AQA A LEVEL BUSINESS 312 UNDERSTANDING DIFFERENT BUSINESS FORMS Reasons for choosing different forms of business and for changing business form Different forms of business: Sole traders Private limited companies Public limited companies Private sector organisations Public sector organisations Non-profit organisations Social Enterprises Issues with different forms of business include: Unlimited and limited liability Ordinary share capital Market capitalisation Dividends The role of shareholders and why they invest Influences on share price and the significance of share price changes The effects of ownership on mission and objectives This is a complete lesson including a PPT and worksheet This is lesson written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

AQA A LEVEL BUSINESS 313 UNDERSTANDING THAT BUSINESSES OPERATE WITHIN AN EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT How the external environment can affect costs and demand Factors influencing costs and demand to include the effect of: • competition • market conditions • incomes • interest rates • demographic factors • environmental issues and fair trade This is a complete lesson including a PPT and worksheet This is lesson written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

AS(7131) A-level (7132) Specifications For teaching from September 2023 onwards For as exams in May/June 2024 onwards For a-level exams in May/June 2025 onwards Version 2.0 This lesson covers: The value of primary and secondary marketing research Qualitative and quantitative data Calculate market and sales growth, market share and size (already covered in 331) The value of sampling Random Stratified Quota The interpretation of marketing data positive and negative correlation and an understanding of the strength of the relationship understanding the concept of confidence intervals understanding extrapolation. The interpretation of price and income elasticity of demand data Interpretation of price and income elasticity of demand (PED and YED)* Analysis of the impact of changes in price and income on revenue* The value of the concepts of price and income elasticity of demand to marketing decision makers The use of data in marketing decision making and planning This lesson was written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

AS(7131) A-level (7132) Specifications For teaching from September 2023 onwards For as exams in May/June 2024 onwards For a-level exams in May/June 2025 onwards Version 2.0 This lesson covers: The process and value of segmentation, targeting and positioning Segmentation methods include: Demographic Geographic Income Behavioural segmentation Influences on choosing a target market and positioning Targeting may include Niche and Mass marketing Positioning should include Market mapping This lesson was written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

AS(7131) A-level (7132) Specifications For teaching from September 2023 onwards For as exams in May/June 2024 onwards For a-level exams in May/June 2025 onwards Version 2.0 This lesson covers: The elements of the marketing mix (7Ps) The influences on and effects of changes in the elements of the marketing mix The marketing mix should be considered for goods and services, both industrial and consumer. Product decisions the value of product portfolio analysis and the Boston Matrix the value of the product life cycle model including extension strategies influences on and the value of new product development. Pricing decisions Pricing decisions should include penetration and price skimming. and in part 2 Decisions about the promotional mix Promotional decisions should include: the value of branding Social media Viral Marketing Distribution (place) decisions Distribution decisions should include multichannel distribution. Decisions relating to other elements of the marketing mix: people, process and physical environment The importance of and influences on an integrated marketing mix include: the position in the product life cycle the Boston Matrix the type of product marketing objectives the target market competition positioning. Understanding the value of digital marketing and e-commerce This lesson was written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

AS(7131) A-level (7132) Specifications For teaching from September 2023 onwards For as exams in May/June 2024 onwards For a-level exams in May/June 2025 onwards Version 2.0 This lesson covers: How to manage supply to match demand and the value of doing so, methods include: Outsourcing (including the value of outsourcing) use of temporary and part time employees producing to order Influences on the amount of inventory held interpreting inventory control charts lead time re-order levels buffer level of inventory re-order quantities Influences on the choice of suppliers How to manage the supply chain effectively and efficiently and the value of this This lesson is written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

AS(7131) A-level (7132) Specifications For teaching from September 2023 onwards For as exams in May/June 2024 onwards For a-level exams in May/June 2025 onwards Version 2.0 This lesson covers: The importance of capacity How to utilise capacity efficiently The importance of efficiency and labour productivity How to increase efficiency and labour productivity Difficulties increasing efficiency and labour productivity The benefits and difficulties of lean production Lean production should include ‘Just in Time’ vs ‘Just in Case’ How to choose the optimal mix of resources The mix of resources should include an understanding of labour and capital intensive processes How to use technology to improve operational efficiency This lesson was written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

AS(7131) A-level (7132) Specifications For teaching from September 2023 onwards For as exams in May/June 2024 onwards For a-level exams in May/June 2025 onwards Version 2.0 This lesson covers: The interpretation, calculation and use of operations data in operational decision-making and planning Calculation of: labour productivity unit costs (average costs) capacity capacity utilisation This lesson was written by Sarah Hilton at Revisionstation

AS(7131) A-level (7132) Specifications For teaching from September 2023 onwards For as exams in May/June 2024 onwards For a-level exams in May/June 2025 onwards Version 2.0 Methods of improving quality quality assurance vs quality control The benefits and difficulties of improving quality The consequences of poor quality This lesson was written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

AS(7131) A-level (7132) Specifications For teaching from September 2023 onwards For as exams in May/June 2024 onwards For a-level exams in May/June 2025 onwards Version 2.0 This lesson covers: The value of setting operational objectives Operational objectives include: costs quality speed of response flexibility environmental objectives added value This lesson was written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

AS(7131) A-level (7132) Specifications For teaching from September 2023 onwards For as exams in May/June 2024 onwards For a-level exams in May/June 2025 onwards Version 2.0 This lesson covers: Part 1: How to construct and analyse budgets and cash flow forecasts Variance analysis Adverse and favourable variances The value of budgeting How to construct break-even charts Break even output Margin of safety Contribution per unit Total contribution How to calculate and illustrate on a break-even chart the effects of change in price, output and costs The value of break even analysis Part 2: How to analyse profitability Profitability margins Gross profit Profit from operations Profit for the year How to analyse timings of cash inflows and outflows Payables Receivables The use of data for financial decision making and planning These lessons were written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

AS(7131) A-level (7132) Specifications For teaching from September 2023 onwards For as exams in May/June 2024 onwards For a-level exams in May/June 2025 onwards Version 2.0 This lesson covers: The value of setting financial objectives to include: The concept of a return on investment Revenue, costs and profit objectives Cash flow objectives The distinction between cash flow and profit The distinction between gross profit, operating profit and profit for the year This lesson was written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

AS(7131) A-level (7132) Specifications For teaching from September 2023 onwards For as exams in May/June 2024 onwards For a-level exams in May/June 2025 onwards Version 2.0 This lesson covers: Internal and external sources of finance debt factoring overdrafts retained profits share capital loans venture capital crowd funding Advantages and disadvantages of different sources of finance for short and long term uses This lesson was written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

This lesson includes a PowerPoint and a worksheet which covers: a) Internal and external stakeholders b) Stakeholder objectives c) Stakeholder and shareholder influences: o stakeholder: that the business considers all of its stakeholders in its business decisions/objectives o shareholder: that the business should focus purely on shareholder returns (increasing share price and dividends) in its business decisions/objectives d) The potential for conflict between profit-based (shareholder) and wider objectives (stakeholder) This was written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

a) Ethics of strategic decisions: o trade-offs between profit and ethics b) Pay and rewards c) Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

This lesson includes a PowerPoint and a worksheet and covers: a) PESTLE (political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental) b) The changing competitive environment c) Porter’s Five Forces Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

This lesson includes a PowerPoint and a worksheet and covers: a) Objectives of growth: o to achieve economies of scale (internal and external) o increased market power over customers and suppliers o increased market share and brand recognition o increased profitability b) Problems arising from growth: o diseconomies of scale o internal communication o overtrading Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

This lesson includes a Powerpoint and a worksheet and covers: a) Development of corporate objectives from mission statement/corporate aims b) Critical appraisal of mission statements/corporate aims Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

This lesson includes a PowerPoint and a worksheet which covers: a) Reasons for mergers and takeovers b) Distinction between mergers and takeovers c) Horizontal and vertical integration d) Financial risks and rewards e) Problems of rapid growth Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

This lesson includes a PowerPoint and a worksheet and covers: a) Distinction between inorganic and organic growth b) Methods of growing organically c) Advantages and disadvantages of organic growth Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation