Online Encyclopedia SMU Bridwell Library Perkins School of Theology

Thomas and Alexander Campbell were a father and son team. Thomas (1763-1854) Alexander (1788-1866) As a family they were going to immigrate to the USA. Thomas was going first Alexander, the son, and the rest of the family were delayed further because their ship was shipwrecked. They had to spend an extra year in Scotland. The 19 year old started to preach and study at the University of Glasgow. He was disgusted by the theological pettiness in Presbyterianism. He refused communion. His father was coming to the same conclusion. When the family finally met up in Pennsylvania they agreed there was a lack of scriptural support for infant baptism. Thomas Campbell published in 1809 the Declaration and Address off the Christian Association of Washington. He was stripped of his ministerial credentials by the Presbyterian Synod. In the declaration he set forth some of the convictions about the church as he organized the Christian Association of Washington not as a church but an association. Thomas’ son Alexander, having immigrated to the USA, joined his father in 1809 and before long assumed the leading role in the movement. 4th May 1811 saw the Christian association constituted as a congregational governed church. They be the practice baptism of adults by immersion. They constructed building at Brush Run- it became the Brush Run Church. They worked with the Redstone Baptist Association (RBA) from 1815-1824. Alexander began publishing a journal -The Christian Baptist which promoted reform which caused conflict with RBA. Those following the Campbells were called* Reforming Baptists* Alexander preferred ‘disciples’ Opponents were nicknamed ‘Campbellites.’ Merger with the Christians (Stone Movement) - read paragraph. The Stone and Campbell movements merged on 1st January, 1832. Christians or Disciples of Christ . The confusion over names still exist. Sources Christianity Today wikipedia

Richard Allen was a minister, educator, writer and one of the USAs most active and influential black leaders. He was born into slavery on February 14th 1760 in Delaware. As a child he was sold to Stokley Sturgis. He began to attend the local Methodist Society which welcomed slaves and free blacks. He taught himself to read and write. He joined the Methodist at 17 and began evangelizing which attracted criticism from local slave owners. He and his brother worked hard for Sturgis so no one could say his slaves did not do well because of their religion. The Revd. Freeborn Garrettson, who had freed his own slaves, came to preach in Delaware in 1775. Stugis became convinced slavery was wrong and gave his slaves the opportunity to buy their freedom. Richard did extra work and bought his freedom in 1780. He changed his name from ‘Negro Richard’ to’ Richard Allen’. Richard qualified as a preacher in 1784 at the Christmas Conference -the founding of the Methodist Church in North America. He was one of two black attendees - neither were allowed to vote- but Richard lead the 5 a.m. services. 1786 Richard became a preacher at St. George’s Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia bur restricted to early morning services. He attracted more black members and was ordered to met them in a separate area for worship. He preached on the commons and had meeting of nearly 50 worshippers. Richard and Absalom Jones resented the segregation so they left the church and formed the Free African Society (FAS) a non-denominational mutual aid society. Richard. In 1787 they purchased a plot of land but it was years before they had a building- now the Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church. Richard wanted to continue in the Methodist practice. on 29th July 1794 the leaders opened the doors of Bethel AME Church. White ministers still had to administer communion. Richard was ordained the first black Methodist minister by Bishop Francis Asbury in 1799. By 1809 it had 457 members, by 1813 it had 1,272. In 1816 Richard united 5 African-American congregations and founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME). 10th April 1816 Richard was elected their first bishop. September 1830 saw black representatives from 7 states convene in Philadelphia at the Bethel AME church for the first Negro Convention. Richard presided over the meeting. The 1830 meeting was the beginning of an organizational effort known as the Negro Convention Movement. From 1787 until his death in 1831 Richard, and his second wife Sarah, operated a station on the Underground Railroad for fugitive slaves. His preaching style was rarely expository or written down. Richard died at home on 26th March 1831. He was buried in the church he founded. In 2002 Molefi Kete Asante named Richard as one of the top 100 Greatest African-Americans. The AME church today (2020) has 2.5 and 3 million members. Sources used Britannica Online Encyclopedia New Georgia Encyclopedia wikipedia

Margaret’ s maiden name was Askew. She married Thomas Fell , a barrister, Justice of the peace and member of Parliament in 1632. He died in 1658. 11 years later she then married George Fox, the founder of the Quakers, in 1669. Margaret was a founder of the Religious Society of Friends. She is popularly remembered as the mother of Quakerism. She was one of the ‘Valiant Sixty’ of the early quaker preachers and missionaries. The Fell’s lived at Swarthmoor Hall. June, 1652, George Fox visited the hall. Over the next few weeks he convinced the household to become Quakers. For the next 6 years the hall became a centre of Quaker activity. Margaret became the unofficial secretary, wrote many epistles, and collected and distributed funds for those on missions. On her husband’s death she retained control of the Hall. It remained a meeting place and haven from persecution, though sometimes raided by government forces in th 1660s. After the Stuart Restoration, as a member of the gentry, she sought to get freedom of conscience in religious matters (1660 and 1662). In 1664 she was arrested for failing to take an oath. She was sentenced to life imprisonment(?) and loss of Swarthmoor Hall. While in prison in Lancaster Castle she wrote religious pamphlets and epistles.* Women’s Speaking Justified’ was her most famous work. In total she wrote, or co-authored - at least 23 works Released in 1668 she married George Fox in 1669. She is then imprisoned for breaking Conventicle Act. George went to USA and on returning in 1673 imprisoned for 2 years. 1975 spent a year together at Swarthmoor Hall. George then spent most of the next 16 years abroad or in London. He died in 1691. Margaret spent her time at the Hall. She died aged 87 on the 23rd April 1702. She lived to see partial tolerance of Quakers in the 1690s. The first part of the novel * The Peaceable Kingdom* by Jan de Hartog looks at Margaret’s meeting with George Fox and her conversion Sources used wikipedia Quaker Tapestry

Elizabeth Hooton was an English dissenter and one of the earliest preachers in the Religious Society of Friends - the Quakers. She was the first woman to become a Quaker minister. Elizabeth was born in Ollerton, Nottingham, her maiden name was Elizabeth Carrier. She married Oliver Hooten in 1628 and moved to Skegby. By 1646, when George Fox came to Skegby, she had become part of the baptist community. Meeting George was to change her whole life. Initially against the wishes of her husband, she began to organize meetings at their house where the remnants of her Baptist group could hear George’s ministry. This group became known as the Children of Light. She was one of the first to be convinced by the teachings of George Fox. Some sources suggest that Fox actually clarified some of his beliefs by being mentored by Elizabeth. She was one of the original Valiant Sixty. For her beliefs she was beaten, imprisoned, assaulted, whipped and abandoned. In 1651 she was imprisoned for reproving - talking disrespectfully about - a priest. 1652 she ended in York Castle prison for preaching to a congregation at the end of a service. Assaulted in Selston by a church minister who knew she was a Quaker. In the USA she travelled to Boston and Massachusetts. In both places she was abandoned. She petitioned King Charles 11. He gave her a letter authorizing her to settle anywhere in the American colonies and to set up a safe house for Quakers. In Boston she was expelled; in Cambridge she was whipped. Back in England she spent 5 months in jail for disturbing a congregation. Her final voyage was to the West Indies and the USA with George Fox in 1670. In 1672, a week after arriving in Jamaica she died peacefully. *Elizabeth Hooton, a woman of great age, who had travelled much in Truth’s service, and suffered much for it, departed this life. She was well the day before she died, and departed in peace, like a lamb, bearing testimony to Truth at her departure George Fox Sources used wikipedia Quakers of the World

Gardner was the grandson of emancipated slaves. His father Rev. Washington M. Taylor was a Baptist pastor. He grew up in the segregated South of the early 20th century. He was admired for his eloquence of speech -hence his nickname ‘dean’. Gardner wanted to be a lawyer. He received a football scholarship to Leland College. He served as as a chauffeur for the president of Leland, Dr. James A. Bacoats, a friend of his father’s. At the time he was struggling with the call to the ministry - he just received an acceptance to the University of Michigan Law School. A car accident changed his mind. He was driving Dr. Bacoats car when another car veered across the highway. He slammed on the brakes and steered towards a ditch. One man was dead or dying. At the inquest two white witnesses said Gardner was not responsible for the fatal accident. This near brush with death turned Gardner’s mind. That summer he acknowledged his call to the ministry. Before going to college he had already been the pastor of Bethany Baptist Church in Elyria, Ohio (1938-41). He graduated from Oberlin College School of Theology in 1940 and began a lifetime of preaching and civil rights activism. He was only the third, of African- American decent, to graduate from Oberlin. In May he married laura Bell Scott. He ministered at two more churches ,Beulah Baptist(1943) and his father’s former congregation at Mount Zion Baptist Church, before becoming the pastor at Concord Baptist Church of Christ (CBCC) in March,1948. He was just 29. It had the second largest membership in America- 5,000 ; under Gardner’s leadership it grew to 10,000. In 1952 the beloved edifice of Concorde fire. They were without a facility for 4 years. ** 13** years later, 1965 they entered their new 2,200 sanctuary at a cost of 1,7 million $. Gardner retired as pastor of CBCC in 1990 after 42 years, The congregation gave him the title of senior pastor emeritus, He lived for another 15 years. He died on 5th April, 2015 , aged 96, he ‘crossed the Jordan’. In 1958 he became only the second black member of the New York City Board of education -on board for 3 years - he attacked segregation in the city schools. Gardner was a close friend and mentor of Martin Luther King Jr. and played a prominent role in the Civil rights Movement in the 1960s. In 1961 he founded the Progressive National Baptist Convention (PNBC) - a new national fellowship for Black baptists., with Martin L.K.Jr… He was president for (1967/9). Gardner gave lectures and sermons at universities and churches all over the USA. as well as in the U.K. Denmark , Australia , China and Japan. During his life time he received 15 honorary degrees. On August 9th, 2000 he received from Bill Clinton the Presidential medal of Freedom. (To understand Garner’s method of preaching you need to read* *Preaching **- the last page and a half of the notes I have included). Sources used wikipedia Martin Luther King research

Dr. D. James Kennedy. an American evangelist, was dedicated to spreading conservative Christianity through his broadcasts on radio and the outreach programs he established. On Sunday, 5th September, 1953, he began his Christian life. He heard , on the radio this question from a preacher - *Suppose you were to die today and stand before God and he was to ask you, What right do you have to enter M y heaven? He was converted to Christ and shortly later into the Gospel ministry. Dr. Kenny served 47 years as Senior Minister of Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church (CRPC) in Fort Lauderdale. When he arrived in 1959 his congregation was about 40, it grew to more than 10,000. For 15 years the rocketing growth made it the fastest growing Presbyterian church in America. Decision magazine said it was one of the 5 Great Churches in North America. Why did it happen? Dr. Kenny in 1960 had a vision for making a global impact after reading Jeremiah 33v3 to a small congregation of 15-20 people. Call unto me and I will answer thee, and show thee great and mighty things, which thou knowest not. He said, You know, I believe we can change the world. He founded 5 organizations. It began with Evangelism Explosion (EE) in 1962 - a ministry for training Christians to share their personal faith and lead others to Christ. Followed by Westminster Academy (1971), D James Kennedy Ministries (1974) and Knox Theological Seminary (1989) Center for Christian Statemanship (1994) (See notes for more data on each) Evangelist Billy Graham spoke at the dedication of the new CRPC building in 1974. ( Read Dr. Kenny’s dedication prayer - Founding of CRPC) Dr. Kenny may have died 13 years ago bur he still remains one of the most listened to Christian ministers in the USA. His forthright and rational presentation of the Gospel is heard via television, radio and the Internet throughout the USA and the world.

Tommy was born on 23rd December 1923 on a farm in Grady County, Oklahoma. He was the 7th and youngest son of 13 children. Aged 13, in 1937, he experienced a Christian conversion at Pentecostal church in Mannford. Aged 15, while milking the cows he began to cry. He fell on his knees praying and asking God what was happening. He said the Lord called him to be an evangelist- overwhelmed he did not know whether to cry or laugh. Aged about 16 he met future televangelist Oral Roberts - they stayed friends for 70 years. He dropped out of school and hit the road with E. M. Dillard , a travelling evangelist.In 1941 he met Daisy Washburn and married her on Easter Day, 5th April 1942. Mr. and Mrs Osborn worked as evangelists for the Pentecostal Church of God denomination in rural Oklahoma . They returned to California as itinerant pastors and evangelists. In 1944 (?) they started Montaville Tabernacle and became pastors. The superintendent came and spoke about his time as a missionary in India -aged 21 & 20 they were hooked. Their trip to India lasted less than a year - they both became ill. On their return they took over the pastorate at Full Gospel Church in McMinnville (FGCM), Oregano. They prayed and they read the scriptures. In March 1947 they attended a meeting - the subject was ‘Seeing Jesus’. At 6 am Tommy had a vision. He testified that Jesus stood in front of him and his senses overwhelmed. The experience drove home one point home- Jesus was the Lord of his life. Tommy wanted only one thing- ‘the glory of Jesus’. They first gained public notice as evangelists on the Big Tent Revival circuit in the USA and Canada. They returned to FGCM. William Branham, Jack Moore and Gordon Lindsay were holding healing meeting. The Osborn’s with the a new vision of the love of Jesus. Branham was a humble man simply doing what Jesus asked him to do - heal the blind, give ears to the deaf, heal the cripple. They began to hold healing meetings at their church. Miracles began to happen. The missionary flame in the Osborns rose again. They felt they now had the key to reach the lost in foreign lands. They joined Voice of Healing Organization Between 1950-1964 the couple held large crusades in 40 countries. 10s of 1000s attended the meetings and the ministry was marked by dramatic miracles and healings. The Osborns used the media- books, media recordings and a magazine called Faith Digest. They created a vast amount of evangelistic and training material. The couple were very active and by the 1980s had visited 70 nations holding large crusades and reaching millions of people Tommy and Daisy were married for 53 years. Daisy died 27th May, 1995, aged 70. Tommy continued to travel/conduct crusades for 15 more years, if his health allowed, and died on 14th February 2013, aged 89, after many years of faithful service. Tommy and Daisy are interred together at the memorial Park Cemetery in Tulsa. Sources Healing & Revival wikipedia

