Roaring Twenties Word Wall with Definitions and Images Included in this resource: • Title page • 58 vocabulary words/terms/important people (30 pages) with images and definitions Terms include: Capitalism Anarchists Red Scare Calvin Coolidge Marcus Garvey Warren G. Harding Ohio Gang Teapot Dome Scandal Laissez-Faire Economics Isolationism Kellogg-Briand Pact Gross National Product Installment Buying Henry Ford Assembly Line Charles Lindbergh Flapper and more! ★ This word wall is a great addition to any classroom or bulletin board ! Each word can be cut out, laminated, and displayed in your classroom! © 2012 A Social Studies Life For personal use only. Duplication for an entire school, an entire school system, or for commercial purposes is strictly forbidden. Please have other teachers purchase their own copy. If you are a school or district interested in purchasing several licenses, please contact me for a district-wide quote.

Roaring Twenties Word Wall without definitions Included in this resource: • Title page • 58 vocabulary words/terms/important people (30 pages) with images Terms include: Capitalism Anarchists Red Scare Calvin Coolidge Marcus Garvey Warren G. Harding Ohio Gang Teapot Dome Scandal Laissez-Faire Economics Isolationism Kellogg-Briand Pact Gross National Product Installment Buying Henry Ford Assembly Line Charles Lindbergh Flapper and more! ★ NOTE: 1929 events such as Stock Market Crash are included in the Great Depression Word Wall ★★ This word wall is a great addition to any classroom or bulletin board ! Each word can be cut out, laminated, and displayed in your classroom! © 2012 A Social Studies Life For personal use only. Duplication for an entire school, an entire school system, or for commercial purposes is strictly forbidden. Please have other teachers purchase their own copy. If you are a school or district interested in purchasing several licenses, please contact me for a district-wide quote.

Roaring Twenties Flash Cards Included in this product: • Title page • Full Set of 58 vocabulary words/terms flash cards with definitions Terms include: Capitalism Anarchists Red Scare Calvin Coolidge Marcus Garvey Warren G. Harding Ohio Gang Teapot Dome Scandal Laissez-Faire Economics Isolationism Kellogg-Briand Pact Gross National Product Installment Buying Henry Ford Assembly Line Charles Lindbergh Flapper and more! ★ This flash card set is a great activity to use for review. I print out a few sets, laminate back to back and have the students use them for review before a test/exam. Or, you can have the students utilize them if they “finish early!” ★★ Find more Flash Card sets HERE! © 2012 A Social Studies Life For personal use only. Duplication for an entire school, an entire school system, or for commercial purposes is strictly forbidden. Please have other teachers purchase their own copy. If you are a school or district interested in purchasing several licenses, please contact me for a district-wide quote.

Roaring Twenties Task Cards and Recording Sheet for Student Responses FOR GOOGLE DRIVE Included in this product: • Title page • Full Set of 58 vocabulary words/terms/important people tasks cards in the form of a question • Answer Key Cards (you do not have to give these to students or you can after the activity) • Recording Sheet for student responses (can make enough copies for your students to answer as many questions as you’d like) This set of 58 task cards covers important people, terms, and events of the Roaring Twenties unit. Terms include: Capitalism Anarchists Red Scare Calvin Coolidge Marcus Garvey Warren G. Harding Ohio Gang Teapot Dome Scandal Laissez-Faire Economics Isolationism Kellogg-Briand Pact Gross National Product Installment Buying Henry Ford Assembly Line Charles Lindbergh Flapper and more! Digital, 1:1, interactive Social Studies learning! ★★ Looking for the pen and paper, hard-copy version of this resource? Find it here! Roaring Twenties Task Cards ASSL © 2014 A Social Studies Life For personal use only. Duplication for an entire school, an entire school system, or for commercial purposes is strictly forbidden. Please have other teachers purchase their own copy. If you are a school or district interested in purchasing several licenses, please contact me for a district-wide quote.

Roaring Twenties Task Cards and Recording Sheet for Student Responses Included in this product: • Title page • Full Set of 58 vocabulary words/terms/important people tasks cards in the form of a question • Answer Key Cards (you do not have to give these to students or you can after the activity) • Recording Sheet for student responses (can make enough copies for your students to answer as many questions as you’d like) This set of 58 task cards covers important people, terms, and events of the Roaring Twenties unit. Terms include: Capitalism Anarchists Red Scare Calvin Coolidge Marcus Garvey Warren G. Harding Ohio Gang Teapot Dome Scandal Laissez-Faire Economics Isolationism Kellogg-Briand Pact Gross National Product Installment Buying Henry Ford Assembly Line Charles Lindbergh Flapper and more! These cards are great for stations, centers, as an independent study tool, SCOOT and other cooperative learning activities. © 2012 A Social Studies Life For personal use only. Duplication for an entire school, an entire school system, or for commercial purposes is strictly forbidden. Please have other teachers purchase their own copy. If you are a school or district interested in purchasing several licenses, please contact me for a district-wide quote.

Sectionalism Task Cards Events, People, Places, Terms and Inventions in the North and South FOR GOOGLE CLASSROOM Included in this resource: • Title page • Full Set of 39 vocabulary words/terms/important people tasks cards in the form of a question (you don’t have to use all the cards in your activity!) • Answer Key Cards (you do not have to give these to students or you can after the activity) • Recording Sheet for student responses (can make enough copies for your students to answer as many questions as you’d like) This set of 39 task cards covers important people, terms, and events during the time period before the Civil War. These cards are great for stations, centers, as an independent study tool, SCOOT and other cooperative learning activities. ★★ Looking for the pen and paper, hard-copy version of this resource? Find it here! North and South Task Cards ASSL Digital, 1:1, interactive Social Studies learning! ★ You can find all my Sectionalism/Pre-Civil War lessons and activities HERE! Digital Papers by Ashley Hughes KG Fonts © 2014 A Social Studies Life For personal use only. Duplication for an entire school, an entire school system, or for commercial purposes is strictly forbidden. Please have other teachers purchase their own copy. If you are a school or district interested in purchasing several licenses, please contact me for a district-wide quote.

Civil War Snapshot Foldable Project FOR GOOGLE CLASSROOM Included in this resource: • Cover Page • Civil War Snapshot Foldable Task Sheet and Reminders for students • Foldable template • Civil War Snapshot Foldable Rubric • Directions for teacher (to give to your students) with images The completed foldable images (to show you what the end result should be) Do your students LOVE the app Snapchat?? This popular foldable/project is a great way for them to create “snapshots” of the causes/effects of the Civil War! Students will create a collection of snapshots from the study of the Civil War. The snapshot foldable booklet will include: • Title and illustration on the cover • One “snapshot” that must include a COLORED ILLUSTRATION exemplifying a CAUSE of the Civil War • Two “snapshots” that must include COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS exemplifying two EFFECTS of the Civil War • Students will write a paragraph (at least 5 sentences) next to/under each image explaining the image and why it was a cause or effect of the Civil War • Illustration on the back page of your booklet that summarizes the Civil War This foldable project can be given as in an in-class assignment/assessment or a homework assignment. It is up to teacher’s discretion. ★★ Looking for the pen and paper, hard-copy version of this resource? Find it here! Civil War Snapshot Project ASSL Digital, 1:1, interactive Social Studies learning! Digital Papers by Ashley Hughes KG Fonts © 2012 A Social Studies Life For personal use only. Duplication for an entire school, an entire school system, or for commercial purposes is strictly forbidden. Please have other teachers purchase their own copy. If you are a school or district interested in purchasing several licenses, please contact me for a district-wide quote.

Civil War Document-Based Essay Question Documents, Graphic Organizer, Outline, Essay Question, Rubric FOR GOOGLE CLASSROOM Aim: Causes of the Civil War Included in this resource: • Title page • Historical Context and Task Question page • 6 documents ranging on the causes of the Civil War: Slavery, Sectionalism, States’ Rights, Secession • Causes of the Civil War graphic organizer • Causes of the Civil War DBQ Essay Outline for student use • DBQ Essay Rubric • Suggested Answer Key for Teachers Students will read, research, analyze, and critically think to answer scaffolding questions based on the documents and their knowledge of the Civil War. They will complete the graphic organizer and outline using their notes and knowledge. They will then write their essay answering the task question using all of the information gathered. ★ NOTE: I use this DBQ with my students in grades 7 and 8. I usually split the work into three (3) lesson periods - Day 1 working on the documents, Day 2 working on the outline and graphic organizer, and Day 3 writing the essay. Your use is based on YOUR discretion. Adheres to Social Studies Common Core Standards - research, application, literacy, vocabulary, argument Differentiation: cooperative (may work with a partner(s) according to teacher’s discretion for scaffolding questions and graphic organizer) ★ You can find all of my Civil War lessons and activities HERE! ★★ Looking for the pen and paper, hard-copy version of this resource? Find it here! Civil War DBQ Essay ASSL •• Digital, 1:1, interactive Social Studies learning! Cover page digital paper by Ashley Hughes KG Fonts © 2012 A Social Studies Life For personal use only. Duplication for an entire school, an entire school system, or for commercial purposes is strictly forbidden. Please have other teachers purchase their own copy. If you are a school or district interested in purchasing several licenses, please contact me for a district-wide quote.

Civil War Unit Test/Exam Unit Test/Exam A Social Studies Life’s Civil War Unit Version #3 (47 Questions) FOR GOOGLE CLASSROOM Included in this resource: • Title page • Key Terms • Legislation recognition • Multiple Choice • Graphic Organizer • Document Analysis • Suggested Answer Key for Teachers ★ NOTE: This is version #3 of Civil War formal assessments included in A Social Studies Life’s unit plan (the difference in the versions being the questions asked). You can find alternate versions as well all ASSL’s Civil War Unit lessons and activities HERE! ★★ Looking for the pen and paper, hard-copy version of this resource? Find it here! Civil War Assessment Version #3 ASSL •• Digital, 1:1, interactive Social Studies learning! Cover page digital paper by Ashley Hughes KG Fonts © 2012 A Social Studies Life For personal use only. Duplication for an entire school, an entire school system, or for commercial purposes is strictly forbidden. Please have other teachers purchase their own copy. If you are a school or district interested in purchasing several licenses, please contact me for a district-wide quote.

Civil War Unit Test/Exam Unit Test/Exam A Social Studies Life’s Civil War Unit Version #2 (37 Questions) FOR GOOGLE CLASSROOM Included in this resource: • Title page • Key Terms • Legislation recognition • Multiple Choice • Graphic Organizer • Document Analysis • Suggested Answer Key for Teachers ★ NOTE: This is version #2 of Civil War formal assessments included in A Social Studies Life’s unit plan (the difference in the versions being the questions asked). You can find alternate versions as well all ASSL’s Civil War Unit lessons and activities HERE! ★★ Looking for the pen and paper, hard-copy version of this resource? Find it here! Civil War Assessment Version #2 ASSL •• Digital, 1:1, interactive Social Studies learning! Cover page digital paper by Ashley Hughes KG Fonts © 2012 A Social Studies Life For personal use only. Duplication for an entire school, an entire school system, or for commercial purposes is strictly forbidden. Please have other teachers purchase their own copy. If you are a school or district interested in purchasing several licenses, please contact me for a district-wide quote.

Civil War Unit Test/Exam Unit Test/Exam A Social Studies Life’s Civil War Unit Version #1 (44 Questions) FOR GOOGLE CLASSROOM Included in this resource: • Title page • Key Terms • Legislation recognition • Multiple Choice • Document Analysis • Suggested Answer Key for Teachers ★ NOTE: This is version #1 of Civil War formal assessments included in A Social Studies Life’s unit plan (the difference in the versions being the questions asked). You can find alternate versions as well all ASSL’s Civil War Unit lessons and activities HERE! ★★ Looking for the pen and paper, hard-copy version of this resource? Find it here! Civil War Assessment Version #1 ASSL •• Digital, 1:1, interactive Social Studies learning! Cover page digital paper by Ashley Hughes KG Fonts © 2012 A Social Studies Life For personal use only. Duplication for an entire school, an entire school system, or for commercial purposes is strictly forbidden. Please have other teachers purchase their own copy. If you are a school or district interested in purchasing several licenses, please contact me for a district-wide quote.

Civil War Review Mini-Review Worksheets for A Social Studies Life’s Civil War Unit FOR GOOGLE CLASSROOM Aim: Civil War Review Included in this resource: • Title page • Students answer the questions based on their knowledge of the Civil War and Social Studies • Suggested Answer Key for Teachers Students will read, research, analyze, and critically think to answer questions based on their knowledge of the Civil War and Social Studies. ★ NOTE: It is up to your discretion whether the students use their notes or work in cooperative groups. Adheres to Social Studies Common Core Standards - research, application, literacy, vocabulary, argument Differentiation: cooperative (may work with a partner(s) according to teacher’s discretion for scaffolding questions) ★ You can find all of my Civil War lessons and activities HERE! ★★ Looking for the pen and paper, hard-copy version of this resource? Find it here! Civil War Review ASSL •• Digital, 1:1, interactive Social Studies learning! Cover page digital paper by Ashley Hughes KG Fonts © 2012 A Social Studies Life For personal use only. Duplication for an entire school, an entire school system, or for commercial purposes is strictly forbidden. Please have other teachers purchase their own copy. If you are a school or district interested in purchasing several licenses, please contact me for a district-wide quote.

Emancipation Proclamation Lesson Aim: Why is the Emancipation Proclamation significant? FOR GOOGLE CLASSROOM Included in this resource: • Title page • Do Now vocabulary questions • Emancipation Proclamation document with scaffolding questions • Rebelling States Map with questions • Document Vocabulary for student understanding • Application/Closing/Higher Order thinking challenge activity/question/written response • Answer Key for Teachers Students will research the document of the Emancipation Proclamation to determine its meaning Adheres to Social Studies Common Core Standards - research, application, literacy, vocabulary Differentiation: graphic organizer, cooperative (may work with a partner according to teacher’s discretion for questions) ★★ Looking for the pen and paper, hard-copy version of this resource? Find it here! Emancipation Proclamation ASSL •• Digital, 1:1, interactive Social Studies learning! Digital Background Papers created by Ashley Hughes KG Fonts © 2012 A Social Studies Life For personal use only. Duplication for an entire school, an entire school system, or for commercial purposes is strictly forbidden. Please have other teachers purchase their own copy. If you are a school or district interested in purchasing several licenses, please contact me for a district-wide quote.

Civil War - Battles of the Civil War Reading Passages, Scaffolding Questions, Graphic Organizer Aim: How did certain battles shape the Civil War? FOR GOOGLE CLASSROOM Included in this resource: • Title page • Battles of the Civil War reading passages: Bull Run, Antietam, Shiloh, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, Gettysburg Address, Sherman’s Total War, Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse, Lincoln’s Assassination, Results of The Civil War • Battles of the Civil War scaffolding questions and Sum It Up graphic organizer • Application/Closing/Higher Order Thinking Question for student understanding and application • Suggested Answer Key for Teachers Students will read, research, analyze, and critically think to answer questions based on their knowledge of the Civil War and Social Studies. ★ NOTE: I use this reading passage and activity with students in grades 7 and 8. Your use is based on YOUR discretion. Adheres to Social Studies Common Core Standards - research, application, literacy, vocabulary, argument Differentiation: cooperative (may work with a partner(s) according to teacher’s discretion for scaffolding questions and graphic organizer) ★ You can find all of my Civil War lessons and activities HERE! ★★ Looking for the pen and paper, hard-copy version of this resource? Find it here! Civil War Battles ASSL •• Digital, 1:1, interactive Social Studies learning! Cover page digital paper by Ashley Hughes KG Fonts © 2015 A Social Studies Life For personal use only. Duplication for an entire school, an entire school system, or for commercial purposes is strictly forbidden. Please have other teachers purchase their own copy. If you are a school or district interested in purchasing several licenses, please contact me for a district-wide quote.

Civil War - Comparing the Union and Confederacy Reading Passage, Scaffolding Questions, Vocabulary FOR GOOGLE CLASSROOM Aim: Comparing the Union and Confederacy Included in this resource: • Title page • Union and Confederacy Compared reading passage with corresponding scaffolding questions • Vocabulary - students define important terms from the reading • Suggested Answer Key for Teachers Students will read, research, analyze, and critically think to answer questions based on their knowledge of the Civil War and Social Studies. ★ NOTE: I use this reading passage and activity with my lower-level reading students in grades 7 and 8. Adheres to Social Studies Common Core Standards - research, application, literacy, vocabulary, argument Differentiation: cooperative (may work with a partner(s) according to teacher’s discretion for scaffolding questions and activities) ★ You can find all of my Civil War lessons and activities HERE! ★★ Looking for the pen and paper, hard-copy version of this resource? Find it here! Union and Confederacy Compared ASSL •• Digital, 1:1, interactive Social Studies learning! Cover page digital paper by Ashley Hughes KG Fonts © 2012 A Social Studies Life For personal use only. Duplication for an entire school, an entire school system, or for commercial purposes is strictly forbidden. Please have other teachers purchase their own copy. If you are a school or district interested in purchasing several licenses, please contact me for a district-wide quote.

