Sketch graphs of simple rational functions, including the determination of oblique asymptotes, in cases where the degree of the numerator and the denominator are at most 2 Show significant features of rational graphs, such as turning points, asymptotes and intersections with the axes. Determination of the set of values taken by the function, e.g. by the use of a discriminant. Understand and use relationships between the graphs of y = f(x), y^2 = f(x), y = 1/f(x) , y = If(x)I and y = f(IxI)

Sketch graphs of simple rational functions, including the determination of oblique asymptotes, in cases where the degree of the numerator and the denominator are at most 2 Show significant features of rational graphs, such as turning points, asymptotes and intersections with the axes. Determination of the set of values taken by the function, e.g. by the use of a discriminant. Understand and use relationships between the graphs of y = f(x), y^2 = f(x), y = 1/f(x) , y = If(x)I and y = f(IxI)

Sketch graphs of simple rational functions, including the determination of oblique asymptotes, in cases where the degree of the numerator and the denominator are at most 2 Show significant features of rational graphs, such as turning points, asymptotes and intersections with the axes. Determination of the set of values taken by the function, e.g. by the use of a discriminant. Understand and use relationships between the graphs of y = f(x), y^2 = f(x), y = 1/f(x) , y = If(x)I and y = f(IxI)

Understand the relations between Cartesian and polar coordinates, and convert equations of curves from Cartesian to polar form and vice versa Sketch simple polar curves, for 0≤θ<2π or -π≤θ<π or a subset of either of these interval Recall the formula 1/2 ∫r^2 dθ for the area of a sector and use this formula in simple cases.

Understand the relations between Cartesian and polar coordinates, and convert equations of curves from Cartesian to polar form and vice versa Sketch simple polar curves, for 0≤θ<2π or -π≤θ<π or a subset of either of these interval Recall the formula 1/2 ∫r^2 dθ for the area of a sector and use this formula in simple cases.

Use the equation of a plane in any of the forms ax + by + cz = d or r.n = p or r = a + λb + μc and convert equations of planes from one form to another as necessary in solving problems Recall that the vector product a × b of two vectors can be expressed either as absinθn, where n is a unit vector, or in component form ai+bj+ck Use equations of lines and planes, together with scalar and vector products where appropriate, to solve problems concerning distances, angles and intersections, including – determining whether a line lies in a plane, is parallel to a plane or intersects a plane, and finding the point of intersection of a line and a plane when it exists – finding the foot of the perpendicular from a point to a plane – finding the angle between a line and a plane, and the angle between two planes – finding an equation for the line of intersection of two planes – calculating the shortest distance between two skew lines – finding an equation for the common perpendicular to two skew lines.

Use the equation of a plane in any of the forms ax + by + cz = d or r.n = p or r = a + λb + μc and convert equations of planes from one form to another as necessary in solving problems Recall that the vector product a × b of two vectors can be expressed either as absinθn ̂ , where n ̂ is a unit vector, or in component form ai+bj+ck Use equations of lines and planes, together with scalar and vector products where appropriate, to solve problems concerning distances, angles and intersections, including – determining whether a line lies in a plane, is parallel to a plane or intersects a plane, and finding the point of intersection of a line and a plane when it exists – finding the foot of the perpendicular from a point to a plane – finding the angle between a line and a plane, and the angle between two planes – finding an equation for the line of intersection of two planes – calculating the shortest distance between two skew lines – finding an equation for the common perpendicular to two skew lines.

Carry out operations of matrix addition, subtraction and multiplication, and recognise the terms zero matrix and identity (or unit) matrix Recall the meaning of the terms ‘singular’ and ‘non-singular’ as applied to square matrices and, for 2 x 2 and 3 x 3 matrices, evaluate determinants and find inverses of non-singular matrices understand and use the result, for non-singular matrices, (AB)^ –1 = B^ –1 A^-1 The notations det M for the determinant of a matrix M, and I for the identity matrix Understand the use of 2 x 2 matrices to represent certain geometric transformations in the x-y plane, in particular – understand the relationship between the transformations represented by A and A^–1 – recognise that the matrix product AB represents the transformation that results from the transformation represented by B followed by the transformation represented by A – recall how the area scale factor of a transformation is related to the determinant of the corresponding matrix – find the matrix that represents a given transformation or sequence of transformations Understand the meaning of ‘invariant’ as applied to points and lines in the context of transformations represented by matrices, and solve simple problems involving invariant points and invariant lines

