This complete year 12 lesson on covalent bonding includes dot-and-cross diagrams, single, double, triple and dative covalent bonds as well as lone pairs, exceptions to the Octet Rule and bond enthalpies. It features a 37 slide animated PowerPoint that illustrates the concepts in a lively and visual way and includes a starter, learning checks, animations, clearly explained examples including dot-and-cross diagrams, and a plenary discussion. A 12 page worksheet and answers to the exercises are provided.
This resource is part of a series covering the OCR AS Chemistry specification and relates to the following sections:
Module 2 – Foundations in chemistry
Part 2 – Electrons, bonding and structure
2.2.2 Bonding and structure
Content covered:
• Definition of a covalent bond
• Single, double and triple covalent bonds
• Lone pairs
• How to construct dot-and-cross diagrams
• Dative covalent or coordinate bonds
• The Octet Rule and exceptions
• Average bond enthalpies
Duration: 1-2 lessons
Please review!
Links
Previous topic: Topic 15 Ionic bonding OCR AS Chemistry https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-12598361
Next topic: Topic 17 – Shapes of molecules and ions OCR AS Chemistry https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-12220291
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A bundle is a package of resources grouped together to teach a particular topic, or a series of lessons, in one place.
Bundle
Foundations in Chemistry
This bundle is ideal for classroom or home learning and covers the whole of the OCR A level chemistry specification module 2 - Foundations in Chemistry, sections 2.1 and 2.2. Each topic includes a fully interactive PowerPoint including starter, group activities, questions and plenary along with a worksheet and a lesson plan. Answers to all exercises are provided. Some of the resources include a PowerPoint quiz. A practical activity on titration is also included. This bundle relates to the following sections of the OCR AS Chemistry specification: Module 2 – Foundations in chemistry Part 1 – Atoms and reactions (whole) 2.1.1 – Atomic structure and isotopes 2.1.2 – Compounds, formulae and equations 2.1.3 – Amount of substance 2.1.4 – Acids 2.1.5 − Redox Part 2 – Electrons, bonding and structure (whole) 2.2.1 – Electron structure 2.2.2 – Bonding and structure Module 3 – The Periodic table and energy Part 1 –The Periodic Table (part) 3.1.1 (Periodicity) (part) **Content covered:** **The changing atom** How Science Works - HSW7 - The changing accepted models of atomic structure over time. The contributions of five scientists to the development of the theory of atomic structure. **Atomic structure** • Protons, neutrons and electrons – mass and relative charge • Atomic number and mass number • Isotopes • Key definitions **Atomic masses** • Relative masses - comparison of masses to carbon-12 • Calculating relative atomic mass from the masses and abundances of the isotopes • Mass spectrometry and its use in the above • Calculating relative molecular and relative formula masses from formulae • Key definitions of relative atomic mass and relative isotopic mass **Formulae and equations** • Formulae of ions • Predicting ionic charges from the Periodic Table • Writing the formulae of ionic compounds and elements • Writing and balancing equations • Common types of reaction and their equations **Amount of substance and the mole** • Relative masses and the mole • Avogadro constant • Calculating number of atoms • Amount of substance • Molar mass • Calculating amount of substance from total mass and vice versa • Mole triangle **Determining formulae** • Definitions and use of the terms empirical and molecular formula • Simplest whole number ratios • Calculations of empirical and molecular formulae, from composition by mass or percentage compositions by mass and relative molecular mass • Calculating % by mass from the formula • The terms anhydrous, hydrated and water of crystallisation • Calculation of the formula of a hydrated salt from given percentage composition, mass composition or based on experimental results **Moles and gas volumes** • Molar volume of a gas • Moles and gas volume triangle • Summary of relationships for gases between amount of substance, volume, mass and number of molecules • Calculating amount of substance from volume of gas and vice versa • Ideal gases • The ideal gas equation **Moles, concentrations and solutions** • Definitions and use of the terms concentration and mass concentration • Concentrated and dilute • Relationship between concentration, amount in mol and volume including concentration triangle • Calculating concentration, amount in mol, volume and mass from given data • Example calculations • Mass concentrations • Choosing the correct glassware to measure volumes • Standard solutions • Practical activity – making up a standard solution • Diluting solutions and calculations • Practical activity – diluting solutions **Moles and reactions** • Balanced chemical equations and stoichiometry • Molar ratios • Using molar ratio to calculate amounts in moles of reactants and products in a chemical reaction • Using molar ratio to calculate masses of reactants and products in a chemical reaction • Using molar ratio to calculate volumes of gases in a chemical reaction • Flow diagrams showing steps in calculations involving quantities of reacting substances • Example calculations – clearly illustrated in a highly visual way **Percentage