The attention of many potential explorers turned towards Space after 1945. Many unmanned rockets were sent up into space. In 1947 the USA launched primates into Space- many other animals followed. July 1951, Dezik and Tsygan, two dogs were launched into space by the USSR. The race to put man into space had begun. 10 years later on 12th April 1961 Yuri Gagarin, a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space. The next race was to put the first man on the moon. On Wednesday 16th July 1969 Apollo 11 was launched by a Saturn V rocket. On Sunday20th July 1969, in front of cameras for all of us back on Earth to watch, USA astronaut Neil Armstrong stepped onto the surface of the moon. Edwin ‘Buzz’ Aldrin was just steps behind. The third member of the crew Michael Collins stayed in the mother ship Columbia. The next step was a manned space programme - the Space Shuttle Transportation System (SSTS). The idea was to create a spaceship with a payload bay which would be launched by a rocket and glide back to Earth to be used again. The idea of the payload was to release/collect communication satellites. On 2nd April 1981 Robert Crippen and John Young were on board when the Space shuttle Columbia was successfully. 2020 sheet on spaceflight events during the year. On 11th July 2021 Richard Branson completed a successful suborbital space flight to reach the edge of space - the idea is to speed up journeys from continent to continent. On 13th October 2021 William Shatner, of Star Trek fame as Captain Kirk aged 90, hitched a ride aboard a suborbital spacecraft to become the oldest person to ever travel to space. Sheet on Future of Space exploration Plus First/Beginning vocabulary, 2 best copy sheets plus blank comic strip. Sources A brief Illustrated History of space exploration Encyclopedia of Great Explorers wikipedia

Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration The extensive overseas exploration was led by the Portuguese. Prince Henry, the Navigator (1394-1460) the fourth child of King John 1, was the central administrative figure in the early days sending the new caravel ships to other continents through the systematic exploration of Western Africa. Diogo Cao (c.1452-c.1486) was one of the notable navigators.He made 2 voyages along the coast of Africa in the 1480s - explored the River Congo and the coasts of the present day Angola and Namobia. On his trips he took stone pillars engraved with the Portuguese royal arms (padraos) which he erected in every new place he discovered. Bartolomeu Dias (c.1450- 1500) was a Portuguese mariner and explorer. He was the first European mariner to round the southern tip of Africa.He explored an an additional 1,000 miles of African coastline. At the time he received little recognition of his accomplishments. Vasco da Gama (1460 or 1469 - 1524) was the first European to reach India by sea. His voyage to India by way of Cape of Good Hope (1497-9) was the first to link Europe and Asia by an ocean route. Vitus Jonassen Bering, also known as Ivan Ivanovich Bering,(1681-1741) was a Danish cartographer and explorer and an officer in the Russian Navy in Russian. He lead 2 Russian expeditions - First Kamchatka and the Great Northern -exploring the north-eastern coast of the Asian Continent and the western coast on the North American continent Vitus became ill and the island he died on was named after him - Bering Island. The Strait, Sea, Glacier and Land Bridge were also named in his honour. Aleksei Ilyich Chirikov (1703-1748) was deputy to Vitus Bering during the Great Northern Expedition. He took part in creating the final map of the Russian discoveries in the Pacific Ocean. He also had islands and capes named after him. Johann Ludwig Burckhardt/ John Lewis/ Jean Louis Burckhatdt (1784-1817) a Swiss traveller, geographer and Orientalist assumed the moniker of Sheikh Ibrahim Ibn Abdullah during his travels in Arabia. He rediscovered the ruins of the ancient Nabataean city of Petra in Jordan. He visited Mecca and wrote down in his journals detailed observations of the city. Gertrude Bell (1868- 1926) was an English writer, traveller, administrator, & archaeologist who explored & mapped Syria- Palestine, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor and Arabia. Her knowledge was highly influential in British imperial policy- making. Sven Anders Hedin (1865-1952) was Swedish geographer topographer, explorer, photographer, travel writer and illustrator. He made 4 expeditions to Central Asia and visited many countries. His adventure stories for young readers and his lecture tours abroad made him world famous. ** Central Asia Atlas** published posthumously. Dame Freya Nadekine Stark DBE (1893-1993) was an Anglo-Italian explorer and travel writer.- wrote more than 24 books. First non-Arab to travel through the Southern Arabian desert.

