a) Considerations for businesses: o cultural differences o different tastes o language o unintended meanings o inappropriate/inaccurate translations o inappropriate branding and promotion This lesson includes a PowerPoint and a student worksheet Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

This lesson includes a PowerPoint and a worksheet and covers: a) Contribution: selling price – variable cost per unit b) Break-even point: o total fixed costs + total variable costs = total revenue c) Using contribution to calculate the break-even point d) Margin of safety e) Interpretation of break-even charts f) Limitations of break-even analysis Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

This lesson includes a PowerPoint and a worksheet and covers: a) Calculation of sales volume and sales revenue b) Calculation of fixed and variable costs Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

This lesson includes a PowerPoint and a worksheet and covers: a) Capacity utilisation: o current output (divided by) maximum possible output (x 100) b) Implications of under- and over-utilisation of capacity c) Ways of improving capacity utilisation Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

2.1.1 Internal finance a) Owner’s capital: personal savings b) Retained profit c) Sale of assets 2.1.2 External finance a) Sources of finance: o family and friends o banks o peer-to-peer funding o business angels o crowd funding o other businesses b) Methods of finance: o loans o share capital o venture capital o overdrafts o leasing o trade credit o grants 2.1.3 Liability a) Implications of limited and unlimited liability b) Finance appropriate for limited and unlimited liability businesses 2.1.4 Planning a) Relevance of a business plan in obtaining finance b) Interpretation of a simple cash-flow forecast and calculations based on changes in the cash-flow variables c) Use and limitations of a cash-flow forecast

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (332) 1 Growth a) Objectives of growth: • economies of scale (internal and external) • increased market power over customers and suppliers • increased market share and brand recognition • increased profitability. b) The distinction between inorganic and organic growth. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (332) 2 Organic growth a) Methods of growing organically. b) Advantages and disadvantages of organic growth. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (333) 3 Decision trees a) Construct and interpret simple decision-tree diagrams. b) Calculations and interpretations of figures generated by these techniques. c) Limitations of using decision trees. Written by Sarah Hilton by Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (332) 4 Problems arising from growth a) Diseconomies of scale. b) Internal communication. c) Overtrading. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (332) 3 Inorganic growth a) Mergers and takeovers: • reasons for mergers and takeovers • distinction between mergers and takeovers • horizontal and vertical integration • conglomerates • financial risks and rewards. b) Advantages and disadvantages of inorganic growth. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (333) 5 Contribution a) Nature and purpose of contribution. b) Calculation and interpretation of contribution. c) Use of contribution as a decision-making technique. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (433) 1 Marketing a) Global marketing strategy and global localisation (glocalisation). b) Different marketing approaches: • domestic/ethnocentric • mixed/geocentric • international/polycentric. c) Application and adaptation of the marketing mix (4Ps) to global markets. d) Application of Ansoff’s matrix and Porter’s matrix to global marketing decisions. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (334) 2 Stakeholder model versus shareholder model a) Internal and external stakeholders. b) Stakeholder objectives. c) Stakeholder and shareholder influences: • stakeholder: that the business considers all of its stakeholders in its business decisions/objectives • shareholder: that the business should focus purely on shareholder returns (increasing share price and dividends) in its business decisions/objectives. d) The potential for conflict between profit-based (shareholder) and wider objectives (stakeholder). Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (334) 3 Business ethics a) Ethics of strategic decisions: trade-offs between profit and ethics. b) Pay and rewards. c) Corporate social responsibility (CSR). Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (431) 4 Protectionism a) Reasons for protectionism. b) Tariffs. c) Import quotas. d) Other trade barriers: • government legislation • domestic subsidies. e) Impact on businesses of protectionism. Written for Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (432) 1 Conditions that prompt trade a) Push factors: • saturated markets • competition. b) Pull factors: • increased sales and profitability • risk spreading and economies of scale. c) Cost competitiveness by off-shoring and outsourcing. d) Extending the product life cycle. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (432) Assessment of a country as a production location a) Factors to consider: • costs of production • skills and availability of labour force • infrastructure • location in trade bloc • government incentives • ease of doing business • political stability • natural resources • likely return on investment. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (432) 5 Global expansion and uncertainty a) The impact on businesses of movements in exchange rates. b) Skill shortages and their impact on international competitiveness. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (433) 3 Cultural/social factors a) Considerations for businesses: • cultural differences • different tastes and preferences • language and unintended meanings • inappropriate branding and promotion. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (433) 2 Niche markets a) Cultural diversity: recognition that groups of people across the globe have different interests and values. b) Features of global niche markets. c) Application and adaptation of the marketing mix (4Ps) to suit global niches. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation