Written by an experienced Law Examiner, this set of student notes on “Views on Morality” is invaluable any any students and teachers of A Level Law. The Handout explores the relationship between law and morality, focusing on the Hart-Devlin debate and various legal theorists’ views. Hart vs. Devlin on Law and Morality: Hart argued that law should remain separate from morality, while Devlin believed law should enforce moral standards. Sources of Morality: Morality can be influenced by family, media, religion, and education, and while some aspects can be enforced, others cannot. Paternalist vs. Liberal Views: Paternalists argue that law should guide and protect people, while liberals believe law should not interfere in private lives. Functions of Law: Summers and Raz identified practical functions of law such as providing remedies, prohibiting harmful conduct, and settling disputes. Hart’s Distinction Between Legal and Moral Rules: Hart distinguished legal rules, which can be changed and enforced by authorities, from moral rules, which are subject to social pressure and personal sacrifice. Fuller’s Guidelines for Law: Fuller proposed that laws should be well-considered, known, understandable, consistent, and not require the impossible, among other criteria.

This is a 9-page student Handout, written by an experienced Law Examiner, which provides a guide as to what to include when answering questions on law and morality. The Handout discusses legal cases involving the intersection of law and morality, focusing on battered women who kill violent partners and the withdrawal of life support from comatose patients. Sara Thornton’s Case: Sara Thornton’s murder conviction was quashed after arguments that her violent husband provoked her, highlighting the recognition of “battered women’s syndrome” in legal defenses. Law and Morality: The document explores the relationship between law and morality, referencing debates and cases such as R v R, which questioned the legality of marital rape, and the evolving legal perspectives on moral issues. Tony Bland’s Case: Tony Bland’s case involved the withdrawal of life support for a Hillsborough disaster victim in a persistent vegetative state, marking a significant legal decision on medical treatment and end-of-life issues. This is designed for the AQA Specification but could be used with any students studying the topic of law and morality.

This 5-page Handout or Worksheet consists of revision questions on the topic of Law and Morality. Written by an experienced Law Examiner, it wraps up the study of the topic and ensures that students also undertake some research (on the Bulger case) as well. Designed for the AQA Specification, this Worksheet can be used with any students undertaking study of this vital topic.

This is a 22-page student Handout/Worksheet on the various theories of Justice. Written by an experienced Examiner in Law and used with classes with excellent results. A summary of the Handout is below: The document discusses various legal cases and theories of justice, exploring different perspectives on fairness and legal principles. Case of Reeves: Two men convicted of receiving stolen goods received different sentences; one was fined £25 in the Magistrates’ Court, while the other, who elected for a jury trial, was sentenced to nine months in prison but was released after serving three months due to the perceived disparity in sentencing. Perelman’s Justice Theories: C. H. Perelman identified six meanings of justice, including formal and substantive justice. His ideas emphasize the importance of following correct procedures and ensuring that the rules themselves are just. Beycan Case: The Court of Appeal quashed Beycan’s conviction for supplying heroin because he was not informed of his right to legal advice, violating Perelman’s principles of justice. Promissory Estoppel: Lord Denning introduced the concept of promissory estoppel in the case of Central London Property v High Trees House to ensure substantive justice, preventing a party from going back on a promise if others have relied on it in good faith. Aristotle’s Justice: Aristotle’s theories of distributive and corrective justice are illustrated through cases like Jebson v Ministry of Defence and Beswick v Beswick, emphasizing proportionate compensation and restoring balance. Utilitarianism: Utilitarianism, associated with Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, focuses on maximizing happiness for the greatest number, but it faces criticism for potentially justifying immoral acts if they increase overall happiness. John Rawls’ Theory: John Rawls’ theory of justice emphasizes fairness through the ‘veil of ignorance’ and includes the principles of liberty and the difference principle, which aims to benefit the least well-off members of society. The Handout contains questions and exercises throughout and gives a thorough examination of the topic.

This is a 6-page “model answer” written by an experienced Examiner, to the question “What is the association between law and justice?” The Handout discusses various theories of justice, including Natural Law, Positivism, Distributive Justice, Corrective Justice, Utilitarianism, and Social Justice. It highlights the differing views of theorists like Aristotle, Karl Marx, Jeremy Bentham, and John Rawls on how justice should be achieved and applied in society. The document also examines the application of these theories in procedural and substantive law, and concludes that justice is a subjective concept, with different interpretations leading to varying outcomes in legal cases. An invaluable aid to the study of Law and Justice.

