A resource aimed at advanced biology students, this worksheet provides a comprehensive summary of revision notes on the topic of monohybrid inheritance and Gregor Mendel's classic experiments. The worksheet requires missing words to be entered in the appropriate spaces. Once complete, students have a set of revision notes for their file. The second worksheet provides all the answers, making it possible to set this as a homework exercise that students can then self mark back in class. Key words: Mendel, monohybrid, cross, genetics, inheritance

A worksheet aimed at advanced biology students, this resource consists of four multiple choice questions designed to test understanding of A,B,O blood group genetics and inheritance.

A worksheet that recaps the basics of monohybrid cross diagrams using a (hypothetical) pink sheepdog as an example! The worksheet provides a template for students to organise and lay out their work clearly and finsihes with a challenge question requiring students to explain why predicted ratios do not necessarily match actual ratios. Key words: monohybrid, test, back, cross, predicted, inheritance, dominant, recessive

A worksheet aimed at advanced level biology students, this resource focuses on the nature of chromosomes, the difference between haploid and diploid cells, the concept of a gene locus and the appearance of chromosomes at different stages of cell division - students are often confused by the single stranded versus double stranded chromosomes and so this is a useful exercise to undertake at the start of any topic involving mitosis or meiosis. Key words: chromosomes, meiosis, mitosis, genetics, locus, allele, diploid, haploid

A worksheet aimed at advanced biology students, this resource focuses on how the HIV virus has evolved resistance to drug treatments over the last few decades and how some individuals have evolved resistance to the virus. The resource contains two articles (from BBC News and Medical News Today) as stimulus material followed by questions that require students to link their knowledge to these real-life applied examples. This resource is ideal stretch and challenge material for more able students once they have completed a topic on evolution. Key words: HIV, resistance, evolution, disease, virus, AIDS, drugs, medicine

A resource aimed at advanced biology students, this worksheet provides a template for students to work through Gregor Mendel's classic pea breeding experiments showing the results of the genetic cross. The template includes prompts for students to set out their working clearly, showing parental phenotype, genotype, gametes and offspring genotype and phenotype. The second page of the worksheet provides a template for students to work through an analysis of Gregor Mendel's actual results using the chi-squared test. A data table is included in order to determine whether results are significant or not; note that this is one of the rare cases where non-significance (between observed and expected data) actually lends weight to a theory - Mendel's results are not significantly different to those proposed by his theory. Key words: Mendel, genetics, pea, breeding, cross, diagrams, monohybrid, chi-squared, statistics, observed, expected, data

A worksheet aimed at advanced level biology students, this resource uses mallards as an example of directional selection. Students are required to predict the effect of climate changes to the amount of subcutaneous fat in a population of mallards over time. The worksheet requires students to predict the effect on a normal distribution curve and then finally explain the process of directional selection using the key phrases provided. Key words: directional, selection, mallard, normal distribution, reproductive success, differential, frequency, alleles, variation

A worksheet aimed at advanced biology students, this resource consists of eight questions that focus on both multiple alleles and codominance. The examples chosen include fur colour in cats, hair colour in cattle and the appearance of the (fictional) American Bigfoot! A good resource to use as either a starter or plenary exercise to test understanding of either codominance or multiple alleles and phenotypic ratios. Key words: genetics, phenotype, codominance, multiple alleles, monohybrid

A worksheet aimed at advanced level biology students, this resource recaps understanding of the movement and appearance of chromosomes during meiosis. The worksheet also asks students to consider the underlying reasons for an unusual karyotype (Klinefelter's syndrome) and how this relates to the process of meiotic cell division. Keywords: Klinefelter's syndrome, meiosis, division, chromosomes, cells, non-disjunction, mutation, disorder, genes, loci, haploid, diploid

A worksheet aimed at advanced biology students, this resource aims to clarify details that students often struggle with in their understanding of meiosis. The worksheet requires students to draw a pair of chromosomes in a cell that will undergo meiotic cell division; students are asked to label the pair of chromosomes with genes and show the appearance of these chromosomes after DNA replication has occured, after meiosis I and after meiosis II. The worksheet also includes questions that students are required to answer in order to test their understanding of meiosis. This resource is a valuable exercise to conduct with students in order to identify and address misconceptions/misunderstandings that can often occur in this topic. Keywords: meiosis, chromosomes, interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, DNA, replication, diploid, haploid, gene, loci, heterozygous, homozygous