yield and atom economy** • Introduction to Green Chemistry • Reasons why reactions do not have 100% yield • % yield and how to calculate it • Calculations of % yield involving limiting reactant • Atom economy and its importance in the sustainability of a chemical process • Calculating atom economy • Example calculations – clearly illustrated in a highly visual way • Differences between atom economy and % yield • Comparing chemical processes in terms of sustainability (using production of ethanol as an example) **Acids and bases** • Definitions of acid, base, alkali and salt • Formulae of acids, bases, alkalis and salts • The relationship between bases and alkalis • The pH scale • Everyday examples of acids and bases • Weak and strong acids • Diprotic acids • Writing and balancing neutralization reactions (including acid-carbonate reactions) • Ionic equations **Acid-base titrations** • Titration and uses • Standard solution • Glassware and procedure for titration with detailed hints for technique • Reading burette • Recording titration results and calculating the mean • Titration calculations • Examples of structured and unstructured calculations • Revision of calculations involving masses and volumes • Practical titration activity • Evaluation of titration experiment • Uncertainties and calculating % uncertainties • Procedural errors **Redox** • Redox definition in terms of electron transfer • Oxidation numbers and how to calculate them • Oxidation number in chemical names • Redox definition in terms of oxidation number • Using oxidation numbers to identify redox reactions and determine what has been oxidised and reduced • Oxidising and reducing agents • Disproportionation as oxidation and reduction of the same element **Electron configuration - shells, sub-shells and orbitals** • Energy levels • Main shells, sub-shells and orbitals • Rules for filling orbitals • Electron configurations of atoms and ions • Deducing electron configuration using the Periodic Table • Relationship of electron configuration to the Periodic Table **Ionic bonding** • Bonding and the Periodic Table • Predicting ionic formulae • Definition of ionic bonding • Dot-and-cross diagrams – some of them animated • Half equations • Giant ionic lattice • Physical properties of ionic compounds including: • melting point • electrical conductivity • solubility in polar and non-polar solvents **Covalent bonding** • Definition of a covalent bond • Single, double and triple covalent bonds • Lone pairs • How to construct dot-and-cross diagrams • Dative covalent or coordinate bonds • The Octet Rule and exceptions • Average bond enthalpies **Shapes of molecules and ions** • Electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR) • Effect of lone pairs on shape • Model answer to exam question • How to draw simple shapes in 3D • Bond angles **Electronegativity and bond polarity** • Definition of electronegativity • Atomic core and calculation of core charge • Factors affecting electronegativity • Pauling scale of electronegativity • Electronegativity and bond polarity • Non-polar and polar covalent bonds • Electronegativity and bonding type (including intermediate bonding) • Polarity of molecules from the bond polarities and the molecular shape • Predicting whether a molecule will have an overall dipole from its symmetry **Intermolecular forces** • What are intermolecular forces? • Strengths of bonds and intermolecular forces • Types of intermolecular forces • Induced dipole-dipole interactions (London (dispersion) forces) • How London forces arise • Factors affecting strength of London forces • Permanent dipole-dipole interactions • How permanent dipole-dipole interactions arise • How intermolecular forces affect properties • Hydrogen bonding • What’s special about hydrogen bonds • Effects of hydrogen bonds on properties • Special properties of water • Summary of intermolecular forces • Predicting the type of intermolecular forces **Structure and bonding** • Factors influencing physical properties • The way the atoms/ions are grouped together (structure) • The type of particles the solid is built up from • The bonds or forces holding these particles together • Structure and physical properties of ionic compounds (see also topic 15) • Structures and physical properties of covalent substances including giant covalent and simple molecular • Diamond and graphite – structures and properties • Graphene • Metallic bonding, structure and physical properties • Summary of types of bonding • Jigsaw discussion to summarise 4 main types of structure and their properties **Links** Next lesson – free resource: Topic 21 – the Periodic Table past and present http://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/periodic-table-past-and-present-ocr-as-chemistry-12964450
£32.50
Bundle
Electrons, bonding and structure