Civil War Overview Lesson North vs. South, Advantages and Disadvantages, War Strategies, Technological Improvements, Turning Points, Emancipation Proclamation, Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse, Effects of the War FOR GOOGLE CLASSROOM Aim: What were the key components of the Civil War? How did the Union win? Included in this resource: • Title page • Do Now - Abraham Lincoln reading passage with corresponding critical thinking question for student response • North vs. South graphic organizer • Strengths and Weaknesses reading passage with corresponding graphic organizer • Advantages activity with corresponding questions for student responses • War Strategies reading passage with corresponding graphic organizer • Military Technological Improvements reading passage with corresponding graphic organizer • Turning Points reading passage with corresponding graphic organizer • Emancipation Proclamation reading passage with corresponding graphic organizer • Surrender! reading passage with critical thinking question and primary source analysis • Effects of the Civil War graphic organizer • Application/Closing/Higher Order Thinking Question for student understanding and application • Answer Key for Teachers Students will read, research, analyze, and critically think to answer questions and complete graphic organizer based on their knowledge of the Civil War and Social Studies. ★ NOTE: You can group your students according to your discretion. I executive this activity in a variety of ways depending on the needs of my students - Station activity, document pass, or stationary group analysis!! Adheres to Social Studies Common Core Standards - research, application, literacy, vocabulary, argument Differentiation: graphic organizers, cooperative (may work with a partner(s) according to teacher’s discretion for scaffolding questions and activities) ★ You can find all of my Civil War lessons and activities HERE! ★★ Looking for the pen and paper, hard-copy version of this resource? Find it here! Civil War Overview Lesson ASSL •• Digital, 1:1, interactive Social Studies learning! Cover page digital paper by Ashley Hughes KG Fonts © 2012 A Social Studies Life For personal use only. Duplication for an entire school, an entire school system, or for commercial purposes is strictly forbidden. Please have other teachers purchase their own copy. If you are a school or district interested in purchasing several licenses, please contact me for a district-wide quote.

Civil War Map Activity The War Between the States Map Activity Aim: Map Application FOR GOOGLE CLASSROOM Included in this resource: • Title page • War Between the States Map Activity instructions: students label and color states/territories/rivers according to scaffolded directions • Critical Thinking Application Question for student responses • Sample completed map • Answer Key for Teachers Students will identify, label, color and answer questions based on information and instructions regarding the Civil War. Adheres to Social Studies Common Core Standards - application, literacy, vocabulary, argument Differentiation: map application, scaffolding questions, cooperative (may work with a partner(s) according to teacher’s discretion for activities) ★★ Looking for the pen and paper, hard-copy version of this resource? Find it here! Civil War Map Activity ASSL •• Digital, 1:1, interactive Social Studies learning! ★ You can find all of my Civil War lessons and activities HERE! Cover page digital paper by Ashley Hughes KG Fonts © 2012 A Social Studies Life For personal use only. Duplication for an entire school, an entire school system, or for commercial purposes is strictly forbidden. Please have other teachers purchase their own copy. If you are a school or district interested in purchasing several licenses, please contact me for a district-wide quote.

Civil War Quiz North vs. South during the Civil War Quiz/Activity to go along with A Social Studies Life’s Civil War Unit FOR GOOGLE CLASSROOM Included in this resource: • Title page • North vs. South graphic organizer quiz • Answer Key for Teachers ★★ This can be used as a quiz or quick activity for your students :) ★★ Looking for the pen and paper, hard-copy version of this resource? Find it here! North vs. South Civil War Quiz ASSL •• Digital, 1:1, interactive Social Studies learning! ★ You can find all of my Civil War lessons and activities HERE! Cover page digital paper by Ashley Hughes KG Fonts © 2012 A Social Studies Life For personal use only. Duplication for an entire school, an entire school system, or for commercial purposes is strictly forbidden. Please have other teachers purchase their own copy. If you are a school or district interested in purchasing several licenses, please contact me for a district-wide quote.

Causes of the Civil War Graphic Organizer Activity Sectionalism, Slavery, States’ Rights, Secession FOR GOOGLE CLASSROOM Events Leading Up to the Civil War Graphic Organizer Activity Events include: • U.S. Constitution • Rise of Abolitionist Movement • Underground Railroad • Missouri Compromise • Free Soil Party • Compromise of 1850 • Fugitive Slave Law • Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Kansas-Nebraska Act • Caning of Charles Sumner • “Bleeding Kansas” • Dred Scott v. Sandford • Creation of the Republican Party • Lincoln-Douglas Debates • John Brown’s Raid • Election of 1860 • Secession • Firing at Fort Sumter, South Carolina Aim: How did many events ignite the Civil War? Included in this download: • Title page • Do Now - Causes of the Civil War graphic organizer for student completion using notes and knowledge of the causes of the Civil War and Social Studies • Graphic Organizer with 18 events leading up to the Civil War for student completion using notes and knowledge of causes of the Civil War and Social Studies • Application/Closing/Higher Order Thinking Question for student understanding and application • Answer Key for Teachers ★★ POWERPOINT PRESENTATION INCLUDED! Want to use this lesson as a whole group discussion? The secured PowerPoint presentation is included! (You will not be able to edit) Students will research, analyze, and use their critical thinking skills to complete the graphic organizer. Adheres to Social Studies Common Core Standards - research, application, literacy, vocabulary, argument Differentiation: scaffolding questions, cooperative (may work with a partner(s) according to teacher’s discretion for activities) ★ You can find all of my Civil War lessons and activities HERE! ★★ Looking for the pen and paper, hard-copy version of this resource? Find it here! Events Leading Up to the Civil War Activity ASSL •• Digital, 1:1, interactive Social Studies learning! Cover page digital paper by Ashley Hughes KG Fonts © 2012 A Social Studies Life For personal use only. Duplication for an entire school, an entire school system, or for commercial purposes is strictly forbidden. Please have other teachers purchase their own copy. If you are a school or district interested in purchasing several licenses, please contact me for a district-wide quote.

Dred Scott Decision, Lincoln-Douglas Debates, Election of 1860, Fort Sumter Causes of the Civil War Causes of the Civil War: The Last Straw Creation of the Republican Party, Election of 1856, Dred Scott Decision, Lincoln-Douglas Debates, Election of 1860, Firing at Fort Sumter, Secession Aim: What finally started the Civil War? FOR GOOGLE CLASSROOM Included in this resource: • Title page • Do Now - Map Analysis: Election of 1860 with scaffolding questions • Republican Party Forms, Election of 1856, The Case of Dred Scott, Lincoln and Douglas Debate, Election of 1860, Fort Sumter reading passages with scaffolding questions for student responses - 6 DOCUMENTS! • The Argument to Secede primary source newspaper analysis and corresponding argument/explanation graphic organizer for student responses • Application/Closing/Higher Order Thinking Question for student understanding and application • Answer Key for Teachers Students will research, analyze, and use their critical thinking skills to read the passages and complete the scafolding questions. They will use details from the text and knowledge of Social Studies to brainstorm details and arguments to determine the South's reasons for secession and what finally causes the start of the Civil War! ★ NOTE: You can group your students according to your discretion for document analysis. I executive this activity in a variety of ways depending on the needs of my students - Station activity, document pass, or stationary group analysis!! Adheres to Social Studies Common Core Standards - research, application, literacy, vocabulary, argument Differentiation: scaffolding questions, cooperative (may work with a partner(s) according to teacher's discretion for scaffolding questions and activities) ★ You can find all of my Civil War lessons and activities HERE! ★★ Looking for the pen and paper, hard-copy version of this resource? Find it here! The Last Straw ASSL •• Digital, 1:1, interactive Social Studies learning! Cover page digital paper by Ashley Hughes KG Fonts © 2012 A Social Studies Life For personal use only. Duplication for an entire school, an entire school system, or for commercial purposes is strictly forbidden. Please have other teachers purchase their own copy. If you are a school or district interested in purchasing several licenses, please contact me for a district-wide quote.