Love Learning Languages French and English Resources
Average Rating3.58
(based on 39 reviews)
I am a secondary and adult education French and ESL teacher and I love creating resources that help my students have fun with languages! You'll see many speaking games, grammar games, and task cards in my shop.
I am a secondary and adult education French and ESL teacher and I love creating resources that help my students have fun with languages! You'll see many speaking games, grammar games, and task cards in my shop.
This 90 question trivia game is loads of fun for an end of the year or semester game, a back to school activity, a sub plan or use trivia for bell ringer and icebreaker activities.
Though his product was created for French classes, it will work for any high school class since the questions are based on general knowledge and not only French related information. I’ve included several different versions (see full details below) including French only and French and English as well as powerpoint versions which will allow you to project the game and play as a class.
This trivia game is great fun as a French club activity.
This resource includes:
90 trivia cards - French only with answers
90 trivia cards - French only without answers
90 trivia cards - French only without answers - Powerpoint version
90 trivia cards - French and English with answers
90 trivia cards - French and English without answers
90 trivia cards - French and English without answers - Powerpoint version
Each trivia question is assigned a point value (the easiest are worth 1 point and the most difficult are worth 9 points).
There are a number of ways you can play this game. Here are some of the ways I like to use this game:
1. Have students play in small groups of at least 3. One student calls the questions and verifies the answers. Students keep track of their score and in the end the one with the most points wins.
2. Project the powerpoint version of the game and have students write their answers and points scored on a numbered sheet of paper. You could easily allow students to work in small groups so that they can help each other out. In the end, the group with the most points wins.
3. Classic Jeopardy: Draw the game board which is composed of boxes with points in them on the classroom's whiteboard or project it from a computer. Group students into teams. The game starts when the teacher chooses the first easy box that teams need to answer. Once the first box has been answered, the team that answered correctly can choose the next question. They can choose the hardest questions if they want additional points or they can opt for easier ones for lower amounts of points. For the final round, also known as DOUBLE JEOPARDY the points double. The game ends when all the questions on the board game have been answered and the team with the highest score wins.
Est-ce que tu as déjà…? This French speaking activity is great for getting French 2 and 3 students to speak and practice their vocabulary when learning about LA VILLE. Students will also review the passé composé using AVOIR and ÊTRE as helping verb when doing this activity. Your students will enjoy getting up and moving around the classroom as they ask their classmates questions that are listed on the grid. See full instructions for this resource below.
This resource is also part of a money saving bundle that you are going to ♡:
En Ville - Vocabulary Speaking Activities 4-PACK: https://www.tes.com/us/teacher-lessons/bundle-and-save-en-ville-french-vocabulary-speaking-activities-and-games-3-pack-11602697
This resource includes:
One grid to print out and make one copy for each student in your class. There are sixteen squares on the grid. Each square contains one question and a space to write a classmate’s name.
Instructions:
Have your students move around the room asking classmates the questions that are written in the squares on the grid that you provide. If a classmate responds with OUI he or she writes his name on the line provided. Complete sentences are encouraged even when the answer is NON. Activity continues until all boxes are filled. Once all of the boxes have been signed your students can turn in their papers.
This is a fun, interactive way to review vocabulary about LA VILLE and to practice using the passé composé. Your students will enjoy learning fun facts about their classmates, and you will certainly like hearing them speak French!
Est-ce qu’il y a…? This French speaking activity is great for getting French 1 students to speak and practice their vocabulary when learning about LA MAISON. Students will also review using the verb AVOIR in the present tense with this activity. Your students will enjoy getting up and moving around the classroom as they ask their classmates questions about their home that are listed on the grid. See full instructions for this resource below.
This resource is also part of a money saving bundle that you are going to ♡:
La Maison - Vocabulary Speaking Activities 4-PACK: https://www.tes.com/us/teacher-lessons/la-maison-vocabulary-speaking-activities-bundle-11576015
This resource includes:
One grid to print out and make one copy for each student in your class. There are sixteen squares on the grid. Each square contains one question and a space to write a classmate’s name.
Instructions:
Have your students move around the room asking classmates the questions that are written in the squares on the grid that you provide. If a classmate responds with OUI he or she writes his name on the line provided. Complete sentences are encouraged even when the answer is NON. Activity continues until all boxes are filled. Once all of the boxes have been signed your students can turn in their papers.
