<p>A self made narrative report that could be a basis on your future works.</p>

<p>The materials used for civil engineering structures have changed over time. Early structures were constructed of stone and wood. These materials were in ready supply and could be cut and shaped with available tools. Later, cast iron was used, because mills were capable of crudely refining iron ore. As the industrial revolution took hold, quality steel could be produced in the quantities required for large structures.<br /> In addition, portland cement, developed in the mid-1800s, provided civil engineers with a durable inexpensive material with broad applications.</p>

<p>COLUMN<br /> A structural member that is subjected to axial compression force. Buckling, or sudden<br /> bending as a result of instability, occurs prior to developing the full material strength of<br /> a member which is why a sound knowledge of compression member stability is<br /> necessary for those designing structural steel</p>

<p>Ethics:</p> <ul> <li>is the discipline relating to what is good or bad,<br /> right or wrong, or with moral duty and<br /> obligation.</li> <li>group or moral principles or set of values relating<br /> to the conduct of an individual and his profession</li> </ul>

<p>-this is an introduction and an overview to Sociology. One of the newest and youngest of all Social Sciences.The Father of Sociology is Auguste Comte.</p>

<p>-the presentation gives a brief overview on constructing road ways. With these, it gives a knowledgeable grasps on the raw materials needed in constructing such infrastructures. It includes fine and course aggregates.</p>

<p>Generalized biogeochemical cycle. The major parts of the biosphere are connected by the flow of chemical elements and compounds. In many of these cycles the biota plays an important role. Matter from the earth’s Interior is released by volcanoes. The atmosphere exchanges some compounds and elements rapidly with the biota and oceans. Exchanges of materials between rocks, soils, and the oceans are generally slower by comparison.</p>

<p>The behavior of concrete pavement that is exposed to loading and environmental effect entirely depends upon the quality of concrete, the underlying sub grade, and the base course. Generally, concrete is strong in resisting compression load acting on it, but considerably weak in resisting tensile stresses. Thus, concrete pavement acting as a beam, resting on a weak sub-grade and base courses, is also weak in carrying heavy load associated with impact forces. The reaction and movement of the sub-grade supporting the slab, affects the stability of the concrete pavement.</p>

<p>Preview…<br /> WATER<br /> -It is a combination of two chemical elements<br /> called “hydrogen &amp; oxygen”.<br /> -it appears in its natural state as liquid, solid and gas.<br /> -When in liquid form- 839 times heavier than air &amp; weighs approx. 377 kg per us gallon or 1000 kg per cu.m.<br /> -When in gaseous state- 133 times lighter than air</p>

<p>House electrical plan  is one of the most critical construction blueprints when building a new house. It shows you how electrical items and wires connect, where the lights, light switches, socket outlets and the appliances locate. Clear house electrical plan enables electrical engineers to install electronics correctly and quickly.</p>

<p>To describe soil as an engineering material and to understand the nature of stresses induced in the soil and by the soil;<br /> To give an appreciation of the function and forms of shallow and deep foundations;<br /> To analyze bearing capacity and settlements of foundations;<br /> To consider the relevance of site and ground investigation to soil and foundation engineering.</p>

<p>Land pollution is any kind of long-term land damage, destruction, degradation, or loss that may result from garbage and industrial waste, agricultural pesticides and fertilizers, impacts from mining and other forms of industry, the unwanted consequences of urbanization, and the systematic destruction of soil through over-intensive agriculture.</p>

<p>SOIL<br /> -one of the most important material that influenced mankind in his struggle for survival from the earliest times up to the present.</p> <code>-maybe defined as the accumulation of unconsolidated sediments and deposits of solid particles as a result from the disintegration of ROCKS. </code> <p>ROCKS –maybe defined as a natural aggregate of materials that are connected by strong bonding of attractive forces considered as consolidated materials.</p>

<p>Every organisms is surrounded by materials and forces which constitute its environment, from which it must derive its needs. Environment creates favorable conditions for the existence and development of living organisms.</p>

<p>This is an introduction quiz for the course. A head start to more engaging discussion. Try this and test your knowledge.</p>

<p>Transportation and land use are inexorably connected.<br /> Everything that happens to land use has transportation<br /> implications and every transportation action affects land<br /> use.<br /> State departments of transportation help shape land use<br /> by providing infrastructure to improve accessibility and<br /> mobility.</p>

<p>Natural resources are the sources which are useful to man or can be transformed into a useful product.</p> <p>Two types of Natural resources:</p> <p>Renewable resources<br /> Non- renewable resources</p>

<p>Advantages Of Traffic Control Signals<br /> ⊳ Orderly movement of traffic<br /> ⊳ Increase the traffic-handling capacity of the intersection<br /> ⊳ Reduce the frequency and severity of certain types of<br /> crashes<br /> ⊳ Provide for continuous or nearly continuous movement of<br /> traffic at a definite speed along a given route under<br /> favorable conditions<br /> ⊳ Interrupt heavy traffic at intervals to permit other traffic,<br /> vehicular or pedestrian, to cross.</p>

<p>The definition and theories regarding the system of taxation. Including its significance, characteristics and basic principles.</p>