This is an introduction to the complex topic of Law and Justice. It is designed to be distributed to students and it includes questions and activities and also provides a “model answer” to a common question on the topic. The Handout is structured as follows: Definitions of Justice: Justice is associated with fairness, equality, and the proper administration of the law, with various perspectives provided by philosophers like Aristotle, Bentham, Rawls, and Nozick. Aristotle’s View: Aristotle divides justice into distributive justice, concerning the fair allocation of resources, and corrective justice, dealing with rectifying wrongs. Bentham’s Utilitarian Approach: Bentham’s utilitarian idea of justice aims to achieve the greatest happiness for the greatest number, though it has limitations. Rawls’s Theory: Rawls emphasizes fairness and equality, focusing on protecting the least advantaged members of society. Nozick’s Conservative View: Nozick offers a conservative alternative, focusing on individual rights and the minimal state. Case Studies: Several case studies illustrate the complexities of achieving justice, highlighting issues such as disproportionate punishments and the ethical implications of severe penalties. Barriers to Justice: Barriers include the unrepresentative legal profession, limited access to legal advice and representation, and biases in the administration of justice. Legal Theories’ Insights: Legal theories provide insights into the relationship between law and justice, with various definitions highlighting different dimensions like formal/procedural justice and substantive justice.

This is a 16-page student Handout and activity sheet which covers a vital topic in A2 Law. Written by an experienced Examiner and used with his classes over the years. Here’s a summary of the document: The Handoutt discusses the relationship between law and morality, focusing on the Sexual Offences Act (1967) and the case of DPP v Knuller (1972). It explores how legal decisions reflect societal changes and moral debates. Sexual Offences Act (1967): The Sexual Offences Act (1967) partially decriminalized homosexual acts between consenting adults over 21 in private, following the recommendations of the Wolfenden Report (1957). Wolfenden Report: The Wolfenden Report recommended decriminalizing private homosexual acts between consenting adults over 21, sparking significant public debate and influencing the Sexual Offences Act. Homosexual Law Reform Society: The Homosexual Law Reform Society, founded in 1958, aimed to persuade Parliament to reform laws on homosexuality, highlighting the societal shift in moral values. Law Lords’ Decision: In DPP v Knuller, the Law Lords upheld the conviction for conspiracy to corrupt public morals but quashed the conviction for outrage public decency, citing the need to consider contemporary standards. Case of Re A (Children): The case of Re A (Children) involved the separation of conjoined twins, with the Court of Appeal deciding based on the lesser of two evils, emphasizing the moral complexities in legal decisions. Pretty and Purdy Cases: The cases of Pretty and Purdy addressed the issue of assisted suicide, with courts emphasizing that changes to the law are a matter for Parliament, not the judiciary.

A 26-page student Handout which represents everything students need to know about Substantive, Procedural Justice and Equity. Written by an experienced Examiner and delivered to his classes successfully over many years. The document explores various aspects of justice, including substantive and procedural justice, equity, and the role of judicial review in holding public bodies accountable. Substantive Justice: Substantive justice examines the content of laws and measures them against fundamental principles like fairness and morality. Equity in Law: Equity fills gaps in common law by providing remedies where common law is insufficient, as illustrated by historical cases and principles. Equitable Remedies: Equitable remedies include freezing injunctions, search orders, and orders of specific performance, which compel defendants to act or refrain from certain actions. Case Study: Ryan Giggs: Ryan Giggs sought an injunction to prevent the publication of private information, highlighting the complexities and breaches of such orders. Case Study: Tinsley v Milligan: The case illustrates the tension between equitable ownership and illegal actions, with the House of Lords ruling in favor of Milligan despite her fraudulent behavior. Damages in Civil Law: Damages aim to restore the claimant’s financial position, with special and general damages addressing specific and non-specific losses respectively. Judicial Review: Judicial review allows courts to assess the lawfulness of public body decisions, serving as a critical check on governmental power. Controversy Over Judicial Review Reforms: Proposed reforms to judicial review have sparked debate, with critics arguing that they undermine the ability to hold the government accountable.

This is an 11-slide explainer of the history and significance of Remembrance Day. It is suitable for use in PSHE or Citizenship classes or could even be used with History groups. It is aimed at 11-14 year olds and there are speakers’ notes and review questions at the end, which could be used as the basis of discussion. This is a summary of the contents of the PowerPoint: Origins: Remembrance Sunday began in 1919 to honor those who died in WWI. Significance: It is a day to honor all who died in wars and conflicts, observed worldwide. Symbols: The poppy symbolizes remembrance, inspired by ‘In Flanders Fields’. Two Minute Silence: Observed at 11am to reflect on sacrifices made by fallen soldiers. Global Observance: Remembrance Sunday includes ceremonies, parades, and moments of silence.

An excellent Handout for students of AS and A Level Law which revises General Defences in English Law. The Worksheets are best used with the accompanying resource: General Defences in English Law. This 9-page Handout consists of: Defences and Burden of Proof: The document includes a table to complete, showing the defences (automatism, consent, duress, insanity, intoxication, self-defense) and the burden of proof for each. Automatism and Insanity: It discusses the differences between non-insane automatism and self-induced automatism, and the principal difference between automatism and insanity. Duress and Intoxication: The document poses true or false questions about duress and intoxication, referencing various cases such as Graham, Cole, Bowen, Abdul Hussain, and others to illustrate key legal principles. Case Scenarios: Several scenarios are given for analysis, asking which defences might be appropriate and assessing the likelihood of success for each defence. An excellent resource Worksheet for any students and teachers of Law.

A 7-page student Handout/Worksheet on the defence of loss of control. Written by an experienced Law Examinaer and used with many groups and classes across the years. The Handout is structured as follows: This defence, along with diminished responsibility, can reduce a murder charge to voluntary manslaughter if successfully pleaded. It replaces the old defence of provocation and is outlined in the Coroners and Justice Act 2009. A person (D) is not convicted of murder if: D’s actions resulted from a loss of self-control. The loss of self-control had a qualifying trigger. A person of D’s sex and age, with normal tolerance and self-restraint, might have reacted similarly. The Act provides guidelines for these points, with cases from the old provocation defence serving as illustrations. If D shows evidence of loss of control, the prosecution must disprove it. Key Cases: Doughty: D killed his baby due to continuous crying. The Court of Appeal quashed his murder conviction, stating provocation should have been considered. Thornton: D, a battered wife, killed her husband. The Court recognized ‘battered wife syndrome’ and quashed her murder conviction. Ahluwalia: D killed her abusive husband after hours of contemplation. The defence of provocation was accepted on appeal. Ibrams: D planned and killed V after a week of provocation. The defence failed as D had time to cool off. Humphreys: D, a prostitute, killed her abusive pimp. The Court of Appeal allowed her characteristics to be considered in the defence. The defence is not available if D acted out of revenge or had time to cool off. Certain characteristics, like age and sex, are relevant in assessing if a hypothetical person would act similarly. However, temporary states of mind or mood are not considered relevant characteristics.

This is a 2-page document which provides a “model answer” written by an experienced Law Examiner to questions on Alternative Dispute Resolution. The document covers four main types of ADR: Negotiation: A quick and cheap method where parties try to reach an agreement, often with the help of solicitors. Mediation: A neutral mediator helps parties reach an agreement, with the process remaining under the parties’ control. Conciliation: Similar to mediation but with a more active role for the conciliator, commonly used in industrial disputes. Arbitration: Parties voluntarily submit their case to a neutral person whose decision is binding, often used in commercial contracts. The document also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using mediation to resolve civil disputes.

This is a “model answer” written by a Law Examiner on the topic of Parliamentary Sovereignty. The Handout provides a model answer to questions related to the law-making process in the House of Lords, the doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty, and the influence of pressure groups on Parliamentary law-making. It outlines the stages a Bill goes through in the House of Lords, describes the principles of Parliamentary sovereignty as defined by Dicey, and discusses the role and impact of pressure groups, including their advantages and disadvantages. It is 2 pages long and would represent about 60 minutes’ worth of teaching, including a discussion of the answer.

This is a 6-page Handout/Worksheet (1669 words) for the EDEXCEL Politics Specification written by an experienced Examiner in Politics. The document provides a comprehensive analysis of Margaret Thatcher’s time as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990. It covers her significant economic, social, and political transformations, focusing on key policies, achievements, and controversies. The analysis delves into her economic reforms, including monetarism and privatization, and their impacts on inflation, unemployment, and public accountability. It also examines her social policies, particularly her contentious relationship with trade unions and the “Right to Buy” housing scheme. Additionally, the document discusses her foreign policy, highlighting the Falklands War and her role in the Cold War. The legacy and controversy section evaluates the long-term effects of her policies on the UK’s economy, society, and political landscape, noting the ongoing debates about her impact. It also contains 6 differentiated questions on Margaret Thatcher and her legacy which could also form the basis of a debate on her record in office.

This is a 9-page student handout or worksheet on the topic of the reform of the law on murder and voluntary manslaughter. It is designed for the AQA Specification but can be used with any Specification requiring a knowledge of reform of the law. The handout discusses the need for reform in the laws governing murder and voluntary manslaughter, highlighting criticisms and proposed changes. Criticisms of Current Murder Law: The current law on murder is criticised for its handling of intent, self-defence, and the mandatory life sentence. Issues with Intent: Establishing intent can be problematic, especially when the primary intent was not to kill but to cause serious bodily harm. Proposals for Intent: A draft criminal code proposed in 1989 aimed to clarify the definition of murder by including awareness of causing death as part of the intent. Self-Defence Concerns: The all-or-nothing approach in self-defence cases is seen as unjust, with defendants either acquitted or sentenced to life imprisonment. Mandatory Life Sentence Issues: The mandatory life sentence for murder is criticized for not allowing judges to consider the seriousness of the killing and for leading to inappropriate manslaughter verdicts. Reform Suggestions for Sentencing: Suggestions include making life sentences discretionary or introducing different degrees of murder with varying sentences.

November sees anti-bullying week, a fantastic initiative which has helped thousands of children around the country. This is a 26-slide PowerPoint presentation, with speaker’s notes, which will introduce the concept to your students and will provide information about where they might be able to get help. The presentation aims to educate teens about cyberbullying, its effects, and how to protect themselves and others. It covers the following key points: What Is Cyberbullying?: This section explains the concept of cyberbullying and how it differs from traditional bullying. Common Platforms Where Cyberbullying Occurs: It discusses the various platforms where cyberbullying is prevalent, including social media platforms, messaging apps, and online gaming platforms. Real-Life Case Examples of Cyberbullying: This section provides real-life examples of cyberbullying incidents on social media, messaging apps, and online gaming platforms. It also discusses the impact on victims and ways to seek help. Effects of Cyberbullying on Victims: It outlines the emotional, psychological, academic, and social consequences of cyberbullying. It also discusses the long-term effects on mental health. How to Protect Yourself and Others: This section provides tips on recognizing signs of cyberbullying, online safety and privacy tips, and ways to stand up to cyberbullying. Where to Get Help in the UK: It lists various support services and helplines available in the UK for victims of cyberbullying, including ChildLine, Victim Support, Internet Matters, and the Anti-Bullying Alliance. Conclusion: The presentation concludes by emphasizing the importance of educating ourselves and others about cyberbullying to create a safer and more supportive online community. Look out for the other PowerPoint presentations on bullying and homophobic bullying.

November sees anti-bullying week, a fantastic initiative which has helped thousands of children around the country. This is a 30-slide PowerPoint presentation, with speaker’s notes, which will introduce the concept to your students and will provide information about where they might be able to get help. The PowerPoint is structured as follows: Anti-bullying Week: A call to action to stop the culture of bullying. Types of Bullying: Includes verbal, social, and cyberbullying, each with distinct characteristics and impacts. Effects on Victims: Bullying can lead to depression, anxiety, poor academic performance, and social isolation. Seeking Support: Victims should seek help from trusted adults, peer support programs, and helplines. Prevention Strategies: Promoting empathy, kindness, and a positive school environment can help prevent bullying. Look out for the other PowerPoint presentations on cyberbulling and homophobic bullying.

This is a 10-page student handout or worksheet on the topic of the reform of the law on non-fatal offences. It includes review questions at the end and will take around 75 minutes to teach. It is designed for the AQA Specification but can be used with any Specification requiring a knowledge of reform of the law. The Handout is structured as follows: The law on non-fatal offences is widely criticized and in need of reform. Academics, judges, and practitioners have highlighted issues such as outdated language, complex structure, and inconsistent sentencing. The Law Commission has proposed reforms to simplify and modernize the law, including clearer definitions and a more logical hierarchy of offences. Despite these proposals, significant changes have yet to be implemented. Review questions at end of Handout.

November sees anti-bullying week, a fantastic initiative which has helped thousands of children around the country. This is a 24-slide PowerPoint presentation, with speaker’s notes, which will introduce the concept to your students and will provide information about where they might be able to get help. The presentation aims to educate teens about homophobic, biphobic, and transphobic bullying and its effects, and how to protect themselves and others. It covers the following key points: Forms of Bullying: Homophobic, biphobic, and transphobic bullying target individuals based on sexual orientation or gender identity. Impact on Victims: Bullying leads to severe mental health issues, social isolation, and academic challenges. Combating Bullying: Education, awareness, and clear anti-bullying policies are essential to create a safe environment. Support Systems: Counseling services, peer support groups, and safe spaces are crucial for victim support. Role Models: Teachers and staff should act as role models and allies to support LGBTQ+ students. Look out for the other PowerPoint presentations on bullying and cyberbullying.