This is a fun, interactive way to review vocabulary about LA MAISON and to practice using the verb AVOIR in the present tense. Your students enjoy learning fun facts about their classmates, and you will certainly like hearing them speak French!
Est-ce que tu as déjà…? This passé composé speaking activity is great for getting French 2 students to speak and review at the end of the year and again for French 3 students as an ice-breaker activity as early as the first day of class after summer vacation. This activity uses mostly verbs with AVOIR as helping verb including mostly regulars, but some irregulars as well. There are a few reflexive verbs that use “être” as helping verb and the verb ALLER is included several times in each of the 5 versions of this activity.
This resource includes:
Est-ce que tu as déjà…? - 5 different versions of the activity with 16 questions per grid for a total of 80 getting to know your questions in the passé composé.
How to play:
Have your students move around the room asking classmates if they have ever done what is written in the squares on the grid that you provide. If a classmate responds with OUI he or she writes his name on the line provided. Complete sentences are encouraged even when the answer is NON. Activity continues until all boxes are filled. Once all of the boxes have been signed your students can turn in their papers.
This is a fun, interactive way to review the passé composé. Your students enjoy learning fun facts about their classmates, and you will certainly like hearing them speak French!
Everyone loves a good game of BATTLESHIP, and the French classroom is a better place than any! You can use this classic game format to practice the passé composé with être as helping verb. This resource includes 40 regular verbs that use être as helping verb (including reflexive verbs). 5 different versions of the game are included.
This resource is also sold at a discounted price in my BATAILLE NAVALE BUNDLE: https://www.tes.com/us/teacher-lessons/french-bataille-navale-games-growing-bundle-11608221
Just print out one page of the version of this game that you want to use per student. Students place boats (which are squares on the game sheets that they will have darkened with a pencil) on the game board. Students play against each other to try to find and eventually sink their opponent’s boats.
Subject pronouns are written in the vertical column and infinitives are written in the boxes at the top. To choose a square, the player must say the subject and correct verb form in the passé composé. If you wanted to practice writing in the passé composé you could have your students do that. Another idea is to have students make simple sentences using the subject pronoun and verb of choice.
All of the vocabulary they’ll need is written right on the game sheet and it is all in French. Each game sheet includes two battleship grids and a line separating the two. Students can fold the paper on the line if they want to. One of the grids is for a player to place his boats and the other is to mark and keep track of his opponent.
This resource includes 5 versions of the game with both black and white and color copies.
VERB RACE is a fun and very exciting way to practice passé composé with être conjugations. Your students are going to love this set of 75 French verbs to use in the fast moving VERB RACE GAME. This set includes 75 verbs that use être as helping verb in the passé composé (including reflexive verbs).
Classic verb race involves dividing the class into teams and one person from each team goes up to the board to conjugate faster than everyone else. I've included full instructions, tips and rules with this resource. VERB RACE has always been a huge favorite in my classroom.
In classic VERB RACE it is usually the teacher who moderates the game, but in the instructions I'll explain in detail how you can play a student led game so that even your weakest students can participate and learn a ton.
I'm including a powerpoint version of the game WITHOUT ANSWERS and student response sheets should you want to project the game and play as a class or in small groups without moving out of desks and up to the board.
Also with this resource you'll receive 75 task cards without responses (answer key included). You can use these cards in STATIONS, in a game of SCOOT or in classic BOARD GAMES.
I recommend printing out the cards, laminating them if possible, cutting them out, punching holes in the space provided and hooking them together with a ring for years of NO PREP usage and verb conjugation review.
Here's exactly what you get:
75 calling cards with answers - Black and white and color versions provided
75 numbered task cards without answers - Black and white and color versions provided
Powerpoint version of 75 cards without answers
How to play and other ways to use the cards
Student response sheet
Answer key
French Bataille Navale Games - French Battleship Games Growing Bundle
Everyone loves a good game of BATTLESHIP, and the French classroom is a better place than any! You can use this classic game format to practice forming any verb tense you are working on with your students. Most of these games include 5 different versions.
This growing bundle already includes 11 sets, and I will be adding 9 more sets over the course of the year (2017 - 2018). When you purchase this bundle today you will get ALL FUTURE SETS FOR FREE. Check back regularly for updates. Now's a great time to get in on the deal.