This bundle is ideal for classroom or home learning and covers electron configuration, ionic bonding, covalent bonding, shapes of molecules, electronegativity and bond polarity, intermolecular forces, structure and bonding. It includes all of the OCR A level chemistry specification section 2.2, as well as part of 3.1.1. Each topic includes a fully interactive PowerPoint including starter, group activities, questions and plenary along with a worksheet. Answers to all exercises are provided. Some of the resources include a PowerPoint quiz. This bundle is part of a series covering the OCR AS Chemistry specification and relates to the following sections: Module 2 – Foundations in chemistry / Part 2 – Electrons, bonding and structure 2.2.1 Electron structure and 2.2.2 Bonding and structure Module 3 – The Periodic table and energy / Part 1 –The Periodic Table 3.1.1 (Periodicity) **Content covered:** **Electron configuration - shells, sub-shells and orbitals** • Energy levels • Main shells, sub-shells and orbitals • Rules for filling orbitals • Electron configurations of atoms and ions • Deducing electron configuration using the Periodic Table • Relationship of electron configuration to the Periodic Table **Ionic bonding** • Bonding and the Periodic Table • Predicting ionic formulae • Definition of ionic bonding • Dot-and-cross diagrams – some of them animated • Half equations • Giant ionic lattice • Physical properties of ionic compounds including: • melting point • electrical conductivity • solubility in polar and non-polar solvents **Covalent bonding** • Definition of a covalent bond • Single, double and triple covalent bonds • Lone pairs • How to construct dot-and-cross diagrams • Dative covalent or coordinate bonds • The Octet Rule and exceptions • Average bond enthalpies **Shapes of molecules and ions** • Electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR) • Effect of lone pairs on shape • Model answer to exam question • How to draw simple shapes in 3D • Bond angles **Electronegativity and bond polarity** • Definition of electronegativity • Atomic core and calculation of core charge • Factors affecting electronegativity • Pauling scale of electronegativity • Electronegativity and bond polarity • Non-polar and polar covalent bonds • Electronegativity and bonding type (including intermediate bonding) • Polarity of molecules from the bond polarities and the molecular shape • Predicting whether a molecule will have an overall dipole from its symmetry **Intermolecular forces** • What are intermolecular forces? • Strengths of bonds and intermolecular forces • Types of intermolecular forces • Induced dipole-dipole interactions (London (dispersion) forces) • How London forces arise • Factors affecting strength of London forces • Permanent dipole-dipole interactions • How permanent dipole-dipole interactions arise • How intermolecular forces affect properties • Hydrogen bonding • What’s special about hydrogen bonds • Effects of hydrogen bonds on properties • Special properties of water • Summary of intermolecular forces • Predicting the type of intermolecular forces **Structure and bonding** • Factors influencing physical properties • The way the atoms/ions are grouped together (structure) • The type of particles the solid is built up from • The bonds or forces holding these particles together • Structure and physical properties of ionic compounds (see also topic 15) • Structures and physical properties of covalent substances including giant covalent and simple molecular • Diamond and graphite – structures and properties • Graphene • Metallic bonding, structure and physical properties • Summary of types of bonding • Jigsaw discussion to summarise 4 main types of structure and their properties **Links** Next lesson – free resource: Topic 21 – the Periodic Table past and present https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/periodic-table-past-and-present-ocr-as-chemistry-12964450
£16.00
Bundle
Electrons and bonding OCR AS Chemistry
This bundle is ideal for classroom or home learning and covers electron configuration, ionic bonding, covalent bonding and shapes of molecules. It includes all of the OCR A level chemistry specification section 2.2.1 and part of 2.1.2. Each topic includes a fully interactive PowerPoint including starter, group activities, questions and plenary along with a worksheet. Answers to all exercises are provided. Three of the resources include a PowerPoint quiz. This bundle is part of a series covering the OCR AS Chemistry specification and relates to the following sections: Module 2 – Foundations in chemistry / Part 2 – Electrons, bonding and structure 2.2.1 Electron structure and part of 2.2.2 – Bonding and structure Content covered: **Electron configuration – shells, sub-shells and orbitals** • Energy levels • Main shells, sub-shells and orbitals • Rules for filling orbitals • Electron configurations of atoms and ions • Deducing electron configuration using the Periodic Table • Relationship of electron configuration to the Periodic Table **Ionic bonding** • Bonding and the Periodic Table • Predicting ionic formulae • Definition of ionic bonding • Dot-and-cross diagrams – some of them animated • Half equations • Giant ionic lattice • Physical properties of ionic compounds including o melting point o electrical conductivity o solubility in polar and non-polar solvents **Covalent bonding** • Definition of a covalent bond • Single, double and triple covalent bonds • Lone pairs • How to construct dot-and-cross diagrams • Dative covalent or coordinate bonds • The Octet Rule and exceptions • Average bond enthalpies **Shapes of molecules and ions** • Electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR) • Effect of lone pairs on shape • Model answer to exam question • How to draw simple shapes in 3D • Bond angles **Links** Next lesson – free resource: Topic 18 – Electronegativity and bond polarity https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/electronegativity-and-bond-polarity-ocr-as-chemistry-12888524
£12.50
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