T have started with the Vikings. By 870 AD there was a Norsemen/Viking settlement in Iceland. A 100 years later ErIk the Red, ventured across to Greenland. His son Leif Erikson, Leiv Eiriksson or Leif Ericson, also known as Leif the Lucky (c.970- c.1020) was born in Iceland, is thought to have been the first to set foot on continental North America around 1000 AD - he reached as far as Newfoundland, Canada. William of Rubruck, Willem van Ruysbroeck, Guillaume de Rubrouck or Willielmus de Rubruquis (c.1215-1295) was a Flemish Franciscan Missionary and explorer. He is best known for his travels to various parts of the Middle East and Central Asia in the 13th century,including the Mongol Empire. Marco Poplo (1254-1324) -nicknamed Milione a Venetian merchant,explorer and writer who travelled through Asia along the Silk Road between 1271 and 1295. In his book The Travels of Marco Polo (c. 1300) he gives us a comprehensive look at the mysterious culture and inner workings of the Eastern world of China, Persia, India, Japan and other Asian cities. (Map shows extent of his travels) Ibn Bayyuta (an abbeviation of his full name -See ‘His Name’) (1304-1368/9) was a Muslim Moroccan scholar and explorer who travelled extensively( 117,000 km) in the lands of Afro-Eurasia, largely in the lands of Dar al-islam.( see map). Travelling more than any other explorer in pre-modern history. Towards the end of his life he dictated an account of his journeys - The Rihla. Zheng He (1371-1433or5) originally born as Ma He -known as 'Sanbao during his service in the household of the Prince of Yan - was Chinese mariner, explore, diplomat, fleet admiral and court eunuch during China’s early Ming dynasty. He commanded expeditionary treasure voyages to South East Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Western Asia and east Africa form 1405 to 1433.

Apparently ocean exploration began around 5000BC! I am going to concentrate on 1930s+ and the creation of the firstbathysphere (from the Greek ’ bathus’ meaning ‘deep’ and ‘sphaira’ meaning ‘sphere’) which was a unique, unpowered, spherical deep-sea submersible which was lowered into the ocean by cable. It was created/designed by American Otis Barton an inventor and actor. Otis and William Beebe ( a naturalist)- made a dive off Bermuda in June 1930. The dive was conducted from the deck of a former British naval ship called the *Ready. They set the first record for deep-sea diving by descending to 600 ft. (180 m). In 1934 they improved the record to 3,028 ft ( 923m). Otis in 1949 set a new world record of 4,500 ft (1,372m) in the Pacific Ocean with the benthoscope (from the Greek ’ benthos’- meaning ‘sea bottom’ and ‘scopein’ to ’ view’). It was designed by Otis and Maurice Nelles. (Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1910-1997) - a French man and co-developer of the Aqua -Lung- deserves a mention because through his 120 television documentaries and 50 books he permitted many through viewers/readers to explore the resources of the oceans.) Jacques Piccard (1922-2008) was a Swiss oceanographer and engineer. He was known for developing submarines for studying ocean currents. In the bathyscaphe Trieste Jacques with his colleagues reached 24,000 feet. Jacques with Lt.Don, of the US Navy, on January 23, 1960 were the first to explore the deepest known part of the world’s ocean, the Challenger Deep, in the Mariana Trench, located in the western North Pacific . The depth measured 35,813 feet (10,916 m) - a more accurate measure later 35,798 ft (10,911 m). Others have followed - James Cameron(2012 first solo descent), Victor Vescovo, Kathryn D.Sullivan and Vanessa 0’Brien (read their stories) The Deepsea Challenger was built in Australia in 2012 - construction was headed by Ron Allum ( Read development). J Sources Encyclopedia of Great Explorers Wikipedia