These NO PREP activities are a fun way to encourage your beginner to advanced students to perfect verb conjugations in all tenses. You can pull out these games and use them as ice-breakers, bell-ringers, French club activities, games and much more.
Here is what’s included so far:
1. Passé Composé - Être ou Avoir?
2. Regular French -ER Verbs
3. Regular French -IR Verbs
4. Regular French -RE Verbs + Verbs like PRENDRE
5. Passé Composé with Être
6. Reflexive Verbs - Present Tense
7. Bataille Navale - Passé composé with AVOIR - Regular verbs
8. Bataille Navale: Passé Composé of Reflexive Verbs
9. Bataille Navale: Imperfect tense
10. Bataille Navale: Futur simple tense
11. Bataille Navale: Present conditional tense
Here is what you can look forward to being added (not necessarily in this order):
12. Futur Antérieur
13. Past Conditional
14. Present Subjunctive
15. Past Subjunctive
16. Present Irregular Verbs
17. Passé Composé with Avoir - Irregular Verbs
18. Imperative
19. Plus-que-Parfait
20. Subjunctive or Indicative?
Here’s how my BATAILLE NAVALE games work: Just print out one page of the version you want to use per student. Students place boats (which are squares on the game sheets that they will have darkened with a pencil) on the game board. Students play against each other to try to find and eventually sink their opponent’s boats.
Subject pronouns are written in the vertical column and infinitives are written in the boxes at the top. To choose a square, the player must say the subject and correct verb form in the tense you are working on. If you wanted to practice writing in the given tense you could have your students do that.
All of the vocabulary your students will need is written right on the game sheet and it is all in French. Each game sheet includes two battleship grids and a line separating the two. Students can fold the paper on the line if they want to. One of the grids is for a player to place his boats and the other is to mark and keep track of his opponent.
Most games include 5 versions with both black and white and color copies provided.
LICENSING TERMS: This purchase includes a license for one teacher only for personal use in their classroom. Licenses are non-transferable, meaning they can not be passed from one teacher to another. No part of this resource is to be shared with colleagues or used by an entire grade level, school, or district without purchasing the proper number of licenses.
COPYRIGHT TERMS: This resource may not be uploaded to the internet in any form, including classroom/personal websites or network drives, unless the site is password protected and can only be accessed by students.
Everyone loves a good game of BATTLESHIP, and the French classroom is a better place than any! You can use this classic game format to practice forming regular French -RE verbs and verbs conjugated like PRENDRE. This resource includes 22 verbs. 3 different versions of the game are included.
Check out my collection of BATAILLE NAVALE games!
This resource is also sold at a discounted price in my BATAILLE NAVALE BUNDLE: https://www.tes.com/us/teacher-lessons/french-bataille-navale-games-growing-bundle-11608221
Just print out one page of the version you want to use per student. Students place boats (which are squares on the game sheets that they will have darkened with a pencil) on the game board. Students play against each other to try to find and eventually sink their opponent’s boats.
Subject pronouns are written in the vertical column and infinitives are written in the boxes at the top. To choose a square, the player must say the subject and correct verb form in the present tense. In fact, you can play this game in any tense you like!
All of the vocabulary your students will need is written right on the game sheet and it is all in French. Each game sheet includes two battleship grids and a line separating the two. Students can fold the paper on the line if they want to. One of the grids is for a player to place his boats and the other is to mark and keep track of his opponent.
This resource includes 3 versions of the game with both black and white and color copies.
This is an easy to play 30 minute dice game to practice the French futur antérieur tense.
My high school students love this game, and it can get very competitive if you decide to play it as a race (details are explained with the activity).
Students divide up into teams and play a dice game, the dice determining which subject and infinitive to conjugate in the futur antérieur.
Included with this activity:
How to play
Six different versions of the game with answers
Student response and scoring sheet
This dice game is an especially fun way to practice while learning about the futur antérieur tense.
There’s a lot of useful vocabulary for students to learn when we teach about LA VILLE. I have included many activities in this bundle that I love to use to get students talking and to reinforce all of the vocabulary they’ll need to talk about a city theme.
LICENSING TERMS: This purchase includes a license for one teacher only for personal use in their classroom. Licenses are non-transferable, meaning they can not be passed from one teacher to another. No part of this resource is to be shared with colleagues or used by an entire grade level, school, or district without purchasing the proper number of licenses.
COPYRIGHT TERMS: This resource may not be uploaded to the internet in any form, including classroom/personal websites or network drives, unless the site is password protected and can only be accessed by students.
This is a really fun game to practice with your students who are learning vocabulary about EN VILLE, and it involves NO PREP. I've included both a beginner and intermediate version of the game, both in black and white and color versions. The beginner version has the words written out and the intermediate version only shows pictures. Have a look at the thumbnails to see what they look like.
This resource is also part of a money saving bundle that you are going to ♡:
En Ville - Vocabulary Speaking Activities 4-PACK: https://www.tes.com/us/teacher-lessons/bundle-and-save-en-ville-french-vocabulary-speaking-activities-and-games-3-pack-11602697
Each version includes 30 cards. Depending on class size you could either give each student more than one card or have them play with a partner. I recommend printing out and laminating these cards if possible so that you can use them over and over again.
Here's how this game works. Once each student has a card (or cards), the one who has the card that says JE COMMENCE starts the game. He says, for example, Je commence. J'ai la cheminée. Qui a la fenêtre? The person who has the card with a window on it says, J'ai la fenêtre. Qui a les rideaux?"And so the game goes on until the last card is called and that student's card will say, J'ai fini!
Another idea is to prepare two sets of cards, divide your class into two groups and let each group have a go to see which team can get through the entire deck of cards the fastest. If the vocabulary is completely new you could start out with the beginner deck and as the words become more familiar you could move on to the intermediate level. It's really a lot of fun, and though you can play with younger students the older ones love this game just as much.
Playing French TABOO is a great way to get students to speak French and learn a lot of new vocabulary. This game is simple to modify and use with beginners and advanced students alike. The them of this TABOO game is EN VILLE. 30 French-English cards are included. There are 2 fun ways to play this fun vocabulary game.
This resource is also part of a money saving bundle that you are going to ♡:
En Ville - Vocabulary Speaking Activities 4-PACK: https://www.tes.com/us/teacher-lessons/bundle-and-save-en-ville-french-vocabulary-speaking-activities-and-games-3-pack-11602697
Check out all of my French TABOO games!
All of the words on the cards are in French and English. This is very useful as many of the words will be new to students.
This French Taboo game includes the following:
This French Taboo game includes the following:
How to play classic Taboo (beginner and advanced levels)
30 Taboo game cards to print, cut out and laminate if possible (black and white and color versions)
How to play 15 MINUTES MAX - an alternative version of the game
15 MINUTES MAX game board
*In the upper left corner there's a spot for you to punch holes in the cards so that you can then attach them with a ring for no prep use every time. Be sure to laminate if at all possible!
Object of the game:
One player tries to get his teammate to guess the word at the top of a card. The player must give clues, but he can't use any of the Taboo words in his description. The taboo words are written beneath the word at the top of the card. Teams score points for each word successfully guessed. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins.
Beginner students should be allowed to use the TABOO words printed on the cards. This will encourage them to use new vocabulary and will help them in forming sentences to use as clues.
Want your French students to use their EN VILLE vocabulary? This NO PREP activity is a fun way to encourage your intermediate to advanced students to speak more.
This resource is also part of a money saving bundle that you are going to ♡:
En Ville - Vocabulary Speaking Activities 4-PACK: https://www.tes.com/us/teacher-lessons/bundle-and-save-en-ville-french-vocabulary-speaking-activities-and-games-3-pack-11602697
You can use this resource after learning specific vocabulary for cities or as a fun interactive activity on a day when you want to just focus on speaking and reviewing vocabulary in a different way.
There are 30 questions in all. Most of the questions are asked in the TU form and require the answering student to respond using JE. More than half of the questions begin with an interrogative word encouraging more than OUI and NON responses.
Topics used in these cards:
* Places in the city
* Advantages and disadvantages
* Cultural activities
* Personal experiences
* Preferences
All cards are visually stimulating and feature a circle to punch out in the upper left corner so that you can print, laminate, cut out, punch holes and hook the cards together with a keyring. Have a look at the thumbnail to see how cute they turn out. Using these cards this way makes it easy to pull them out year after year to use as NO PREP speaking activities.
This bundle includes 7 of my favorite resources for practicing the passé composé with être and avoir as helping verbs. Bundle up and save 25%. You get 5 fun games and 2 sets of task cards to practice speaking and grammar skills.
Here's everything that is included. Just click on the links for full product descriptions:
1. Passé Composé - Être ou Avoir - French Verb Race Game
2. Bataille Navale - Passé Composé - Être ou Avoir?
3. French Passé Composé - Être ou Avoir - Task Cards - Version 1
4. Passé Composé with Être and Avoir Task Cards - Version 2
5. Dice Game - Passé Composé with Être and Avoir
6. Passé Composé - Être ou Avoir? Puzzle activity
7. Passé Composé - Être ou Avoir? Quel dommage game
20 task cards - cartes à tâches- for practicing the French passé composé with être and avoir. Students can work cooperatively or individually. Each card features a sentence with a blank to fill in with the passé composé. Students are given the infinitive form of the verb that must be conjugated in the passé composé. Answers are provided on corresponding numbered task cards so that students can easily check each others answers.
Regular, irregular and reflexive verbs are included in this activity. Print, laminate and cut out these task cards and use them over and over. Look in the upper left corner. I've indicated where you should punch a hole in each card in case you want to attach them with a ring.
Everyone loves a good game of BATTLESHIP, and the French classroom is a better place than any! You can use this classic game format to practice regular -IR verbs. This resource includes 40 regular verbs. 5 different versions of the game are included.
Check out my collection of BATAILLE NAVALE games!
This resource is also sold at a discounted price in my BATAILLE NAVALE BUNDLE: https://www.tes.com/us/teacher-lessons/french-bataille-navale-games-growing-bundle-11608221
Just print out one page of the version you want to use per student. Students place boats (which are squares on the game sheets that they will have darkened with a pencil) on the game board. Students play against each other to try to find and eventually sink their opponent’s boats.
Subject pronouns are written in the vertical column and infinitives are written in the boxes at the top. To choose a square, the player must say the subject and correct verb form in the present tense. If you wanted to practice writing in the passé composé you could have your students do that. Another idea is to have students make simple sentences using the subject pronoun and verb of choice.
All of the vocabulary they’ll need is written right on the game sheet and it is all in French. Each game sheet includes two battleship grids and a line separating the two. Students can fold the paper on the line if they want to. One of the grids is for a player to place his boats and the other is to mark and keep track of his opponent.
This resource includes 5 versions of the game with both black and white and color copies.
Everyone loves a good game of BATTLESHIP, and the French classroom is a better place than any! You can use this classic game format to practice regular -ER verbs. This resource includes 40 regular verbs. 5 different versions of the game are included.
Check out my collection of BATAILLE NAVALE games!
This resource is also sold at a discounted price in my BATAILLE NAVALE BUNDLE: https://www.tes.com/us/teacher-lessons/french-bataille-navale-games-growing-bundle-11608221
Just print out one page of the version you want to use per student. Students place boats (which are squares on the game sheets that they will have darkened with a pencil) on the game board. Students play against each other to try to find and eventually sink their opponent’s boats.
Subject pronouns are written in the vertical column and infinitives are written in the boxes at the top. To choose a square, the player must say the subject and correct verb form in the present tense. If you wanted to practice writing in the passé composé you could have your students do that. Another idea is to have students make simple sentences using the subject pronoun and verb of choice.
All of the vocabulary they’ll need is written right on the game sheet and it is all in French. Each game sheet includes two battleship grids and a line separating the two. Students can fold the paper on the line if they want to. One of the grids is for a player to place his boats and the other is to mark and keep track of his opponent.
This resource includes 5 versions of the game with both black and white and color copies.
French Verb Race Games - Conjugation Practice - Growing Bundle
Your French students will have lots of fun practicing verb conjugations in many different tenses with all of the games in this growing bundle that saves you 20%.
These no prep verb race games are an interesting way to encourage your beginner to advanced students to keep up with all of the different rules and exceptions of the tenses they learn throughout the year(s). You can pull out these games and use them as ice-breakers, bell-ringers, French club activities, board games and more.
When you purchase this growing bundle, you will get all future sets for free. Every time I add a new game the price will increase accordingly. Now’s a great time to get in on the deal and make verb race games a regular part of your routine.
Here’s what’s included so far in this growing bundle:
Present Tense Verb Race Game
Passé Composé of Regular Verbs with Avoir Verb Race Game
Imperative Tense Verb Race Game
Passé Composé - Être ou Avoir - Verb Race Game
Passé Composé with Être - Verb Race Game
Imperfect Tense Verb Race Game
Here is what you can look forward to being added, not necessarily in this order:
Reflexive Verbs - Present Tense
Reflexive Verbs - Passé Composé
Futur Simple
Present Conditional
Plus-que-parfait
Futur Antérieur
Past Conditional
Present Subjunctive
Past Subjunctive
Passé Composé - Irregular Verbs with Avoir
Passé Composé with Direct Object Pronouns
Subjunctive or Indicative?
Present Tense Irregular Verbs
Huge Tense Review
Verb Race is a fun and very exciting way to practice verb conjugations. Your students are going to love these sets of 75 French verbs to use in the fast moving verb race game. Each set includes 75 verbs to work with in the indicated tense.
Classic verb race involves dividing the class into teams and one person from each team goes up to the board to conjugate faster than everyone else. I’ve included full instructions (see preview), tips and rules with this resource. Verb Race has always been a huge favorite in my classroom.
In classic verb race it is usually the teacher who moderates the game, but in the instructions I’ll explain in detail how you can play a student led game so that even your weakest students can participate and learn a ton.
With each game I’m including a slideshow version without answers and student response sheets if you want to project the game and play as a class or in small groups without moving out of desks and up to the board.
I recommend printing out the cards, laminating them if possible, and cutting them out for years of no prep use and verb conjugation review.
Included with each set:
75 calling cards with answers
75 numbered task cards without answers
Slideshow version of 75 cards without answers
How to play
Student response sheet
Answer key
VERB RACE is a fun and very exciting way to practice passé composé with être or avoir conjugations. Your students are going to love this set of 75 French verbs to use in the fast moving VERB RACE GAME. This set includes 75 common regular, irregular and reflexive verbs.
Classic verb race involves dividing the class into teams and one person from each team goes up to the board to conjugate faster than everyone else. I've included full instructions, tips and rules with this resource. VERB RACE has always been a huge favorite in my classroom.
In classic VERB RACE it is usually the teacher who moderates the game, but in the instructions I'll explain in great detail how you can play a student led game so that even your weakest students can participate and learn a ton.
I'm including a powerpoint version of the game WITHOUT ANSWERS and student response sheets should you want to project the game and play as a class or in small groups without moving out of desks and up to the board.
Also with this resource you'll receive 75 task cards without responses (answer key included). You can use these cards in STATIONS, in a game of SCOOT or in classic BOARD GAMES.
I recommend printing out the cards, laminating them if possible, cutting them out, punching holes in the space provided and hooking them together with a ring for years of NO PREP usage and verb conjugation review.
Here's exactly what you get:
75 calling cards with answers - Black and white and color versions provided
75 numbered task cards without answers - Black and white and color versions provided
Powerpoint version of 75 cards without answers
How to play and other ways to use the cards
Student response sheet
Answer key
Everyone loves a good game of BATTLESHIP, and the French classroom is a better place than any! You can use this classic game format to practice forming the PASSÉ COMPOSÉ, choosing between ÊTRE and AVOIR as helping verb. This resource includes 45 verbs. There are regular verbs, irregular verbs and reflexive verbs to practice with. 5 different versions of the game are included.
This resource is also sold at a discounted price in my BATAILLE NAVALE BUNDLE: https://www.tes.com/us/teacher-lessons/french-bataille-navale-games-growing-bundle-11608221
Just print out one page of the version you want to use per student. Students place boats (which are squares on the game sheets that they will have darkened with a pencil) on the game board. Students play against each other to try to find and eventually sink their opponent’s boats.
Subject pronouns are written in the vertical column and infinitives are written in the boxes at the top. To choose a square, the player must say the subject and correct verb form in the passé composé using either être or avoir as helping verb. If you wanted to practice writing in the passé composé you could have your students do that.
All of the vocabulary they’ll need is written right on the game sheet and it is all in French. Each game sheet includes two battleship grids and a line separating the two. Students can fold the paper on the line if they want to. One of the grids is for a player to place his boats and the other is to mark and keep track of his opponent.
This resource includes 5 versions of the game with both black and white and color copies.