Carry out operations of matrix addition, subtraction and multiplication, and recognise the terms zero matrix and identity (or unit) matrix Recall the meaning of the terms ‘singular’ and ‘non-singular’ as applied to square matrices and, for 2 x 2 and 3 x 3 matrices, evaluate determinants and find inverses of non-singular matrices understand and use the result, for non-singular matrices, (AB)^ –1 = B^ –1 A^-1 The notations det M for the determinant of a matrix M, and I for the identity matrix Understand the use of 2 x 2 matrices to represent certain geometric transformations in the x-y plane, in particular – understand the relationship between the transformations represented by A and A^–1 – recognise that the matrix product AB represents the transformation that results from the transformation represented by B followed by the transformation represented by A – recall how the area scale factor of a transformation is related to the determinant of the corresponding matrix – find the matrix that represents a given transformation or sequence of transformations Understand the meaning of ‘invariant’ as applied to points and lines in the context of transformations represented by matrices, and solve simple problems involving invariant points and invariant lines

Understand the relations between Cartesian and polar coordinates, and convert equations of curves from Cartesian to polar form and vice versa Sketch simple polar curves, for 0≤θ<2π or -π≤θ<π or a subset of either of these interval Recall the formula 1/2 ∫r^2 dθ for the area of a sector and use this formula in simple cases.

Use the equation of a plane in any of the forms ax + by + cz = d or r.n = p or r = a + λb + μc and convert equations of planes from one form to another as necessary in solving problems Recall that the vector product a × b of two vectors can be expressed either as absinθn ̂ ,where n ̂ is a unit vector, or in component form ai+bj+ck Use equations of lines and planes, together with scalar and vector products where appropriate, to solve problems concerning distances, angles and intersections, including – determining whether a line lies in a plane, is parallel to a plane or intersects a plane, and finding the point of intersection of a line and a plane when it exists – finding the foot of the perpendicular from a point to a plane – finding the angle between a line and a plane, and the angle between two planes – finding an equation for the line of intersection of two planes – calculating the shortest distance between two skew lines – finding an equation for the common perpendicular to two skew lines.

Carry out operations of matrix addition, subtraction and multiplication, and recognise the terms zero matrix and identity (or unit) matrix Recall the meaning of the terms ‘singular’ and ‘non-singular’ as applied to square matrices and, for 2 x 2 and 3 x 3 matrices, evaluate determinants and find inverses of non-singular matrices understand and use the result, for non-singular matrices, (AB)^ –1 = B^ –1 A^-1 The notations det M for the determinant of a matrix M, and I for the identity matrix Understand the use of 2 x 2 matrices to represent certain geometric transformations in the x-y plane, in particular – understand the relationship between the transformations represented by A and A^–1 – recognise that the matrix product AB represents the transformation that results from the transformation represented by B followed by the transformation represented by A – recall how the area scale factor of a transformation is related to the determinant of the corresponding matrix – find the matrix that represents a given transformation or sequence of transformations Understand the meaning of ‘invariant’ as applied to points and lines in the context of transformations represented by matrices, and solve simple problems involving invariant points and invariant lines

The resource covers: Formulate a problem involving the solution of 3 linear simultaneous equations in 3 unknowns as a problem involving the solution of a matrix equation, or vice versa* Prove de Moivre’s theorem for a positive integer exponent Understand the cases that may arise concerning the consistency or inconsistency of 3 linear simultaneous equations, relate them to the singularity or otherwise of the corresponding matrix Solve consistent systems, and interpret geometrically in terms of lines and planes – to express trigonometrical ratios of multiple angles in terms of powers of trigonometrical ratios of the fundamental angle Understand the terms ‘characteristic equation’, ‘eigenvalue’ and ‘eigenvector’, as applied to square matrices Find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 matrices express a square matrix in the form QDQ^–1, where D is a diagonal matrix of eigenvalues and Q is a matrix whose columns are eigenvectors, and use this expression Use the fact that a square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.

The resource covers: Formulate a problem involving the solution of 3 linear simultaneous equations in 3 unknowns as a problem involving the solution of a matrix equation, or vice versa* Prove de Moivre’s theorem for a positive integer exponent Understand the cases that may arise concerning the consistency or inconsistency of 3 linear simultaneous equations, relate them to the singularity or otherwise of the corresponding matrix Solve consistent systems, and interpret geometrically in terms of lines and planes – to express trigonometrical ratios of multiple angles in terms of powers of trigonometrical ratios of the fundamental angle Understand the terms ‘characteristic equation’, ‘eigenvalue’ and ‘eigenvector’, as applied to square matrices Find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 matrices express a square matrix in the form QDQ^–1, where D is a diagonal matrix of eigenvalues and Q is a matrix whose columns are eigenvectors, and use this expression Use the fact that a square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.

The resource covers: Formulate a problem involving the solution of 3 linear simultaneous equations in 3 unknowns as a problem involving the solution of a matrix equation, or vice versa* Prove de Moivre’s theorem for a positive integer exponent Understand the cases that may arise concerning the consistency or inconsistency of 3 linear simultaneous equations, relate them to the singularity or otherwise of the corresponding matrix Solve consistent systems, and interpret geometrically in terms of lines and planes – to express trigonometrical ratios of multiple angles in terms of powers of trigonometrical ratios of the fundamental angle Understand the terms ‘characteristic equation’, ‘eigenvalue’ and ‘eigenvector’, as applied to square matrices Find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 matrices express a square matrix in the form QDQ^–1, where D is a diagonal matrix of eigenvalues and Q is a matrix whose columns are eigenvectors, and use this expression Use the fact that a square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.

The resource covers: Understand de Moivre’s theorem, for a positive or negative integer exponent, in terms of the geometrical effect of multiplication and division of complex numbers Prove de Moivre’s theorem for a positive integer exponent Use de Moivre’s theorem for a positive or negative rational exponent – to express trigonometrical ratios of multiple angles in terms of powers of trigonometrical ratios of the fundamental angle – to express powers of sinθand cos θ in terms of multiple angles – in the summation of series – in finding and using the nth roots of unity

The resource covers: Understand de Moivre’s theorem, for a positive or negative integer exponent, in terms of the geometrical effect of multiplication and division of complex numbers Prove de Moivre’s theorem for a positive integer exponent Use de Moivre’s theorem for a positive or negative rational exponent – to express trigonometrical ratios of multiple angles in terms of powers of trigonometrical ratios of the fundamental angle – to express powers of sinθand cos θ in terms of multiple angles – in the summation of series – in finding and using the nth roots of unity

Model the motion of a projectile as a particle moving with constant acceleration and understand any limitations of the model Use horizontal and vertical equations of motion to solve problems on the motion of projectiles, including finding the magnitude and direction of the velocity at a given time or position, the range on a horizontal plane and the greatest height reached Derive and use the Cartesian equation of the trajectory of a projectile, including problems in which the initial speed and/or angle of projection may be unknown.

Understand the concept of angular speed for a particle moving in a circle, and use the relation v = rw Understand that the acceleration of a particle moving in a circle with constant speed is directed towards the centre of the circle, and use the formulae r w^2 and v^2/r Solve problems which can be modelled by the motion of a particle moving in a horizontal circle with constant speed Solve problems which can be modelled by the motion of a particle in a vertical circle without loss of energy. Find a normal contact force or the tension in a string, locating points at which these are zero, and conditions for complete circular motion.

Use a probability density function which may be defined piecewise Use the general result E(g(x)) =∫f(x)g(x) dx where f(x) is the probability density function of the continuous random variable X and g(X) is a function of X Understand and use the relationship between the probability density function (PDF) and the cumulative distribution function (CDF), and use either to evaluate probabilities or percentiles Use cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of related variables in simple cases e.g. given the CDF of a variable X, find the CDF of a related variable Y, and hence its PDF, e.g. where Y = X^ 3.