Eight men who have done extraordinary feats. One walked extraordinary distances. One skied down K2. Several have climbed Everest and climbed other mountains over 8,000 without needing extra oxygen. Some of their firsts were done solo without using dogs or motorised transport. Together Mike Hearn and Borge Ousland walked for 2 months in total darkness, on paper thin ice, to the North Pole! Andrew Skurka - American backpacker -long distance hiker -7,778 miles Andrzej Leszek Bargiel - Polish dare devil skier who skied down K2 Borge Ousland -Norwegian explorer of North and South Poles Ed Stafford -UK first non-indigenous person to walk the entire Amazon River. Eric Larsen - American - North and South Pole plus Everest Leo Houlding- UK - rock climber - first to free climb El Capitan Mike Horn- South African - Poles explorer and climbed 8000+ without oxygen Nirmal Purja -Nepalese Mountaineer - climbed Everest, Lhotse & Makalu in 48hrs

Fai-ul-Aqtab Siddiqi - by profession is a barrister - he is a Muslim scholar and principal and founding trustee of the Hijaz College in Nuneaton, England. He is founder of the Hijaz Community. He is also National Convenor of the Muslim Action Committee and Secretary General of the International Muslims Organization. Professor Haroon Ahmed - is a scientist specialising the fields of microelectronics and electrical engineering. He is at the Cavendish Laboratory, the Physics Department of the University of Cambridge. Hasnat Khan -he is a heart and lung surgeon. best known for his relationship with Diana, Princess of Wales. Isabella Abbott (1919-2010) born in Hawaii -was an educator, phycologist, and ethnobotanist.She became a leading expert on Pacific Marine algae. Mohammad Naseem (1924-2014) -by profession a doctor- Muslim leader and political activist-was chairman of the Birmingham Mosque Trust (Central). Musharraf Hussain - scientist, educator and religious scholar in Nottingham, U.K. Chief Executive of the Karimia institute and author of Chief Editor of the Invitation a Muslim family magazine. He is also a senior trustee of Muslim Hands an international charity working in 50 countries. 2006 chair of the UK-Indonesian Islamic advisory group by Prime Minister. 2008-10 chairman of the Christian Muslim forum. Tariq Ali - a political activist, journalist, historian, filmmaker and public intellectual. Author of many books (See list and 5 covers). He contributes toThe Guardian Counter-Punch and London Review of Books. Ziauddin Sardar is a scholar, award winning writer, cultural critic and public intellectual who specialises in Muslim thought, the future of Islam, futurology, science and cultural relations - author and editor of more than 50 books.( See 6 covers)

Bree Runway born (bn) Brenda Wireko Mensah is a singer, rapper and songwriter of Ghanaian descent. In 2021 won Best New International Act at the BET awards. Dev Hynes,(bn) David Joseph Michael Hynes, also known as Blood Orange and fomerly as Lightspeed Champion, is a singer, songwriter,record producer and director.between 2004-6 he was a member of Test Icicles. Emeli Sande, bn.Adele Emily Sande, is a Scottish singer and songwriter. She performed at both the Opening and Closing ceremonies of the 2012 Olympic games in London. In 2017,for the fourth time, she won the Brit award for best British Female Solo artist. Awarded MBE in 2017 for her services to music. Nao Jessica Joshua is a singer-song-writer and record producer from East London. her sound is described as soul combined with electronic music -Wonky funk. Her latest album is* And Then Life Was Beautiful* Abdullah Afzal is an actor and comedian. He has appeared in films( Raamis & Finging FatimaH and television ( Lunch Monkeys, Citizen Khan & Celebrity master Chef). Shazia Mirza is a stand-up comedian, actress and writer.She is best known for her stand-up comedy The Kardashians Made Me Do It.

Some basic information about Asians List of Asian people List of faiths, with numbers of followers, in Asian culture Percentage of Christians and showing dominant faith, in Asian countries List of Festivals and Celebrations Brief information on Cuisine

I came across a 10 page article about*Celebrating Black lives In the World Wars * I have photocopied the second half and found out extra information about the 10 men and women mentioned. They are set out in the order they are mentioned in the article. Walter Tull - served in WW1 in the Middlesex Regiment killed in action on 25th March 1918 played football Robbie Clarke- William Robinson Clarke- WW1 airman. First black pilot to fly for Britain. Died aged 88 George Arthur Roberts- a Trinidadian soldier WW1- known as the coconut bomber , fire-fighter during Blitz (WW11) Learie Nicholas Constantine, Baron Constantine (1969) -first black peer- cricketer, lawyer & politician - during WW11 responsible for West Indians employed in GB factories Princess Adenrele Ademole - a Nigerian princess trained as a nurse at Guy’s Hospital during WW11. Her patients called ‘fairy’. Adelaide Hall - American born UK based jazz singer and entertainer - one of the first entertainers to enter Germany before the war had officially ended - *Creole Love Call(1927) famous recording - career of 70 years - died aged 92 Philip Louis Ukric Cross DSO DFC, a Trinidadian, nicknamed The Black Hornet is often recognised as the most decorated Caribbean airman of WW11. He was a navigator and became an expert at precision bombing. By the end of the war he had flown 80 missions over Germany and occupied Europe. John Jellicoe Blair DFC - a Jamaican was also a navigator.He flew in Halifax Bombers flying from Yorkshire. He flew 33 missions over Europe during WW11. Ended war as a Flight lieutenant. Lilian Bader - enlisted in 1939 but dismissed after 7 weeks- reason father not born in UK. Later, when she heard RAF were taking citizens of West Indian descent she applied again and became one of the first black women to join the RAF- Women’s Auxiliary Air Force. She trained in instrument repair - a trade newly opened to women. In the 1960s went to evening classes,studied at London University and became a teacher. John Henry Clavell Smythe, joined RAF and trained as a navigator- did 26 bombing missions, 27 th shot down - spent 2 years in German prison. In 1948 became senior officer aboard the Empire Windrush. Awarded MBE in 1951 Birthday Honours.

I have found further information on Wikipedia about 21 of the ‘lesser’ known musicians found in the book *Great Music Greats I have included Robert Leroy Johnson (1911-1938) because he is known as the father of the blues- the most important blue singer that ever lived - Keith Richards and Eric Clapton. In alphabetical order:- Chic - refined a relatively minimalistic disco sound - now called Nile Rodgers & Chic Donna Summer - birth name (bn) Ladonna Adrian Gaines Eric B. & Rakim - bns. Eric Barrier and William Michael Griffin Jr. - hip-hop duo Erykah Badu - singer, song writer, record producer and actress Fela Kuti - also known as Abami Eda - pioneer of Afrobeat Fugees - a hip hop trio Isaac Hayes - singer, songwriter, actor, composer and producer Lil Wayne - bn. Dwayne Michael Carter Jr. rapper, record exec.& entrepreneur Miles Davis -trumpeter,band leader and composer - acclaimed figure in Jazz Missy Elliot -bn. Melissa Arnette Elliot -rapper,singer,songwriter& record producer Nicky Minaj- bn. Onika Tanta Maraj-Petty -animated rapper,singer & song writer Nina Simone -bn. Eunice Kathleen Waymon singer, musician, arranger & activist N.W.A. - abbrev, for Niggaz Wit Attitudes -one of the greatest hip hop groups Pharrell Williams - record producer, rapper, singer, entrepreneur -won 13 Grammies Public Enemy - hip hop group -gone through lineup changes over the years Robert Johnson - father of the blues Run-DMC or Run-D.M.C. - famous hip hop group in 1980s- read ‘FIRSTs’ Snoop Dogg -(briefly as Snoop Lion) - rapper, songwriter, media personality & actor The Last Poets -several groups of poets and musicians - start 1960s Black nationalism The Notorious B.I.G. - bn. Christopher George Latore Wallace - rapper & songwriter The Sugarhill Gang- hip hop trio- first rap single to become a top 40 hit Tupac Shakur- 2Pac, bn.Lesane Parish Crooks- rapper and actor

An excellent book for older children/young teenagers - a double page for each artist/group - a page of information plus a picture by Jerome Masi ISBN 9781786034700 and published by wideeyededitions full price £9.99 in UK. ( I bought mine from webuybooks for £3.97 - (no postage charge)