A worksheet aimed at advanced biology students, this resource focuses on the structure and layout of cells in the retina. The worksheet includes reference to the phenomena of retinal convergence, structure of rods and cones, bleaching and dark adaptation. Key words: Retina, Eye, rods, cones, sclera, choroid, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, sensory neurone, blind spot, fovea, visual axis, lens, suspensory ligament, ciliary muscles, pupil, iris

A worksheet aimed at advanced biology students, this resource provides a labelling task on the structure of the eye followed by a matching task that relates structural features to their function. The worksheet concludes by looking at how the eye focuses and the details of what happens to the lens and associated structures. This is a good resource when introducing the topic on the eye and dealing with the basic details of how the eye functions. Key words: Retina, Eye, rods, cones, sclera, choroid, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, sensory neurone, blind spot, fovea, visual axis, lens, suspensory ligament, ciliary muscles, pupil, iris

A worksheet aimed at advanced biology students, this resource consists of a labelling exercise on the structure and layout of cells in the retina. The worksheet continues with synoptic style application questions about various visual phenomena (e.g. visual acuity, night blindness, averted vision, bleaching of rods and cones). These questions are ideal for building synoptic understanding of how and why the cells of the retina are structured. Key words: Retina, Eye, rods, cones, sclera, choroid, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, sensory neurone, blind spot, fovea, visual axis, lens, suspensory ligament, ciliary muscles, pupil, iris

A resource aimed at advanced biology students, this worksheet provides a diagram of a transverse section of dicotyledenous root with associated questions. The questions focus on labelling each tissue layer within the root, identifying the route that water and minerals would take as they move through the root and how active transport of minerals leads to absorption of water by osmosis. Key words: osmosis, water potential, apoplast, symplast, cell wall, casparian strip, active transport, minerals, epidermis, endodermis, root hair cells, cortex, xylem

A resource aimed at advanced biology students, this worksheet provides diagrams and questions that relate to how water is absorbed into roots, transported via xylem vessels to leaves and ultimately lost to the atmosphere through transpiration. The first page of the worksheet deals with the different pathways through which water is absorbed into a root while the second page focuses on mechanisms of water transport through the xylem (including root pressure, capilliarity and cohesion-tension theory). This is a useful resource to revise this topic and neatly summarises the main points in one worksheet. Key words: osmosis, water potential, apoplast, symplast, cell wall, casparian strip, active transport, minerals, epidermis, endodermis, root hair cells, cortex, xylem, transpiration, cohesion-tension, root pressure, capilliarity

A resource aimed at advanced biology students, this worksheet links topics on osmosis and transpiration. The worksheet begins with a recap of basic knowledge related to osmosis, predicting water movement between cells through use of their water potential values. The worksheet then moves on to consider water potential gradients that exist through an entire plant followed by the structure (as seen in longitudinal and transverse section) of roots. Key words: osmosis, water potential, apoplast, symplast, cell wall, casparian strip, active transport, minerals, epidermis, endodermis, root hair cells, cortex, xylem, transpiration

A resource aimed at advanced biology students, this worksheet focuses on how food is digested in both the mouth and stomach. The worksheet contains both factual information and questions that discuss the breakdown of carbohydrates by salivary amylase and proteins by pepsin. The physiology of the stomach is also covered along with consideration of endopeptidase enzymes. Key words: stomach, mouth, saliva, amylase, maltose, starch, goblet cells, oxyntic cells, hydrochloric acid, endopeptidase, exopeptidase, protein, pepsin

A resource aimed at advanced biology students that recaps the basic details of kidney function via the use of key words inserted into a passage of text. The worksheet continues on to a research activity that focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of kidney transplant and dialysis treatment. Weblinks for the research are provided. Key words: kidney, transplant, dialysis, glomerulus, filtration, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, collecting duct, aldosterone, anti diuretic hormone, osmosis, reuptake, hydrostatic pressure

A worksheet aimed at advanced biology students, this resource bridges understanding of the liver and kidney's functions in the body. The worksheet looks at the nature of excretory products in different animals (ammonia, urea and uric acid) and the link between water availability, solubility and choice of excretory product. A good resource to build synoptic knowledge on these topics with students. Key words: excretion, liver, kidney, urea, uric acid, ammonia, ornithine cycle

A worksheet aimed at advanced biology students studying the details of the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney. The worksheet consists of seven questions (with a diagram for reference) that looks at the adaptations of pct cells, mechanisms of reuptake, absorption of water and the effect of diabetes on reuptake of glucose. Key words: kidney, transplant, dialysis, glomerulus, filtration, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, collecting duct, aldosterone, anti diuretic hormone, osmosis, reuptake, hydrostatic pressure