James was an American Reformed Christian theologian, Bible teacher, author and speaker known for his writing on the authority of scripture and the defence of Biblical inerrancy. He was the Senior Minister of Tenth Presbyterian Church (TBC) in Philadelphia from 1968-2000 - 32 years. He was a prodigious world traveller and visited over 30 countries teaching the Bible… He was a graduate of Harvard University (1960) and Princeton Theological Seminary (1963) and received his doctorate in Theology from the University of Basel in Switzerland (1966).While there he started a Bible study group which eventually developed into the Basel Christian fellowship. James was an assistant editor of* Christianity Today* before starting at TBC Under James leadership TBC became a model for ministry in America’s northeastern inner cities. The church offered a range of classes, fellowship groups and specialised outreach ministries to the physically sick, women in crisis and the homeless.Plus a school - City Center Academy. Attendance grew from 350 to 1,200. He was founder and chairmen of the International Council of Biblical Inerrancy (ICBI) (1977-87). They completed 3 classic,creedal documents The Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy " " " " Biblical Hermeneutics " " " " the Application of theBible to Contemporary issues He also served on the Board of Bible Study Fellowship. In 1996 he helped develop the Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals which brought a number of groups together including Bible Study Hour, God’s World Today Magazine and Philadelphia Conference of Reformation Theology. It is an organization to encourage Christians to rediscover their protestant Reformation roots. Many of his writings are publicly available or online, and translated into other languages. (See Writings & Expositional commentaries). James was diagnosed with liver cancer in the spring of 2000 and died on June 15th aged 61. Theologian, R. C. Sproul, said at James funeral, *No one can possible measure the loss that this represents to those who survive him. Here we had a valiant warrior for the church militant in our age * Sources wikipedia Alliance of Confessing evangelicals ' website

Sister Simone is an American Roman Catholic Religious Sister, lawyer, lobbyist and executive director of NETWORK.She belongs to the Sisters Social Service (SSS). She is known as as an outspoken advocate for social justice. Sister Simone was born in Santa Monica, California. She was given the first name of Mary after her paternal grandmother. She was the eldest of 4 siblings. Sister Simone took her religious vows in 1967 (first) and 1973 (final) after joining the SSS in 1964 and adopted the name Simone. In 1969 she received a B.A from Mount St. Mary’s College, Los Angeles and a doctorate in law from the University of California, Davis in 1977 where she was editor of the UC Davis Law Review. Positions held Founder and lead attorney for the Community Law Center in Oakland, California (1978-95) . She practiced family law and worked on the needs of the working poor of her county in Probate Court. General director of SSS (1995-2000) and saw activities in the USA, Mexico, Taiwan and the Philippines Executive director of Jericho (2002-4) Network (2004- ) Informal role with Leadership Conference of Women Religious (LCWR) Took part in religious delegations in Mexico, Iraq, Syria and Lebanon 2010 saw the healthcare reform debate. Sister Simone wrote the ‘nuns’ letter. She was invited by President Obama to the signing ceremony of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The Network group were credited for helping to get the law passed. (Read paragraph which starts with* In 2010*) In 2012 she became one of the main public figures to disagree with the Roman Catholic Church (RCC) hierarchy on the issues of same-sex marriages and abortion. ( Read paragraph which starts * In 2012*) Pope Francis brought to an abrupt end the Vatican investigation. The summer of 2012 saw her lead Nuns on the Bus. a 2 week tour across the USA. A small group of nuns travelled on a dedicated bus inside the USA publicizing different issues. The aim was to draw attention to nuns’ work with the poor and to protest against planned cuts. 2013 NETWORK partnered with ‘Faith in Public Life’ to promote the theme of immigration reform. In 2014 she was the recipient of the Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom award in recognition of her advocacy work. 2017 she spoke out against the Republican tax plan , arguing that it would cause wealth inequality to widen. For over 40 years Sister Simone Campbell has been a champion of those seeking social justice. Sister Simone Campbell memoir * A Nun on the Bus* was published in 2014. Sources used Britannica Online Encyclopedia wikipedia