Harpal Singh - a former professional footballer who played for Bradford City , Bristol Rovers, Bury, Leeds, Stockport County, Sligo Rovers, Bohemians and Dundalk. Jazz Juttle- former Scottish footballer who was part of the Rangers youth system -eventually played for Greenock Morton, He was one of the few from Scottish Asian descent to be involved in professional football in Scotland Mark Chopra -position striker - spent 6 years at Newcastle United but never secured a regular place in the first team. Went on loan to Watford, Nottingham Forest and Barnsley. Played for Cardiff ( four), Sunderland, Ipswich Town, Blackpool, Kerala Blasters (twice) and Alloa Athletic. Represented England at under 16, 17,19 and 20 levels. Mark Ravin Ramprakash - a gifted former right handed cricketer. Selected for England aged only 21 but rarely performed to his full potential in his long but intermittent international career in Tests and ODI (1991-2002) . Played originally for Middlesex and then moved to Surrey -averaged over 100 first class runs in seasons 2006 and 2007 . He scored 100 first class centuries. In 2014 appointed as England’s batting coach. Neil Taylor- footballer - played for Wrexham, Swansea City and Aston Villa - made international debut for Wales in 2010 Ravi Bopara - cricket all-rounder - bats right handed and bowls right arm medium- played for Sussex. He was part of the England team from 2007-15. He scored 3 consecutive 100s for England against the West Indies in 2008-9 but then struggled to find best form and was dropped. In 2016 he took over the captaincy of the Essex one day team. Ronni Irani- former England cricket all-rounder- right-handed batsman and right arm medium bowler - found niche in One Day Internationals (ODI). Began career with Lancashire then spent most of his career at Essex County Cricket Club. he was an all-rounder until 2003 when a knee injury stopped him from bowling. Retired from first class cricket in 2007. He scored 20,000 runs and took 650 wickets. Yan Dhanda - he is an attacking midfield footballer - began career at West Bromwich, spent 5 years in the youth ranks at Liverpool, now plays for Swansea City. Represented England at U16 and U 17s. He says racism inspires him to play his best.

Academia and Education Humanities Sara Ahmed - professor of Race and Cultural Studies at Goldsmiths, University of London *Natural science Hassan Ehsan Masood - a science writer, journalist and broadcaster. Saiful Islam - professor of material Chemistry at the University of Bath, recipient of Royal Society Wolfson Research merit award Syma Knalid - biophysicist and Professor of Computable Biophysics in Chemistry at the University of Southampton. University Leadership and Executives Nazir Afzal - solicitor - spent most of his career in the Crown Prosecution Service. In 2018 became chair of the Corporation Board at Hopwood Hall College in Rochdale, Greater Manchester. Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi- lawyer, politician - former conservative party chairman and now member of the House of Lords (2007) Science and Medicine Nadia Bukhari - pharmacist - since 2003 she has been serving in academia at University College of London. She is the global lead at the International Pharmaceutical Federation (IPF) to promote gender equality in the pharmaceutical industry. In 2018 awarded the youngest Fellow of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society. Also the first Muslim female to be on the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy for England,U.K… Quanta A. Ahmed - a physician specializing in sleep disorders. She is also an author, newspaper columnist and a women’s rights activist. Rozina Ali - a microvascular reconstructive plastic surgeon and consultant with special interest in breast reconstruction, plus also being a television presenter. Source Wikipedia

Introduction to modern, British born, Asian musicians. Jay Sean is a singer, songwriter , record producer and arranger. Koomz is a songwriter and rapper. M.I. A. is an Oscar and Grammy nominated rapper, singer, record producer and activist. Mumzy Stranger is rapper,singer, songwriter and record producer. Nish is a singer, songwriter, guitarist and pianist. Raxstar is a rapper from Luton. Popular artist in DESI hip hop.

Pictures and brief information about 23 Asian actors not born in GB. Source Wikipdedia

I have put together 27 pictures of British born Asian actors. They come with a little piece of information about each of them. Source Wikipedii

There are many articles written about the Hebrew word ‘Yahweh/Jehovah’ which in English translates into LORD. I have chosen 3 ( one twice). I found the article by Danielle Bernock particularly interesting. I have repeated the first double page in bolder print .She includes Biblical references. She looks at many of the other words which can be related to God in the scriptures and obviously includes Jesus who is given various wonderful names in both the O.T. and N.T… There are 6-9 definitions for Yahweh/Jehovah . The second set showing 16 names includes pronunciation. . The third set gives both pronunciation plus Biblical verses and references. I hope these prove useful. Source Wikipedia

I have put together some information about some Asian British Sports personalities -there is an emphasis on cricket. Adil Rashid is an English cricketer who plays for Yorkshire and England as a leg spinner. He was part of the England squad that won the 2019 Cricket World Cup. His England captain,Eoin Morgan, regards him as a strong asset. He belongs to the Mirpuri community. Isa Guha is former England cricketer. She is now a cricket commentator,television and radio broadcaster. A member of the winning 2009 World Cup for women. She played for Thames Valley and Berkshire Manish Tailor is the founder of Swaggarlicious- founded in 2011 - which uses the power of football and education to engage with diverse community groups and organisations with mental illness. Her inspiration is her twin brother, who aged 18 had serious mental problems.A former headteacher she has received many awards for her contribution to community and sport. Moeen Ali is a former English international cricketer and captain- retired September 2021. He is a left handed batsman but a right-arm off- spinner. Represented England in all the formats. A member of the England’s 2019 winning squad. Former Warwickshire player now plays for Worcestershire. Monty Panesar is a former English international cricketer. He was a slow left-arm orthodox spinner. He made his debut in 2006. He was not a regular member of the team - Graeme Swann replaced him. He played for several different counties Naomi Dilip Dattani is an English professional cricketer who plays for and captains Middlesex Women and also plays for Sunrises and London Spirit. She is an all-rounder- she bats left handed and bowls left-arm medium. In 2020 she was one of 25 players awarded regional retainer contracts by the England and Wales Cricket Board. Nasser Hussain is a former England captain (1999-2003) and regarded as one of England’s most able captains. He played 96 test matches and 88 One day international games. He was a right handed batsman who scored over 30,000 in his career. He is now a commentator. Ruqsana Begum is a female professional kickboxer and boxer. She was a British and World Kickboxing Association Atomweight MuayThai boxing champion and captain of the British Muay Thai team. In 2018 she switched to boxing. Salma Bi is a former cricketer, who bowled off-spin and played for Worcestershire, Northampton and MCC. Today she runs a range of cricket schemes and sessions for girls and was rewared with an BEM in the new Year Honours list. Samera Ashraf is a police constable in Scotland and has a blue belt in karate and kickboxing. She hopes to inspire women to join Police Scotland. Sheneela Ahmed is a Criminal Lawyer Advocate and a Lawyer Football Agent. In 2014 she was crowned with Asian Woman Achievement Award 2014. She is also a Women of the Future (WOFT) Ambassador and received HSBC top 50 Women Global Award, Sonia Odedra is an Eglish cricketer who plays for Nottinghamshire, Lig

I have put together 3 sheet connected with Global warming. There is a’Yes to ’ and 'No to 'sheet . The second sheet is a Thesaurus of hopefully useful list of positive words to use. The third sheet is Poetry Aid in case the children want to try and write a poem about Global Warming…

BPCA celebrated its 50 years in November 2019 (1969-2019). Prior to 1967 the Chowdhry brothers- Mujeeb, Najeeb and Waheed had started a home church. The services at St. Mary’s were originally led by lay preacher Akhter Samuel The pioneering Pak-Christian Church at St. Mary’s, London proliferated across the UK through traceable oral-history links. In 1994 the church moved to a new premise. Many of the BPCA leaders who attended the event were asked to speak and present trophies to the leading dignitaries within the Pakistani Christian community- see list. The Revd. Daniel Singh, the first ordained Church of England Asian minister, who galvanised the church, was posthumously awarded a trophy for ‘Outstanding leadership for Pakistani Christians in the UK’. (In 1978 the Rt. Revd Trevor Huddleston, Bishop of Stepney, had paid for Singh to attend Oak Hill College.) The award was collected by Dishad, his son-in-law. Two of the leaders present were Michael Nazir-Ali a former Anglican bishop and James Shera MBE , former mayor of Rugby. (See notes) Some thing separate, but interesting, I found an article about the voices of foreign language speakers and multilingual congregations in the Church of England * Everytime I think I’ve forgotten I thin I’ve lost the mother tongue, it blossoms out of my mouth Sujata Bhatt Sources used Evangelicals now Church Times